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(caracteristicas de aviones Boeing-performance)
A typical wind rose polar coordinate system is shown on the left side of Fig. 6-7. The
shaded area indicates that the wind comes from the southeast (SE) with a magnitude
between 20 and 25 mi/h. A template is also drawn to the same radial scale representing
the crosswind component limits. A template drawn with crosswind component limits of 15
mi/h is shown on the right side of Fig. 6-7. On this template three equally spaced parallel
lines have been plotted. The middle line represents the runway centerline, and the
distance between the middle line and each outside line is, to scale, the allowable
crosswind component (in this case, 15 mi/h). The template is placed over the wind rose in
such a manner that the centerline on the template passes through the center of the wind
rose.
By overlaying the template on the wind rose and rotating the centerline of the template
through the origin of the wind rose one may determine the percentage of time a runway in
the direction of the centerline of the template can be used such that the crosswind
component does not exceed 15 mi/h. Optimum runway directions can be determined from
this wind rose by the use of the template, typically made on a transparent strip of material.
With the center of the wind rose as a pivot point, the template is rotated until the sum of
the percentages included between the outer lines is a maximum. If a wind vector from a
segment lies outside either outer line on the template for the given direction of the
runway,that wind vector must have a crosswind component which exceeds the allowable
crosswind component plotted on the template. When one of the outer lines on the template
divides a segment of wind direction, the fractional part is estimated visually to the earest
0.1 percent. This procedure is consistent with the accuracy of the wind data and assumes
that the wind percentage within the sector is uniformly distributed within that sector. In
practice, it is usually easier to add the percentages contained in the sectors outside of the
two outer parallel lines and subtract these from 100 percent to find the percentage of wind
coverage.
Example Problem 6-1 As an example, assume that the wind data for all conditions of
visibility are those shown in Table 6-4. This wind data is plotted to scale as indicated above
to obtain a wind rose, as shown in Fig. 6-8. The percentage of time the winds correspond
to a given direction and velocity range is marked in the proper sector of the wind rose by
means of a polar coordinate scale for both wind direction and wind magnitude. The
template is rotated about the center of the wind rose, as explained earlier, until the
direction of the centerline yields the maximum percentage of wind between the parallel
lines. Once the optimum runway direction has been found in this manner, the next step is
to read the bearing of the runway on the outer scale of the wind rose where the centerline
on the template crosses the wind direction scale. Because true north is used for published
wind data, this bearing usually will be different
from that used in numbering runways since runway designations are based on the
magnetic bearing. As illustrated in Fig. 6-9, a runway oriented on an azimuth to true north
of 90 to 270 (N 90 E to S 90 W true bearing) will permit operations90.8 percent of the
time with the crosswind components not exceeding 15 mi/h.
Should the wind analysis not give the desired wind coverage, the template may then be
used to determine the direction of a second runway, a crosswind runway, which would
increase the wind coverage to 95 percent. This is done by blocking out the area between
the two outer parallel lines for the direction of the primary runway (since this has already
been counted in the wind coverage for the primary runway) and rotating the template until
the percentages between the outer parallel lines for the remaining area for another
direction is maximized.If this is done in this problem it is found that the crosswind runway
should be located in an orientation of 12 to 192 (N 12 E to S 12 W true bearing). This
will permit an additional wind coverage of 6.2 percent above that provided by the runway
oriented 90 to 270 for a total wind coverage for both runways of 97.0 percent.
Let us say that because of noise-sensitive land uses in the direction of the optimal
crosswind runway, a crosswind runway will be located at the airport in the orientation of
30 to 210 direction which results in an additional wind coverage of 5.8 percent. This
runway orientation, called runway 321, is shown in Fig. 6-10. The total wind coverage for
both runways is then 96.6 percent. The total wind coverage for a runway in the orientation
of 30 to 210 direction is found to be 84.8 percent from Fig. 6-11. The combined wind
coverage of 96.6 percent for the use of either runway is shown in Fig. 6-11.
La rosa de los vientos: La adecuada orientacin de la pista o pistas en un aeropuerto
puede ser determinada a travs de anlisis de grficos vectoriales con una rosa de los
vientos. Una rosa de viento estndar consiste en una serie de crculos concntricos
cortados por lneas radiales utilizando un papel grfico de coordenadas polares. Las
lneas radiales son dibujadas a la escala de la magnitud de viento tal que el rea entre
cada par de lneas sucesivas se centra en la direccin del viento