1. What is the broad and what is the narrow notion of cognition?

Broad nation - Cognition is what cognitive agents to (or ar capable to do): attention, memory,
learning, reasoning, problem solving and aspects of motivation theory, action theory, perception,
language processing
Narrow nation Cognition is mental manipulation (creation, transformation and deletion) of
mental representations.

2. What is representation? Enumenrate examples of representations considerd within

different disciplines (cog. psychology, neuroscience, AI) and show that they fullfill the
denitional requirements.
Representation mental object, which replace a real one in our mind. It is realized by a
representation bearer. It has content. It can be interpreted by some interpreter.
Mental representation: hypothesized internal entity that referst to other entity.
1. Pemanent representation they crate some permanent knowledge
2. Temporal representation they are created to solve some problem or make a decision
Verbal representations
Visual representations

3. Enumerate and characterize briey key cognitive disciplines.

Cognitive psychology gives us detailed theories of various cognitive capacities
Cognitive neuroscience analyze a part of nervous system which is connected with
cognitive capacities
AI gives us an idea how complicated psychological capacity can be realized by a physical
system
Linguistics discipline dedicated to analyze input and output of cognitive system that
process language
Cognitive semiotics integrates methods and theories of cognitive science and semiotics
with the aim of providing new view to into the world of meaning
Anthropology investigates cognitive phenomena from a cross-cultural perspective
Philosophy ask the most important questions about the ming and it`s place in a world.

4. Key theses and principles of associationism

Associationism the view that the mind is organized by principles of association.
Basic tenets:
Ideas are associated in the mind through experience
Ideas can be decomposed into a basic set of "simple" ideas
These simple ideas are derived from sensations
Sensations are caused by something outside the head (the world, God)
Typical associationist principles:
contiguity (red light green light)
similarity (a face a photo of it)
contrast (black white)
causality (pushing - falling)

5. How to explain a mind: pure vs mixed associationism

Pure associationism only associationist principles govern the operation of the mind
Mixed associationism there are non-associationist principles as well

6. A mind according to behaviorists

Behaviorism study of the effects of mental processes. All behavior can be explained by stimuli
evoking responses. Behaviorism rejected any internal, mental states at processes.
7. Why is behaviorism considered thescientic psychology?
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that
all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the
environment. Behaviorists belive that our reponses to environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors.
Skinner`s psychology: He rejects all mental states and processes and hypothetical or theoretical
entities (even reflex).
The role of psychology: to experimentally determine the specifically environmental causes of
behavior.
Operant condition is a form of learning in which an individual`s behavior is modified by it`s
consequences. The behavior may change in form frequency or strenght.

8. Why behaviorism (as a theory of mind) has been rejected?

- Logical positivism had been mostly abondened
- Nobody outside the field was interested in the results of behaviorist research
- Serious criticism of behaviorsm`s assumptions were formulated (Lashley, Chomsky a.o.)
- An alternative, less restrictive research program stated in terms of computation and information
- Behaviorism was seen as one-dimensional approach to understanding human behavior. Their
theories do not coung to problem of free will, moods or feelings.

9. Find the elements of behaviorism within contemporary cognitive theory of mind (either
symbolic or connectionist).
Behaviorism uses the stimulus and response metaphor to interpret exhibited behavior in the world
and sets it`s inquiry according to the affordances of the metaphor. Similiray, cognitivism uses
information processing as a way to explain how humans perceive, remember and understand the
world around them. Because cognitive science bases it`s inquiry within the information processing
metaphor, the conclusions about mental processes are only as objective to the level that metaphor is
subjective.

10. Describe Turing Machine as a computational device.

A Turing Machine is a hypothetical device that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to
a table of rules. Despite its simplicity, a Turing Machine can be adapted to simulate the logic of any
computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in explaining the functions of a CPU inside a
computer.

11. What is computation? (remember the roll of toilet paper...)

Computation (przetwarzanie informacji) it is (basically) what computer do. It is any type of
calculation or use of technology in information processing. Turing Machine gives us idea what
computation is.

12. What is computational psychology?

Computational psychology It is concerned with building computer models of human cognitive
processes and is based on an analogy between the human mind and computer programs.

13. The idea of a mind as a logic machine (McCulloch, Pitts)

Mind as a logic machine integration of three ideas:
- the propositional calculus (rachunek zda)
- Turing Machine (maszyna Turinga)
- neuronal synapses (synapsy nerwowe)
Propositional calculus proposition refers to the content and meaning of meaningful declarative
sentence. P and Q are propositional variables they represent sentences (propositions).
Neural networks Mc&P argue, that nothing prevents their neurons from giving many inputs and
they can be wired up in complex patterns. Networks of such units when provided with memory
are computationally powerful.

14. What features does a McCulloch-Pitts neuron have?

A Mc Culloch and Pitts neuron - it`s the basic block of artifical neural networksl it is very simple
mathematical model of a biological neuron. Mc-P neuron has many inputs but only one output.
Receives one or more inputs (representing the one or more dendrites) and sums them to produce an
output (representing a biological neuron`s axon).

15. What is the main difference between a McC-P neuron and a perceptron?
- Neuron has many inputs, but only one output.
- Perceptron consists only of the input layer and output
- Perceptron is the most popular example of a one-way networks

16. Describe the functioning of a perceptron.

Perceptron a M&P network with modifiable connections.
Stimuli impinge on the retina and it responds in all-or-nothing fashion
The set of retinal points transmitting impulses to a particular A-units: origin points (excitatory,
inhibitory)
If the sum of impulses is equal/greater to the threshold, A-unit fires.

17. What is a model? (cf. Kenneth Craik&Minsky)

A model it is a thing that works in the same way as the process it imitates.
Craik any physical or chemical system which has a similiar relation-structure to that of the
process it imitates. He means that relation-structure is a physical working model which works in the
same way as the process it parallels.
Minsky To an observer B, an object A* is an model of an object A to the extent that B can use A*
to answer some questions about A.

18. What are the assumptions of phrenology?

The central issue: Is the brain working as one, or are there separate parts of it, that work
independently.
Phrenology the brain is organized around some 35 specific funtioncs.
The capacities were though to be supported by specific brain regions.
If person used on of the faculties with greater frequency, the part of the brain, representing the
function grew that would cause a bump in the overlying skull.
Anatomical personology an analysis of the skull could allow describing the personality of the
brain owner.

19. Localizationist view on a brain (Gall, Spurzheim).

They belived that the human brain was localized into approximately 35 different sections. Gall
claimed that a larger bump in one of these areas meant that area of the brain was used more
frequently by that person.

20. Holistic approaches to human brain.

- The whole brain participates in behavior
- All sensations, all perceptions and all volitions occupy the same seat in these cerebral organs

21. What does it mean that some part of our body has a topographic representation in the
brain?
Topographic organization in the cerebral cortex: a map of the body is represented in a particular
corical area.
Lesions on the right side of the brain affect visual-spatial processes more than od lesions on the left
side. Many regions of the brain contibute to a given behavior. One has to distinguish between
evidence for localization of symptoms and the idea of localization of a function.
Behaviors are constellations of independent activites, not a single whole unit.

22. The consequences of Broca's and Wernicke's discoveries for a cognitive view on a brain.
Broca the patient after the stroke that could understand language but couldn`t speak except the
sound "tan".
Wernicke reported a stoke victim who could talk quite freely, but what he said made little sense:
he couldn`t understand spoken or written language.
We have conclusion that focal desease causes specific deficits.

23. What is Brodmann famous for?

He analyzed the cellular organization of the cortex and characterized 52 regions.

24. What did Golgi invent? What consequences had his discovery?
He developed a stain that impregnated individual neurons with silver it allowed for a full
visualization of single neurons.

25. Describe Cajal's discoveries and their inuence on neuroscience.

Found out that the neurons were discrete entities. Was not only the first to identify the unitary
nature of neurons, but also that the transmission of inormation occurs only in one direction: from
the dendrites down to the axonal tip.

26. The key aassumptions of the neuron doctrine (Cajal).

The neuron doctrine is the concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells
neurons.

27. Characterize the structure of a neuron and describe the functions of its main parts.
Neuron the principle of functioning: for taking information in, decidin according to some simple
rules about the information and passing it along to other neurons.
It has three main parts:
- A cell body (soma) that contains metabolic machinery that maintains the neuron
- Dendrites: treelike processes that receive inputs from other neurons at locations called synapses
- Axons: represent the output side of the neuron, down which electrical sygnals can travel to the
axon terminals

28. Describe the flow of excitation within the neuron.

1. An action potential arrive at the axons terminals where the synapses are located it initiates the
influx of Ca2+ ions.
2. Small vesicles containing neurotransmitterrelease it into the synaptic cleft.
3. The transmitter diffuses across the cleft, reaches postsynaptic membrane, binds with receptor
molecules, initiates changes in postsynaptic membrane depolarization (excitation) or
hyperpolarization (inhibition)
29. What is a glial cell (and how does it function)?
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and
protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Central nervous system:
Astrocytes large cells that surround neurons and come in close contact with vasculature, create
BBB (brain-blood barrier)
Microglia have a role to play once the tissue is damaged; they also serve a phagotic role
Oligodendrocytes act to produce myelin (CNS)
Schwann cells myelination of axons in PNS
Neuroscience currently identifies four main functions of glial cells:
- To surround neurons and hold them in place,
- To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons,
- To insulate one neuron from another,
- To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.
30. Describe the key methods in cognitive neuroscience:
(a) single cell recording enables descriptions of responses characteristic of individual elements.
- Electrodes placed outside the neuron; computer algorithms used to differentiate the activity of
neurons.
(b) investigation of lesions Lesions the study how behavior is altered by selectively removing
one or more parts of the brain.
- The functions of the neural regions that are connected to the lesioned area may be altered.
- The lesion may cause the animal (human) to develop the compensatory strategy.
(c) computer tomography (CT) an advanced version of the conventional x-ray study: CT allows
for the reconstruction of 3D space from 2D images.
- The scanning machine rotates (180) allowing the radiologist to project x-ray beams from all
possible directions.
- The absorbtion of x-ray radiation is correlated with tissue density.
- CT can indentify larger structures.
(d) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - exploits the magnetic properties of organic
tissue - certain atoms (esp. hydrogen, H) are sensitive to magnetic forces.
- In normal state: the orientation of protons in H nucleus is randomly distributed
- MRI machine creates a powerful magnetic field
- Radio waves are applied protons absorb energy, their orientation is perturbed
- Radio waves are turned off the absorbed energy is dissipated
- The energy signals are picked up by detectors surrounding thehead
(e) Electroencephalography (EEG) the groups of neurons produce electrical potentials large
enough to be measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
- EEG provides a continuous recording of overall brain activity
- How brain activity is modulated in response to particular task: ERP event-related potential
(f) Positron emission tomography (PET) measures local variations in cerebral blood flow that
are correlated with mental activity
- A tracer is introduced into blood streaml radioactive element (isotopes) are used as tracers
- The isotopes rapidly decay by emitting a positron that collides with an electron two photons are
created
- Where there is more blood flow, there will be more radiation
- PET measures relative activity
(g) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) the procedure is essentialy identical to MRI,
but imaging is focused on the magnetic properties of hemoglobin.
- Deoxygenated hemoglobin is more sensitive to magnetic fieldthan oxygenated
- The fMRI detectors measure the ratio of oxygentated todeoxygenated hemoglobin
- The ratio: blood oxygenation level dependent effect (BOLD)
- (somehow paradoxically) the blood draining from a neuronal population is more richly
oxygenated when the population is relatively active than when it is less active.
31. Describe the process of visual perception.
- Axons of the ganglion cells form a bundle the optic nerve
- Before entering the brain the optic nerve splits into 2 parts: the temporal (lateral) branch and the
nasal (medial) branch
- The latter crosses over (at optic chiasm) to project to the opposite side
- Once inside the brain each optic nerve divides into pathways that differ with respect to where they
terminate within cortex:
- The retino-geniculate pathway lateral geniculate nuclei(LGN)
- Pulvinar nucleus and the superior colliculus of the midbrain (spatial orientation)

32. Areas of the brain involved in visual processing and disorders of vision.
Parietal cortex: BA5, BA7: orientation, geometrics
Occipital cortex: BA17: luminosity; shape/size; colour
inferotemporal cortex: BA18, BA19: itegrating visual informations

33. The idea of a grandmother cell in contrast to the idea of complex feature detectors
//compare with localized/distributed representations in AI.
- Hierarchical theories of object perception
- A gnostic unit: at the top of hierarchy, the cell that can signal the
presence of a known stimulus (e.g. selective for specific shapes)
- The question: how specific the responsiveness of an individual cell is?
- Assumption of GCH: the final percept of an object is coded by a
single cell, but:
- Spontaneous firing of neurons; the death of neurons
- The possibility of perception of novel objects

An alternative: activation across complex feature detectors

- An object is perceived when higher-order neurons are activated
- Different neurons respond to different features of an object
- Recognition is due to collective activation of groups of neurons
- Theory accounts for confusion between two similar objects
- Losing some units degrades the ability, but doesn't destroy it
- Recognizing novel objects: due to similarity to familiar things

34. Cognitive architectures: enumerate the elements (if applicable) and describe the flow of
information within:
(a) the Atkinson-Shiffrin model The model asserts that human memory has three separate
components: sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory.
(b) Levels-of-processing model 2 Non-structured approach; memoty is just a by-product of
processing of information.
We can process information in 3 ways:
- Shallow processing structural processing (appearance) and phonemic processing (encoding of
sound)
- Deep processing involves semantic processing (encoding of meaning)
- Deepest level activation of associations
Key assumptions: the level of depth of processing has a large effect on its memorability; Deeper
levels of analysis more elaborate, longer lasting and stronger memory traces
2 kinds of cognitive processes:
- Maintenance rehearsal repeating analyses that have previously been carried out
- Elaborative rehearsal deeper or more semantic analysis of the learning material (improves LTM)

(c) Modular model - 3 kinds of psychological systems: transducers, input systems, central systems
- Transducers: devices that convert the energy impinging on the body's sensory surface into a
computationally usable form
- Input systems: a computational mechanism that presents the world to a thought
- Central systems: are responsible for higher cognitive functions (belief fixation)
Key claim: input systems are modular, whereas central systems are not
(d) Pandemonium model - model of letter recognition
Bottom-up, sequential processing
Consists of:
- Image demon: receives sensory input; iconic memory
- Feature demons: decode specific features
- Cognitive demons: activated by the representations of letters with above features; shout when
receive combinations of features
- Decision demon: listens for loudest shout in pandemonium; decides what eye sees
(e) Connectionist models - Implicit rules and symbols (distributed patterns of activation of a
network)
Able to program themselves (learn to produce specific outputs);
CNs typically have the following characteristic:
- The network consists of elementary (neuron-like) units (nodes) connected together
- Units affect other units by exciting or inhibiting them
- The unit usually takes the weighted sum of all of the input links and produces a single output to
another unit

35. What is a mental module (according to Fodor)? Can you give an example of a modular
faculty?
Mental modules are:
1. Domain specific, i.e. They have restricted subject matter (the range of questions for which a
device provides answers)
- More fine-grained than sensory modalities
- Example systems: color perception, shape analysis, sentence parsing, face and voice recognition
2. Informationally encapsulated: in the course of processing a given set of inputs a module cannot
access information stored elsewhere
Example.: Mller-Lyer illusion; grammar parsers
3. Inaccessible to central monitoring: intermediate-level representations are (relatively) inaccessible
to consciousness (opaque to introspection)
4. Mandatoriness, i.e. the operation of an input system is not under conscious control (switched on
by presentation od stimuli and run to completion)
5. Fast processing: relatively high speed
6. Shallowness of output:
- Computationally cheap
- Informationally general
7. Dissociability: such a system can be selectively impaired (little or
no effect on the operation of other systems)
8. (Neural) localizability: the system in question is implemented in neural circuitry (delimited and
dedicated)

36. The distinction between declarative and procedural knowledge.

Declarative knowledge "knowing that"
Procedural knowledge "knowing how": how to follow various procedural steps for performing
actions

37. Enumerate the forms of non-declarative knowledge; provide some examples

Knowledge that does not involve awareness and understanding of factual information about the
world, including especially procedural knowledge.
Examples: cycling, juggling, motor skills, perceptual skills

38. What is a concept?

Concept an idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world.

39. What is a category?

Category is a concept that functions to organize aspects of equivalence among other
concepts could be based on: common features, similarity to a prototype

40. The classical view on categories (based on defining features)

The classical view: disassembling a concept into a set of featural components (necessary and
sufficient). A defining feature: a necessary attribute
a bachelor = male, unmarried, adult.

41. The prototype view on categories (characteristic features; Rosch)

A prototype theory categories are formed on the basis of a (prototypical, averaged)
model-exemplar of the category characteristic features: characterize the prototype; commonly
present (but not always) in exemplars of concepts.
A bird (category) a robin, an ostrich (exemplars)

Basic level (natural level) of specificity: preferred to other levels (Rosch 1978)
...an object a fruit an apple a Delicious apple...
- A level that has the largest number of distinctive features that set it off from other concepts at the
same level (Rosch 1976)
- Objects: more quickly identified, first recognized
Depends on context and expertise

42. A semantic network as a psychological representation: its structure and features

A semantic network: a web of interconnected elements of meaning.
Nodes: typically represent concepts
Connections (links) are labelled relationships
Hierarchical model:
- Efficiently stores information (at the highest possible level)
- Inheritance whatever was known about about items at higher levels was applied to all items at
lower levels.

Concepts are represented by

linked nodes that form a network
The links can be of various kinds: is-similar-to, is-a, object, ...
The nodes themselves and the links among nodes can have various activation strengths
Learning: adding new links and nodes to the network
Memory effects can be modeled by allowing activation to spread throughout the network
Various factors influence the spreading activation through a network: the number of nodes
(distance in a network), thestrengths of connections

43. Schemas (and scripts) as forms of psychological representations: their structure and
features.
Schema: a mental framework for organizing knowledge; it creates a meaningful structure of related
concepts
Several characteristics (Rumelhart 1977, Thorndyke 1984)
Schemas can include other schemas (subschemas)
Schemas encompass typical, general facts that can vary slightly from one specific instance to
another
Schemas can vary in their degree of abstraction
Schemas encode: typical situations and typical behavior in the situations
- Early conceptions of schemas: representing information in
memory; cognitive development of children

A Script: is a structure that describes appropriate sequences of events in a particular context. A

script is made up of slots and requirements about what can fill those slots. The structure is an
interconnected whole [] Scripts handle stylized everyday situations (Schank & Abelson 1977)
- Less flexible than schemas
Scripts encompass: actors, the props, the setting, the sequence of events expected to occur and
default values for them.
- Above values taken together compose an overview of an event
Example:
A restaurant script:
Props: tables, a menu, food, a check, money
Roles to be played: a customer, a waiter, a cook, an owner
Opening conditions: the customer is hungry, s/he has money
Scenes: entering, ordering, eating, exiting
A set of results: the customer is no longer hungry and has less money, sometimes is pleased,
the owner has more money...
Frontal and parietal lobes involved in generation of scripts
Required a great deal of working memory

44. How does a production system function?

- routines (instructions regarding procedures for implementing a task)
- subroutines (instructions for implementing a subtask)
- (many of tgem) interative repeated many times
- PSs contain bugs: flaws in the instructions for the conditions/for executing the actions
- human representations of procedural knowledge may contain some occasional bugs

45. What is cognition (according to computationalists)?

Cognition really is a species of (digital) computation.
Is a kind of computation; whatever computer does, or cognition, is a manipulation on symbols. CS
is a computational manipulation of representations.
46. Describe von Neumann machine as a computational architecture.
Fully automatic (independent of human operator)
[memory] Capable of storing both: the digital information needed in computations and some
instructions
[stored program] instructions governing the actual routine
[control] there must exist an organ which can automatically execute the orders stored in the
memory
[arithmetic]
[I-O] there must exist devices, the input and output organ, whereby the human operator and
the machine can communicate with each other
Cycle of operations: fetch, operate, store

47. Compare a Turing Machine and von Neumann machine

Both direct (absolute, random) and indirect (relative) access to memory (vNM) vs. only
relative access (TM)
The program can be stored as data in memory
It has specialized computational organs (TMs have no specialpurpose circuits)
vNM allows to exploit subroutines - modularity, fast detection of a problem within a
system
Complexity profiles: the number of steps, time, memory required to run different
algorithms

48. Describe a production system architecture (within AI)

A production system is a scheme for specyfying an information processing system. It consists of a
set of productions, each production consisting of a condition and an action. It has also a
collection of data structures that encode the information upon which the production system works
[] (Newell 1973)
1. A set of production rules (if then)
2. A memory workspace (context)
3. A rule interpreter
A cycle of operation: match the condition of some production to the results of the
workspaceresolve conflicts between productions act on the workspace (match, resolve, act)
A production system halts when no more productions apply (or a special HALT symbol is
encountered).
Programming a production system:
- writing a set of rules
- which halts with the desired output having been produced in the work space.

49. Compare von Neumann machine and production systems

PSs vs von Neumann machines
Advantages
+ no separate control structure (just rule interpreter)
+ information is operated on in terms of its description in workspace (content addressable, not
location)
+ highly modular Pss (it's easy to extend them)
Disadvantages:
Inefficiency (they must perform every action whose condition is
satisfied)
opacity (hard to see or express algorithmic structure)

50. Enumerate forms of representations within AI

1. Predicate calculus (PC)
2. Frames and scripts
3. Semantic networks
51. Does a computational theory of mind explain all the mental phenomena?
A general theory mental phenomena (states and processes): A theory just cognitive of phenomena,
Theory of propositional attitudes (believing, intending, desires), Mental, not computational
phenomena (excluded):
Moods and em otions, Sleep and dreaming, Creativity, Association, Non-cognitive changes in
cognition (nourishm ent, injury)
Fodor, Pylyshyn: there are intuitively mental phenomena that are not digital computational
Experiemental phenomena (phenomenal consciousness) - conscious, introspectively accessible
experiential qualities
Non-experimental (functional) phenomena: no essential qualitative character
Mental states can have cognitive history (reasoning,deciding)
DCTM not a general theory of mental phenom ena, but a theory of occurence of certain cognitive
phenomena under certain conditions

52. The structure and elements of artificial neural networks.

Units idealized neurons
Connections between units: idealized axons, dendrites and
synapses:
- Directed
- Carry excitation or inhibition
-Weighted (how much excitation/inhibition the connection transmits)

53. What is an artificial neuron (a unit)?

Unit idealized neuron

54. The features of connections in artificial neural network

Implicit rules and symbols (distributed patterns of activation of a network)
Able to program themselves (learn to produce specific outputs); CNs typically have the following
characteristic:
The network consists of elementary (neuron-like) units (nodes) connected together
Units affect other units by exciting or inhibiting them
The unit usually takes the weighted sum of all of the input links and produces a single
output to another unit
Networks can have different structures or layers
A representation of a concept can be stored in a distributed manner by a pattern of activation
throughout the network
The same network can store many patterns
There are few learning rules, typical: backward propagation of error (association of a
particular input pattern with a given output pattern)
- Parallell, not sequential processing
- Subsymbolic structures

Connectionism represents an alternative to the informationprocessing

paradigm (Smolensky 1988)

55. Describe the flow of information within an articial neural network

- information from the environment (input u.)
- activation from other units
- activation passed to other units
- activation passed to the environment (output u.)
Each unit is in a certain state of activation (0, neg, pos)
Collected input: net input activation (usually calculates as a sum of incoming inputs)
A basic model: net activation = current activation = output

56. Calculate an output given an input and weights of connections

O.A (A)= 0,7
O.A (B)= 1,0 Weight (A-C)= 0,3 Weight (B-C)= 0,5
waga przy neuronie * waga poczenia + waga druga * waga drugiego poczenia
np. I.A (C) = 0,7*0,3 + 1,0*0,5 = 0,71
57. What does it mean: to program an articial neural network?
Programming of a network
* Activation rules
* Thresholds
* Weights of connections
* Weights: A-C=0,1 A-D=0,3, B-C=0,2, B-D=0,4
* Net act.=current act.=output activation
Example calculations (C):
From A: 1*0,1=0,1
From B: 1*0,2=0,2
Activation (C): 0,3

58. Finally: so what is Cognitive Science?

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines
what cognition is, what it does and how it works. It includes research on intelligence and behavior,
especially focusing on how information is represented, processed, and transformed (in faculties
such as perception, language, memory, reasoning, and emotion) within nervous systems (human or
other animal) and machines (e.g. computers).
Working definition of CS:
- the domain of CS is cognition
- the methodologies of CS are the methodologies of participating disciplines
- mental states and processes are computational

Key terms
(to be explained): association, stimulus, response, a symbol, symbol manipulation, -
representation(s), cognition, computation, cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, articial
intelligence, Turing Machine, psychon, threshold, perceptron, open/closed system, model,
phrenology, localizationist view, lesion, holistic view, dendrite, axon, synapse, cytoarchitectonics, a
neuron, a glial cell, myelin, nodes of Ranvier, CT, PET, MRI, fMRI, retina, rods, cones, temporal
lobe, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, agnosia, achromatopsia, akinetopsia, short-term
memory, long-term memory, attention, rehearsal, Fodorian module (an input system), declarative
knowledge, procedural knowledge, concept, category, semantic network, node, link, script,
production, cognitive architecture, program, algorithm, computational architecture, von Neumann
machine, symbolic architecture, connectionist architecture, frame, action frame, an operator, unit (of
the articial network), connection, weight of connection, input vector, output vector, distributed
representations.
You should remember and associate with particular theories/approaches/notions the following
names: William James, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, Burrhus Skinner, Alan Turing, Warren
McCulloch, Walter Pitts, Marvin Minsky, Norber Wiener, Ludwig van Bertalanffy, Kenneth Craik,
Franz J. Gall, Johann Spurzheim, John H. Jackson, Paul Broca, Karl Wernicke, Korbinian
Brodmann, Camillo Golgi, Ramon y Cajal, Karl Lashley, Stephen Kosslyn, Noam Chomsky,
Herbert Simon, Alan Newell, Jerome Bruner, George Miller, Jerry Fodor, Richard Atkinson,
Richard Shiffrin, James McClelland, David Rumelhart, Oliver Selfridge, Eleonor Rosch, John von
Neumann, Ross Quillian, John Anderson