Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
The local mobile phone device mainly used for phone calls and writing text messages
now developed to the smartphone and has become a multi-purpose device. Because
of its size and thermal constraints there are certain limitations in areas of battery life
and computational capabilities. In this project I want research about the execution
problems than occur when running a specific application in different version of
Android through cloud computing, cloud computing is emerging as one of the most
important branch for providing seamless applications on mobile devices, in addition
cloud computing is introduced as a new and speedily growing and accepted way of
providing better and efficient applications for mobile devices. It provides mobile
users with data storage and processing services on a cloud computing platform.
Keywords: MCC, Android and Application versions, Cloud computing.
Acknowledgement
All glory be to Allah for helping me to witness this Memorial Day in my life, I would like to
The Libyan government, faculty of science and computer science department as well as all
my lecturers.
Besides, I express my gratitude to my family and friends all over the world for their
Chapter 1 Overview
Quran Verse: ... I
Dedication: ....II
Acknowledgement:......III
Content: ...IV
Figures Content: VIII
1.1 Background .. 1
1.3 Benefits of CC .. 3
1.5 Objectives . 7
Chapter 5 Conclusion
Conclusion .. 53
References ... 54
Figures Content
Fig 2.1: Cloud Computing Architecture ... 9
These days cloud commuting is very famous and it is used to run various types of business
application. To create cloud commuting environment internet, server hardware, cloud operating
system (OS) is needed. The cloud OS is installed on the hardware. It provides interfaced between
user and server and manages and distributes all resources of cloud systems. Some of the cloud OS
With the help of utilities provided by cloud OS we can create virtual servers for clients. Clients
can login and use the allocated virtual server/resources. We can increase and decrease the resource
usage by client.
Mobile phone is the new personal computer and its functionality is continually increasing. The
mobile phones are increasingly used for web browsing, email and multimedia, to mention a few
areas [3].
Cloud computing (CC) has been suggested to improve mobile phones in various ways, but two
common areas are battery life extension and computational offloading [5]. Mobiles are now
essential part in this modern age of education, business world and significance of mobile database
is unavoidable.
According to a novel study from ABI research CC will entirely renovate future of mobile
applications development and their utilization. CC offers a range of new opportunities and its
issues for developing countries to do what they could not do earlier with computers and the
Internet.
CC infrastructure and applications are able to interact with users who have mobile phones, Tablet
PCs, OLPC and One-Laptop-per-Child. It is growing fast and companies are taking full advantage
CC is a computing based on the internet. Where in the past, people would run applications or
programs from software downloaded on a physical computer or server in their building, CC allows
When you update your Facebook status, youre using CC. Checking your bank balance on your
phone? Youre in the cloud again. Chances are you rely on CC to solve the challenges faced by
small businesses, whether youre firing off emails on the move or using a bunch of apps to help
In short, cloud is fast becoming the new normal. By the end of 2015 its estimated that 90% of UK
1.9 Benefits of CC
So many businesses moving to the cloud, because CC increases efficiency, helps improve cash
flow and offers many more benefits. Here's ten of the best.
1.9.1 Flexibility
Cloud-based services are ideal for businesses with growing or fluctuating bandwidth demands. If
your needs increase its easy to scale up your cloud capacity, drawing on the services remote
servers. Likewise, if you need to scale down again, the flexibility is baked into the service.
This level of agility can give businesses using cloud computing a real advantage over competitors
its not surprising that IT Directors rank operational agility as a top driver for cloud adoption.
Businesses of all sizes should be investing in robust disaster recovery, but for smaller businesses
that lack the required cash and expertise, this is often more an ideal than the reality. Cloud is now
helping more organizations buck that trend. According to Aberdeen Group, small businesses are
twice as likely as larger companies to have implemented cloud-based backup and recovery
solutions that save time, avoid large up-front investment and roll up third-party expertise as part
of the deal.
The beauty of CC is that the servers are off-premise out of sight. Suppliers take care of them for
you and roll out regular software updates including security updates, so you dont have to worry
about wasting time maintaining the system yourself. Leaving you free to focus on the things that
CC cuts out the high cost of hardware. You simply pay as you go and enjoy a subscription-based
model thats kind to your cash flow. Add to that the ease of setup and management and suddenly
your scary, hairy IT project looks at lot friendlier. Its never been easier to take the first step to
cloud adoption.
When your teams can access, edit and share documents anytime, from anywhere, theyre able to
do more together, and do it better. Cloud-based workflow and file sharing apps help them make
updates in real time and gives them full visibility of their collaborations.
With CC, if youve got an internet connection you can be at work. And with most serious cloud
services offering mobile apps, youre not restricted by which device youve got to hand.
The result, businesses can offer more flexible working perks to employees so they can enjoy the
work-life balance that suits them without productivity taking a hit. One study reported that 42%
of workers would swap a portion of their pay for the ability to telecommute. On average theyd be
The more employees and partners collaborate on documents, the greater the need for watertight
document control. Before the cloud, workers had to send files back and forth as email attachments
to be worked on by one user at a time. Sooner or later, usually sooner you end up with a mess of
And as even the smallest companies become more global, the scope for complication rises.
According to one study, "73% of knowledge workers collaborate with people in different time
truth. Greater visibility means improved collaboration, which ultimately means better work and a
healthier bottom line. If youre still relying on the old way, it could be time to try something a little
more streamlined.
1.9.8 Security
Lost laptops are a billion dollar business problem. And potentially greater than the loss of an
expensive piece of kit is the loss of the sensitive data inside it. CC gives you greater security when
this happens.
Because your data is stored in the cloud, you can access it no matter what happens to your machine,
and you can even remotely wipe data from lost laptops so it doesnt get into the wrong hands.
1.9.9 Competitiveness
Wish there was a simple step you could take to become more competitive? Moving to the cloud
gives access to enterprise class technology, for everyone. It also allows smaller businesses to act
faster than big, established competitors. Pay-as-you-go service and cloud business applications
mean small outfits can run with the big boys, and disrupt the market, while remaining lean and
nimble.
While the above points spell out the benefits of CC for your business, moving to the cloud isnt an
entirely selfish act. The environment gets a little love too. When your cloud needs fluctuate, your
server capacity scales up and down to fit. So you only use the energy you need and you dont leave
oversized carbon footprints. This is something close to our hearts at Salesforce, where we try our
Any three of the above benefits would be enough to convince many businesses to move their
business into the cloud. But when you add up all ten? Its approaching no-brainer territory.
This is why Salesforce pioneered enterprise cloud computing. From Customer Relationship
Management (CRM) to marketing automation, all of our solutions are entirely cloud-based.
1.10 Aims
The aim of this study is to investigate if the cloud can be used to execute a specific mobile phone
the function.
The collaboration advantages, and disadvantages, with mobile phones and CC will also be
investigated
1.11 Objectives
To gather results from various devices would need several different mobile phone applications and
because Android applications only work for Android mobile phones this research will only focus
on that type of device. The cloud will be represented by Googles App Engine platform only and
Different cloud platforms could have been considered but because of various limitations Googles
App Engine platform was the only one used. The main objective of this study will focus on these
steps:-
1. CC can be used in mobile phone to execute a different version of mobile phone applications
2. Features of mobile phone applications which would benefit to use CC to improve the
5. The types of communication network architectures which can be used in order to support
In this study will investigate and explain the architecture of CC, mobile cloud commuting, the
significant and benefits. In additional the process, types and the future of cloud computing. The
Chapter 2 presents an overview of mobility and considers the basic operation of Mobile IP. This
managements.
Chapter 3 presents the new idea and the algorithm of the Enhanced Mobile IP handover based on
link layer information, thereafter explaining the design and the performance of this scheme. It then
goes on to describe the experimental scenarios and the setting of simulation parameters. In
addition, this chapter presents and analyzes the performance results of the Enhanced Mobile IP
Chapter 4 presents the new idea and the algorithm of the Low Latency handover in Mobile IP and
explains the design and the performance of this scheme. It then continues to describe the
experimental scenarios and the setting of simulation parameters. In addition, this chapter presents
and analyzes the performance results of the pre- and post-registration algorithms in handover rate
Chapter 5 presents the proposal algorithm of the Fast Mobile IPv6 handover based link layer
information. Moreover, in this chapter, a detailed comparison with the other existing scheme is
undertaken.
Chapter 6 concludes the dissertation and points to potential areas for future research.
Chapter 2
Introduction
2.8 Introduction
CC is one of the computing model not a technology. It is another version of internet technology.
In this model customers plug into the cloud to access information technology (IT) resources which
are priced and provided on-demand. Essentially, these IT resources are accessible and shared
In very easy words we can define CC as it is provider of pooled network resources such as CPU,
RAM, Storage, software over the web. These services are easily provides and released on demand.
These days hosting companies are provided cloud servers, cloud resources, cloud storage, software
hosted on the cloud environment. The business people use cloud in minimum cost they just pay
CC combine virtualization one computer hosting several virtual servers, automated provisioning
servers have software installed automatically and Internet connectivity technologies to provide the
service. These are not new technologies but a new name applied to a collection of older
To acquire and use CC needed a credit card or other payment method and a local area network
(LAN) with an Internet connection robust enough to support the cloud delivered service. These
two requirements are deceptively simple. Typically, Internet access is provided by a single
commercial service internet service provider (ISP) provider through a single port on a router. A
characteristic of this type installation is that all of the computers connecting through the LAN share
Suppose a business had 5 computers using a cloud solution and sending data to the cloud for
processing. The bandwidth available to each computer would be 373Kbps (up 1867/5). That is
about 46 (8 bit) characters per second to the cloud application and does not include any
communication or application data. The cloud does not work to slow. It is easily accessible by the
In a large university or a consortium might become a provider of cloud services. Storage and
processing needs can also be met by the cloud. Institutions pay only for the resources used, and
users can access the applications and files they need from virtually any Internet-connected
respond to changes in capacity on the fly, saving capital costs that can be redirected to programs
CC is actually a website that lets you access an application that can do different things. The basic
concept is that you should not install any application on your computer. We can access the
application as well and back at home on your computer, and from a public computer located in a
This is an advantage if you have a job that requires always to be connected with other people, such
as for example a manager or promoter. If your boss asks for a report and youre in the mountains
for a few days of relaxation, you can access the application of CC architecture and will make the
report required, and besides that you get a bonus. The CC architecture includes different types of
services.
Mode of operation is very simple, as is the start of an application, Due to the low cost of application
and hardware resources needed to run this little application is very easy to implement in a
company. Comparing the costs of a normal PC application, applications deployed in the cloud are
several times cheaper. An estimated cost for an application for text editing in the cloud reaches $
10 per month, while the Office suite can cost over $ 1000.
Another type of CC architecture is growing is utility computing. For the use cloud commuting only
need to pay for the usages of resources. Among the leading providers of utility computing are
Due to low cost utility computing in a few years will become a trend in terms of servers. CC allows
2.11 CC Significant
CC presents with different model of operation, advantage of the maturity of web applications and
networks and the rising interoperability of computing systems to provide IT services. Cloud
providers specialize in particular applications and services, and this expertise allows them to
efficiently manage upgrades and maintenance, backups, disaster recovery, and failover functions.
As a result, consumers of cloud services have advantageous as reliability, even as costs decline
due to economies of scale and other production factors. With CC, organizations can monitor current
needs. Aside from the potential to lower costs, colleges and universities gain the flexibility of being
able to respond quickly to requests for new services by purchasing them from the cloud.
Finally, CC allows college and university IT providers to make IT costs transparent CC encourages
IT organizations and providers to increase standardization of protocols and processes so that the
CC scalability is another key benefit to higher education, particularly for research projects that
require vast amounts of storage or processing capacity for a limited time. Some companies have
built data centers near sources of renewable energy, such as wind farms and hydroelectric facilities,
CC comes in three forms public clouds, private clouds, and hybrids clouds, depending
on the type of data you're working with, you'll want to compare public, private, and
hybrid clouds in terms of the different levels of security and management required.
It is a traditional concept of CC and we can use from anywhere anytime. These clouds can be used
in a so-called pay-per-use manner, meaning that just the resources that are being used will be paid
by transaction fees
A public cloud is basically the internet. Service providers use the internet to make resources, such
as applications (also known as Software-as-a-service) and storage, available to the general public,
or on a public cloud.
Examples of public clouds include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), IBMs Blue Cloud,
Sun Cloud, Google App Engine and Windows Azure Services Platform.
For users, these types of clouds will provide the best economies of scale, are inexpensive to set-up
because hardware, application and bandwidth costs are covered by the provider. Its a pay-per-
usage model and the only costs incurred are based on the capacity that is used.
There are some limitations, however; the public cloud may not be the right fit for every
organization. The model can limit configuration, security, and SLA specificity, making it less than
ideal for services using sensitive data that is subject to compliancy regulations.
Private clouds are more secure than public CC. In this we are used in a private network so it
restricts to use the unwanted public to access the data that is used by the company. Thats why it
Private clouds are data center architectures owned by a single company that provides flexibility,
scalability, provisioning, automation and monitoring. The goal of a private cloud is not sell as-
a-service offerings to external customers but instead to gain the benefits of cloud architecture
Private clouds can be expensive with typically modest economies of scale. This is usually not an
option for the average Small-to-Medium sized business and is most typically put to use by large
enterprises. Private clouds are driven by concerns around security and compliance, and keeping
As the name suggest, a hybrid cloud is a combination of both a private and public cloud. In this
work load being processed by an enterprise data center while other activities are provided by the
By using a hybrid approach, companies can maintain control of an internally managed private
cloud while relying on the public cloud as needed. For instance during peak periods individual
applications, or portions of applications can be migrated to the Public Cloud. This will also be
rolling brown/blackouts.
The ability to maintain an off-premise disaster recovery site for most organizations is impossible
due to cost. While there are lower cost solutions and alternatives the lower down the spectrum an
organization gets, the capability to recover data quickly reduces. Cloud based Disaster Recovery
(DR)/Business Continuity (BC) services allow organizations to contract failover out to a Managed
Services Provider that maintains multi-tenant infrastructure for DR/BC, and specializes in getting
These CC saves cost and time of capital equipment deployment but does not reduce the cost of
configuration, integration or management and these tasks must be performed remotely it provides
grids or clusters or virtualized servers, networks, storage and systems software, usually (but not
entire data center. It would include Amazon.com (Elastic Compute Cloud [EC2] and Simple
IaaS is based on the provisioning of computing resources which are more hardware oriented.
According to NIST the provisioning of processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental
computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can
include operating systems and applications from [15] fall under this category.
The user with IaaS is able to run and manage own operating systems including applications by
using virtualization technologies. Furthermore he can make use of storage systems and/or network
The management of the underlying infrastructure is done by the service provider of the cloud,
though the user has full control over operating systems, applications and storage and eventually
Examples for this type of service model are Amazon EC2 for computation power and Amazon S3
With a view to mobile environments, this service model does not seem to be appropriate for mobile
usage of cloud services, as it is highly focused on the provision of hardware based services with a
low level of abstraction. It might only be interesting in the case of storage provisioning for mobile
devices.
PaaS gives users the opportunity to run applications on the infrastructure offered by the service
provider. However, it requires that the applications are created with programming languages or
The management of the underlying infrastructure and operating systems is in the hands of the
service provider. Though the user has full administrative control over the applications he wants to
Examples for this type of service model are Google App Engine, Force.com and Microsoft
Windows Azure. Looking at mobile usage of CC services, this service model seems to be of
interest, because it gives users the possibility to outsource applications or parts of them to the
cloud.
As a result, users can make use of the benefits a CC system can offer them, including scalable and
fast computation resources, which in the end could save time and energy.
By using PaaS we can create and run our own application: without having to worry about
maintaining the operating systems, server hardware, load balancing or computing capacity. It
provides APIs or development platforms to create and run applications in the cloud e.g. using the
Internet. Well known providers include Microsoft's Azure, Sales forces Force.com, Google Maps,
SaaS is the most widely known and widely used forms of CC. It provides all the functions through
web to many customers and often thousands of users of all the sophisticated traditional
applications. Little or no code is running on the User's local computer. SaaS eliminates customer
worries about application servers, storage, application development and related, common concerns
of IT.
from AOL, Yahoo and Google, and VoIP from Vonage and Skype [6].
infrastructure, operating systems and even the configuration of the application itself (with
Examples for this type of service model are Google Docs, Microsoft Office Web Apps and
Apple iWork.com. With regard to mobile usage, this service model might also be of interest,
although it fully depends on a working network connection between mobile devices and the
cloud system. However, the benefits of cloud systems, which might lead to savings in time and
energy consumption, also apply here [16].
2.14 Advantages of CC
While their motivations vary, businesses of all sizes, industries, and geographies are turning to
cloud services. According to Goldman Sachs, spending on CC infrastructure and platforms will
grow at a 30% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2013 through 2018 compared with 5
Cloud adoption is accelerating faster than previously anticipated, leading Forrester to recently
revise its 2011 forecast of the public cloud market size upward by 20 percent. Whether youre
looking at SaaS, IaaS or PaaS, the predictions are the same. Fast growth of the workloads placed
in the cloud and an increased percentage of the total IT budget going toward CC.
Fig 2.6: IT Budget
According to a study by the Cloud Security Alliance, 33% of organizations have a full steam ahead
attitude toward cloud services and 86% of companies spend at least part of their IT budget on cloud
services. IT leaders at 79% of companies receive regular requests from end users each month to
buy more cloud applications with file sharing and collaboration, communication, social media, and
Numerous factors are driving cloud adoption, according to a study conducted by the market
research company Vanson Bourne. The business impact of the cloud report compiles insights from
interviews of 460 senior decision-makers within the finance functions of various enterprises.
The report summarized 11 drivers of cloud adoption along with quantifiable improvements these
companies have achieved by deploying cloud services to improve productivity, lower cost, and
Though they arent in IT positions, the majority of these financial executives are actively involved
Their perspective of CC includes benefits to the business as a whole. Companies that adopted cloud
services experienced a 20.66% average improvement in time to market, 18.80% average increase
in process efficiency, and 15.07% reduction in IT spending. Together, these benefits led to a
The Vanson Bourne report identified eleven advantages of CC that organizations are experiencing
With SaaS, the latest versions of the applications needed to run the business are made available to
all customers as soon as theyre released. Immediate upgrades put new features and functionality
into workers hands to make them more productive. Whats more, software enhancements are
typically released quite frequently. This is in contrast to home grown or purchased software that
might have major new releases only once a year or so and take significant time to roll out.
With CC, companies can reduce the size of their own data centers or eliminate their data center
footprint altogether. The reduction of the numbers of servers, the software cost, and the number of
The costs of CC are much more flexible than traditional methods. Companies only need to
commission and thus only pay for server and infrastructure capacity as and when it is needed.
More capacity can be provisioned for peak times and then de-provisioned when no longer needed.
Traditional computing requires buying capacity sufficient for peak times and allowing it to sit idle
Most cloud providers are extremely reliable in providing their services, with many maintaining
99.99% uptime. The connection is always on and as long as workers have an Internet connection,
they can get to the applications they need from practically anywhere. Some applications even work
off-line.
2.14.5 Improved Mobility
Data and applications are available to employees no matter where they are in the world. Workers
can take their work anywhere via smart phones and tablets roaming through a retail store to check
customers out, visiting customers in their homes or offices, working in the field or at a plant.
Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing dispersed groups of people to meet virtually
and easily share information in real time and via shared storage. This capability can reduce time-
Because companies dont have to purchase equipment and build out and operate a data center, they
dont have to spend significant money on hardware, facilities, utilities and other aspects of
operations. With traditional computing, a company can spend millions before it gets any value
During times of recession or business cut-backs like the energy industry is currently
Cloud is the flexible facility that can be turned up, down or off depending upon circumstances. For
example, a sales promotion might be wildly popular, and capacity can be added quickly to avoid
crashing servers and losing sales. When the sale is over, capacity can shrink to reduce costs.
CC accommodates faster changes so that two companies can become one much faster and more
decommissioning data centers before two companies are running on the same IT stack.
With fewer data centers worldwide and more efficient operations, we are collectively having less
of an impact on the environment. Companies who use shared resources improve their green
credentials.
Despite these advantage, the Cloud Security Alliance has identified several barriers holding back
cloud adoption. At 73% of companies, the security of data is the top concern holding back cloud
projects. Thats followed by concern about regulatory compliance (38%), loss of control over IT
services (38%), and knowledge and experience of both IT and business managers (34%). As
organizations address their security and compliance concerns by extending corporate policies to
data in the cloud and invest in closing the cloud skills gap, they can more fully take advantage of
Mobility has become a very popular word and rapidly increasing part in todays computing area.
An incredible growth has appeared in the development of mobile devices such as, smartphone,
PDA, GPS Navigation and laptops with a variety of mobile computing, networking and security
technologies. In addition, with the development of wireless technology like WiMax, Ad Hoc
Network and WIFI, users may be surfing the Internet much easier but not limited by the cables as
before.
Thus, those mobile devices have been accepted by more and more people as their first choice of
working and entertainment in their daily lives. So, what is Mobile computing exactly? In
Mobile computing is based on a collection of three major concepts: hardware, software and
smartphone and laptop, or their mobile components. Software of mobile computing is the
numerous mobile applications in the devices, such as the mobile browser, anti-virus software and
games.
The communication issue includes the infrastructure of mobile networks, protocols and data
It is important to establish a common understanding of what mobile cloud means. Cisco IBSG
defines it as mobile services and apps delivered from a centralized (and perhaps virtualized) data
Nowadays, both hardware and software of mobile devices get greater improvement than before,
some smartphones such as iPhone 4S, Android serials, Windows Mobile serials and Blackberry,
are no longer just traditional mobile phones with conversation, SMS, Email and website browser,
but are daily necessities to users. Meanwhile, those smartphones include various sensing modules
like navigation, optics, gravity, orientation, and so on, which brings a convenient and intelligent
service development, mobile phones will become increasingly complicated, and evolve to a
In the face of various mobile cloud services provided by Microsoft, Apple, Google, HTC, and so
on. Users may be confused about what MCC exactly is, and what its features are [12].
Survey says that smart phones will grow in percentage and feature phones will become more
sophisticated in time, these lower-end phones are not going away anytime soon. The MCC trend
is becoming conman. Most web developers capable of building mobile web applications than there
Those factors, combined with the fact that feature phones themselves are becoming more capable
with smarter built-in web browsers (and more alternative browsers available for download), will
Mobile computing has many features that makes it so attractive to work on, that is why its business
Mobile nodes in mobile computing network can establish connection with others, even fixed nodes
in wired network through Mobile Support Station (MSS) during their moving.
Normally the networks using by mobile nodes are not unique, such networks can be a wired
network with high-bandwidth, or a wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) with low-bandwidth,
As the limitation of battery power, charge of wireless communication, network conditions and so
on, mobile nodes will not always keep the connection, but disconnect and consistent with the
Servers and access points and other MSS enable a strong send/receive ability, while such ability
Thus, the communication bandwidth and overhead between downlink and uplink are discrepancy.
Due to signals is susceptible to interference and snooping, a mobile computing network system
Compared with the traditional wired network, mobile computing network may face various
problems and challenges in different aspects, such as signal disturbance, security, hand-off delay,
Due to the wireless environment and numerous mobile nodes. In addition, the Quality of Service
(Q o S) in mobile computing network is much easier to be affected by the landforms, weather and
buildings [9].
MCC was defined in a 5 March 2010 entry in the Open Gardens blog as the availability of cloud
computing services in a mobile ecosystem. This includes many elements, consumer, enterprise,
femtocells (A femtocell is a small cellular base station), transcoding, end-to-end security, home
Platform smart phone is the most ubiquitous platforms .The most-used mobile operating systems
are the Research in Motion (RIM) BlackBerry operating system, the Windows Mobile
operating system, Nokia's Symbian platform, and UNIX variations such as Google Android and
Apple iOS.
The BlackBerry operating system, developed by RIM, is a proprietary mobile operating system.
For application developers, it offers a Java development environment that includes a BlackBerry
IDE, a smart phone simulator, and APIs for Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) and
BlackBerry. Applications are distributed through BlackBerry App World and third-party vendors
such as MobiHand.
The Android mobile operating system is built on a modified Linux kernel. Initially developed
by Android, Inc., and bought by Google in 2005, Android development and maintenance is now
performed by the Android Open Source .Android application developers write code mainly in the
Java using the Android SDK, which includes an emulator of a run time environment for testing
and debugging. Applications are distributed through the Google Android Market and other
Apple is derived from Apple Mac OS X, it is a set of UNIX-based operating systems and GUIs.
Developers build applications mainly in Objective-C using the Apple iOS SDK, Xcode, and
Interface Builder. Applications are distributed through Apple's App Store, which currently
Windows Mobile proprietary operating system is called Windows Phone 7, which is a successor
to the Windows Mobile operating system. According to Microsoft, Windows Phone 7 was
designed for the user experience instead of enterprise support. Developers write the code to access
the mobile device through its APIs, but some APIs are not yet available, such as a compass API,
a video API, or a sockets API. Applications are distributed through the Windows Phone
Marketplace.
The Symbian platform is an open source operating system designed for Nokia Smartphones. It
uses a proprietary operating system services layer, with a Java ME application services layer.
Application developers write code in C++, the Java language, and Perl and use an SDK that can
Nokia is abandoning an alliance to develop another open source mobile operating system called
MeeGothat it was developed jointly with Intel and a consortium of smaller companies. MeeGo is
aimed at a variety of platforms, including smart phones, tablets, automotive systems, and set-top
boxes. 2011 and 2012 will be transition years of smart phone sales.
As of the end of 2010, the top-selling tablets were the Apple iPad and Android tablets made by
Samsung, Motorola, and Acer .Many tablet will be based on the Android operating system .Tablet
computers are larger than a smart phone but interact with the user in much the same way, using a
touchscreen as a primary input device. They often don't have a keyboard. Unlike laptops, they are
single-user personal devices; however, tablets access the cloud in the same manner as smart
phones.
RIM will introduce its BlackBerry PlayBook, which uses the BlackBerry Tablet OS. Motorola will
introduce its Android-based Xoom tablet. Apple will release its second- and third-generation iPad
Now mobile cloud is in demand. Work patterns and habits are also changing, because of the mobile
cloud customers are demanding smart phone and tablet applications so they can access companies'
key applications.
Employees are demanding access from their mobile devices. Another trend points to the
mobilization of money through the mobile cloud. For example, the company Tabbed Out has
created a service that allows people to use their smart phones to open, review, and pay tabs.
Starbucks recently began allowing customers to pay for purchases with an application that accesses
the customer's account and generates an on-screen bar code that the cashier scans to complete the
payment. The customer's Starbucks account is replenished with a credit card or PayPal account.
3.15.4 Issues
Issue of mobile with the mobile cloud is the resource poverty of mobile devices. Compared to
desktop computers, they have a mini screen real estate, less compute power and memory, battery
capacity limits. Because of this resource poverty, the mobile cloud is viewed as an SaaS cloud,
meaning of that computation and data handling are usually performed in the cloud.
Smart phones access the cloud through internet or thin clients. The mobile cloud affected by the
Latency and bandwidth. It also affected by the WI-Fi improves latency but may decrease
Bandwidth for 3G cellular may be limited for cell tower bandwidth in some areas. Similarly,
connectivity may be intermittent. As cellular providers build out their networks, the situation will
improve. Security issues increase with mobile devices. After all, it's easier to lose a mobile device.
3.16 Android Operating System
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and
designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android's user
interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely correspond to
real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-screen objects, along
televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized
user interface. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras,
on tablets since 2013, and on smartphones it is dominant by any metric [17, 18].
Application program interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software
applications. An API specifies how software components should interact. Additionally, APIs are
used when programming graphical user interface (GUI) components. A good API makes it easier
to develop a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer then puts the blocks
together.
There are many different types of APIs for operating systems, applications or websites.
Windows, for example, has many API sets that are used by system hardware and
applications when you copy and paste text from one application to another, it is the API that
to write applications consistent with the operating environment. Today, APIs are also
specified by websites. For example, Amazon or eBay APIs allow developers to use the existing
retail infrastructure to create specialized web stores. Third-party software developers also
MCC architecture as shown in fig which connects mobile devices to the cloud computing. The
MCC architecture includes a mobile client and a middleware design. There are two approaches to
implement the mobile client, native applications and embedded browser applications.
Native applications are built with specific programming languages supported by the mobile
platforms. However, embedded browser applications can run HTML and JavaScript in the
The middleware improves interaction between mobile clients and cloud services, for example,
adaptation, optimization and caching. The middleware also provides extended functions to mobile
clients, such as service mash up. In general, the middleware enhances the functionality, reliability
and compatibility of the interaction between mobile clients and cloud services [9].
The goal of the MCC architecture is to provide a proxy for mobile clients connecting to cloud
services. The architecture consists of three parts, the mobile clients, the middleware and the cloud
services. Since Cloud services are usually controlled by service providers, the middleware
performs all the necessary adaptation to the mobile clients. Some services require real-time
The middleware also pushes updates of service results to mobile clients via HTTP or email
immediately after it receives the updates. The middleware is responsible for consuming the Cloud
Services whether they are SOAP or RESTful work station (WS) and delivers the service result to
On the mobile client, users can define WS or mash up services and later execute the pre-defined
WS .The middleware provides a RESTful WS interface for the mobile clients. Figure 4.2 indicates
how to consume/execute a pre-defined WS. When WS are executed through the middleware, the
1. The mobile client sends a HTTP GET request with an identifier of a WS to the middleware.
2. The middleware deals with interactions to the WS (and generates SOAP WS client if
necessary).
3. The middleware extracts (JSON or XML parsing) the required service results from the
original service result and form a new service results in JSON format.
4. The middleware stores a copy of the result with the service ID in the database and returns
5. The middleware is also a personal service mashup platform (PSMP) that is based on a novel
data structure which represents WS as objects. The next section talks about the middleware
Client and middleware caching copies of result of the services are stored on both mobile clients
and the middleware. When the mobile clients are not able to connect to the middleware, the client
side cache is used. When the middleware to WS connection is not available, the middleware returns
When the middleware receives an update of service result, it immediately sends the update to
mobile clients that are connected to the middleware. When the mobile clients detect an available
Protocol transformation reduces the latency as well as bandwidth of the client to service
interaction. The middleware transforms SOAP WS to RESTful WS. SOAP is a verbose protocol
which involves XML parsing, while RESTful WS can use light-weight format like JSON for the
message. Transferring SOAP WS to light-weight protocols, like RESTful WS, reduces processing
Result optimization reduces the size of the service results, thus reduces the bandwidth used to
interact with WS. The middleware converts the format of service results from XML to JSON and
removes unnecessary data from the original service result. Less data transferring also reduces
network latency.
Service mashup allow a mobile client to combine different services. However, service mashup
requires interaction with WS and processing power. Because of the resource limitation (energy,
The middleware provides a Personal Mashup Platform which does service mashup for the mobile
clients. The platform has generic interfaces for defining and consuming WS. The services are
stored on the middleware and can be connected to form a workflow (a mashup service) which
The most notable problem of the mobile computing is the lack of speedy mobile internet access
everywhere. In the US, for example, 3G coverage is spotty outside urban areas, leading to
intermittent connection issues and slow speeds. ABI Research mentions initiatives like OMA's
Smartcard Web Server, essentially a souped-up SIM card that connects directly with the carrier to
There's also TokTok, a technology that allows access to web services like Gmail and Google
Calendar by voice. With voice-enabled search like this, mobile apps could talk directly to the
service itself which sits on the edge of the network, as opposed to needing the user to launch a web
browser and navigate through the mobile web. Other markets may have it even worse.
However, new technologies like HTML5, which does local caching, could help mobile cloud apps
get past those sorts of issues. And there's even a chance that the browser could one day be replaced
at least in some markets with another technology altogether which provides a better way to access
The rise of cloud computing has created enormous data sets that can be monetized by applications
such as advertising. Google, for instance, leverages its cloud infrastructure to collect and analyze
consumer data for its advertising network. Collection and analysis of data is now possible cheaply.
Because of the cloud, attackers potentially have massive, centralized databases available for
analysis. How much more privacy did one have before one could be Googled?
Because of privacy concerns, enterprises running clouds collecting data have felt increasing
applications to be shut down until appropriate privacy guards are available. Some identifying data
will be removed such as IP addresses and cookie information. The anonymized data is retained
though, to support the continual testing of their algorithms. Another reason to anonymize data is
We note that anonymizing data is a difficult problem. as an ex, the Netflix data set was partially
Massachusetts General Hospital from an anonymized list of discharged patients. Tools are needed
for effective anonymization, which will increase in importance as clouds proliferate and more data
Availability also needs to be considered for the sabotage activities. The damages are not only
related to the losses of productivity, but also extend to losses due to the degraded trust in the
The cloud computing model encourages single points of failure. It is therefore important to develop
methods for sustained availability and for recovery from an attack. The latter could operate on the
A license purchased and software installation on the client side, users will authenticate in order to
be able to use a cloud application. There are some advantages in such a model, such as making
software piracy more difficult and giving the ability to centralize monitoring. It also may help
security is managed by the cloud, which maintains the software they run. This architecture
stimulates the mobility of users, but increases the need to address authentication in a secure
manner.
In addition, the movement towards increased hosting of data and applications in the cloud and a
lesser reliance on specific user machines is likely to increase the threat of Phishing and other
abusive technologies aimed at stealing access credentials, or otherwise derive them, e.g., by brute
As adoption of cloud computing grows, we are likely to see more and more services performing
mash-ups of data. This development has potential security implications, both in terms of data leaks,
and in terms of the number of sources of data used by user. Centralized access control may solve
Mobile devices (e.g., smartphone and tablet PC) are increasingly becoming an essential part of
human life as the most effective and convenient communication tools not bounded by time and
place. Mobile users accumulate rich experience of various services from mobile applications
(e.g., iPhone apps and Google apps), which run on the devices and/or on remote servers via
wireless networks.
The rapid progress of MC becomes a powerful trend in the development of IT technology as well
as commerce and industry fields. However, the mobile devices are facing many challenges in their
resources (battery life, storage, and bandwidth) and communications (mobility and security).
The limited resources significantly impede the improvement of service qualities. CC has been
widely recognized as the next generation computing infrastructure. CC offers some advantages by
allowing users to use infrastructure (e.g., servers, networks, and storages), platforms (e.g.,
middleware services and operating systems), and software (e.g., application programs) provided
mobile applications can be rapidly provisioned and released with the minimal management efforts
or service providers interactions. With the explosion of mobile applications and the support of
CC for a variety of services for mobile users, MCC is introduced as an integration of CC into the
mobile environment. MCC brings new types of services and facilities mobile users to take full
advantages of CC.
4.8 Mobile Computing Classification
Mobile computing is not only limited to mobile phones, but there are various gadgets available in
the market that are built on a platform to support mobile computing. They are usually classified in
The main purpose of this device is to act as an electronic organizer or day planner that is portable,
easy to use and capable of sharing information with your computer systems.
PDA is an extension of the PC, not a replacement. These systems are capable of sharing
information with a computer system through a process or service known as synchronization. Both
devices will access each other to check for changes or updates in the individual devices. The use
With PDA devices, a user can browse the internet, listen to audio clips, watch video clips, edit and
modify office documents, and many more services. The device has a stylus and a touch sensitive
This kind of phone combines the features of a PDA with that of a mobile phone or camera phone.
Smartphones have the capability to run multiple programs concurrently. These phones include
high-resolution touch screens, web browsers that can access and properly display standard web
pages rather than just mobile-optimized sites, and high-speed data access via Wi-Fi and high speed
cellular broadband.
The most common mobile OS used by modern smartphones include Google's Android, Apple's
iOS, Nokia's Symbian, RIM's BlackBerry OS, Samsung's Bada, Microsoft's Windows Phone, and
embedded Linux distributions such as Maemo and MeeGo. Such operating systems can be
installed on different phone models, and typically each device can receive multiple OS software
This mobile device is larger than a mobile phone or a PDA and integrates into a touch screen and
is operated using touch sensitive motions on the screen. They are often controlled by a pen or by
the touch of a finger. They are usually in slate form and are light in weight. Examples would
They offer the same functionality as portable computers. They support mobile computing in a far
superior way and have enormous processing horsepower. Users can edit and modify document
files, access high speed internet, stream video and audio data, receive and send e-mails, attend/give
lectures and presentations among its very many other functions. They have excellent screen
Mobile applications gain increasing share in a global mobile market. Various mobile applications
have taken the advantages of MCC. In this section, some typical MCC applications are introduced.
4.9.1 Mobile Commerce
Mobile commerce (m-commerce) is a business model for commerce using mobile devices. The m-
commerce applications generally fulfill some tasks that require mobility (e.g., mobile transactions
and payments, mobile messaging, and mobile ticketing). The m-commerce applications can be
The m-commerce applications have to face various challenges (e.g., low network bandwidth, high
Mobile learning (m-learning) is designed based on electronic learning (e-learning) and mobility.
However, traditional m-learning applications have limitations in terms of high cost of devices and
Cloud-based m-learning applications are introduced to solve these limitations. For example,
utilizing a cloud with the large storage capacity and powerful processing ability, the applications
provide learners with much richer services in terms of data (information) size, faster processing
The purpose of applying MCC in medical applications is to minimize the limitations of traditional
medical treatment (e.g., small physical storage, security and privacy, and medical errors).
Mobile healthcare (m-healthcare) provides mobile users with convenient helps to access resources
services on clouds rather than owning standalone applications on local servers. There are a few
2. Intelligent emergency management system can manage and coordinate the fleet of
emergency vehicles effectively and in time when receiving calls from accidents or
incidents.
3. Health-aware mobile devices detect pulse rate, blood pressure, and level of alcohol to alert
Mobile game (m-game) is a potential market generating revenues for service providers. M-game
can completely offload game engine requiring large computing resource (e.g., graphic rendering)
to the server in the cloud, and gamers only interact with the screen interface on their devices.
Mobile computing has its fair share of security concerns as any other technology. Due to its
nomadic nature, it's not easy to monitor the proper usage. Users might have different intentions on
how to utilize this privilege. Improper and unethical practices such as hacking, industrial
espionage, pirating, online fraud and malicious destruction are some but few of the problems
Another big problem plaguing mobile computing is credential verification. As other users share
username and passwords, it poses as a major threat to security. This being a very sensitive issue,
most companies are very reluctant to implement mobile computing to the dangers of
misrepresentation.
The problem of identity theft is very difficult to contain or eradicate. Issues with unauthorized
access to data and information by hackers, is also an enormous problem. Outsiders gain access to
steal vital data from companies, which is a major hindrance in rolling out mobile computing
services.
No company wants to lay open their secrets to hackers and other intruders, who will in turn sell
the valuable information to their competitors. It's also important to take the necessary precautions
to minimize these threats from taking place. Some of those measures include:-
These are just but a few ways to help deter possible threats to any company planning to offer
mobile computing. Since information is vital, all possible measures should be evaluated and
and cause irrefutable harm. These may be in terms of reputation or financial penalties. In such
If these factors arent properly worked on, it might be an avenue for constant threat. Various threats
The interface of MCC has undeniably enabled us to accommodate videos, music files, digital
images and more, right into out petite smart-phones. Here are a few reasons that explain why MCC
As the major role of processing is handled by the cloud, mobile devices battery usage is reduced
automatically.
4.11.2 Abundant Storage Space
Enormous storage capacity that a mobile user can access happens to be the most highlighted USP
of the cloud service. Mobile users shall no longer need to worry about their devices limited storage
Cloud storage enables the user to store and manage their data by speedy data synchronization
between the device and any other desktop or device chosen by the user. This instantly benefits the
users by eliminating their problems of storing all their data files and maintaining a back-up.
The processor of any mobile device determines its speed and performance. However, in the case
of mobile cloud computing, most of the processing is performed at the cloud level. This takes the
load off the device and thereby enhances its overall performance.
In case of MCC it is always the user who benefits the most by using this platform. The wide range
of benefits offered by this platform makes for an optimum productivity and an enhanced user-
experience.
4.11.6 Scope to Embrace New Technologies
MCC can easily adjust with the ever-evolving nature of technologies. It is capable enough to
perform efficiently with all the upgrades in cloud computing methods and changes in the smart-
services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides
location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an
The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the
world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the global air traffic system, weather, and
location services.
LTE is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data
terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the
capacity and speed using new modulation techniques. It is related with the implementation of
4.12.4 WiMAX
standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the latest update
communication technology.
WiMAX far surpasses the 30-metre wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi Local Area Network
(LAN), offering a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km. WiMAX offers
data transfer rates that can be superior to conventional cable-modem and DSL connections,
however, the bandwidth must be shared among multiple users and thus yields lower speed in
practice.
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to
establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into
close proximity, usually no more than a few centimeters. Present and anticipated applications
include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified setup of more complex
communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible between an NFC device and an
Today's computing has rapidly grown from being confined to a single location. With mobile
computing, people can work from the comfort of any location they wish to as long as the
connection and the security concerns are properly factored. In the same light, the presence of high
Being an ever growing and emerging technology, mobile computing will continue to be a core
MCC is one of the mobile technology trends in the future, because it combines the advantages of
both MC and CC, thereby providing optimal services for mobile users. That traction will push the
revenue of MCC to $5.2 billion. With this importance, this article has provided an overview of
MCC in which its definitions, architecture, and advantages have been presented.
The applications supported by MCC including m-commerce, m-learning, and mobile healthcare
have been discussed which clearly show the applicability of the MCC to a wide range of mobile
services.
Then, the issues and related approaches for MCC (i.e., from communication and computing sides)
have been discussed. Finally, the future research directions have been outlined.
References
3. Ali M. Green cloud on the horizon, In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
4. http://www.mobilecloudcomputingforum.com/.
6. Christensen JH. Using RESTful web-services and cloud computing to create next
7. Liu L, Moulic R, Shea D. Cloud service portal for mobile device management, In
2011; 474.
9. Calheiros RN, Vecchiola C, Karunamoorthy D, Buyya R. The Aneka platform and QoS-
driven resource provisioning for elastic applications on hybrid Clouds. Future Generation
platforms: vision, hype, and reality for delivering computing as the 5th utility. Journal on
11. Huang Y, Su H, Sun W, et al. Framework for building a low-cost, scalable, and secured
platform for web delivered business services. IBM Journal of Research and Development
13. Kakerow R. Low power design methodologies for mobile communication, In Proceedings
Processors, 2003; 8.
14. Paulson LD. Low-power chips for high-powered handhelds. IEEE Computer Society
15. Davis JW. Power benchmark strategy for systems employing power management, In
2002; 117.
16. Mayo RN, Ranganathan P. Energy consumption in mobile devices: why future systems
17. Smailagic A, EttusM. System design and power optimization for mobile computers, In
with code offload, In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile systems,
19. Vartiainen E, Mattila KV-V. User experience of mobile photo sharing in the cloud, In
(MUM), 2010.
20. http://www.shozu.com/portal/index.do.
21. Garcia A, Kalva H. Cloud transcoding for mobile video content delivery, In Proceedings
22. Kumar K, Lu Y. Cloud computing for mobile users: can offloading computation save