EIE 339 DTSS

Passband Data Transmission

PSK
1. A binary signal is applied to a correlator supplied with a phase reference that deviates
from the exact carrier phase by radians. Determine the average probability of error
of the system.

2. The signal component of a coherent PSK system is defined by

s (t ) = Ac k sin( 2f c t ) Ac 1 k 2 cos(2f c t )

where 0 t Tb , and the plus sign corresponds to symbol 1 and the minus sign
corresponds to symbol 0, The first term represents a carrier component included for
the purpose of synchronizing the receiver to the transmitter.
a. Draw a constellation diagram for the scheme described here.
b. Show that, in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise of zero mean and
power spectral density N 0 / 2 , the average probability of error is

1 Eb
Pe = erfc (1 k 2 )
2 No
where
1 2
Eb = Ac Tb
2
c. Suppose that 10 percent of the transmitted signal power is allocated to the carrier
component. Determine the Eb / N o required to realize a probability of error equal
to 10-4.
d. Compare this value of Eb / N o with that required for a conventional PSK system
with the same probability of error.

QPSK
3. Let PeI and PeQ denote the probabilities of symbol error for the in-phase and
quadrature channels of a digital communication system. Show that the average
probability of symbol error for the overall system is given by
Pe = PeI + PeQ PeI PeQ

1
FSK
4. A coherent binary FSK system transmits binary data at the rate of 2.5x106 bits per
second. During the course of transmission, white Gaussian noise of zero mean and
power spectral density 10-20 W/Hz is added to the signal. In the absence of noise, the
amplitude of the received sinusoidal wave for digit 1 or 0 is 1mV. Determine the
average probability of symbol error.

2
ex
Given: erfc( x) for large x
x
QAM
5. Determine the transmission bandwidth reduction and average signal energy of 256-
QAM, compared to 64-QAM.
6. Two passband data transmission systems are to be compared. One system uses 16-
PSK, and the other uses 16-QAM. Both systems are required to produce an average
probability of symbol error equal to 10-3. Compare the signal-to-noise ratio
requirement of these two systems.

DPSK
7. The binary sequence 1100100010 is applied to the DPSK transmitter.
a. Sketch the resulting waveform at the transmitter output.
b. Applying this waveform to the DPSK receiver, show that, in the absence of
noise, the original binary sequence is reconstructed at the receiver output.

Comparison of Digital Modulation Schemes

8. Binary data are transmitted over a microwave link at the rate of 106 b/s, and the
power spectral density of the noise at the receiver input is 10-10 V/Hz. Find the
average carrier power required to maintain an average probability of error Pe 10 4
for (a) coherent binary PSK and (b) DPSK

9. The values of Eb / N o required to realize an average probability of symbol error

Pe = 10 4 using coherent binary PSK is 7.2. Using the approximation
1
erfc(u ) = exp(u 2 )
u
determine the separation in the values of Eb / N o for Pe = 10 4 , using coherent
binary PSK and DPSK

2
 0
10

-1
10

-2
10
erfc (x )

-3
10

-4
10

-5
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
x

3
Solution:

Passband Data Transmission

1. The transmitted binary PSK signal is
s1 (t ) = Eb (t ) and

s2 (t ) = Eb (t )

2
where (t ) = cos(2f c t ) 0 t < Tb
Tb

The locally generated basis function at the receiver is

2
r (t ) = cos(2f c t + )
Tb
2
= [cos(2f c t ) cos( ) sin(2f c t ) sin( )]
Tb

The correlator output is

Tb
x1 = x(t ) r (t )dt
0

Tb 2 Eb 2
= cos(2f c t ) cos(2f c t + ) + n(t ) dt
0 Tb Tb
= Eb cos + W Q sin( 2f c t ) is orthogonal to cos(2f c t ) over the bit interval

Following the same procedure in G.22 to G.26, the average probability of error is
1 Eb cos
p e = erfc
2 N
o

2. a. the constellation diagram is

Tb
Ac k
2

Tb Tb
Ac
2
(1 k 2 ) Ac (1 k 2 )
2

4
b. The signal at the decision input (or the correlator ouput) is
Tb
x1 = x(t ) (t )dt
0

= [si (t ) + w(t )] (t )dt

Tb

0
Tb
= Eb (1 k 2 ) + w(t ) (t )dt
0

Following a procedure similar to that used for evaluating the average

probability of error for PSK, the new average probability error is
1 Eb
Pe = erfc (1 k 2 )
2 N
o

c. When Pe = 10 4 and k2=0.1, we get

1
10 4 = erfc(0.9 E b / N o )
2
and then

Eb / N o = 7.74

1 Eb
d. For a conventional PSK system, we have Pe = erfc . In this case, we
2 N
o
find that Eb / N o = 6.92 . Thus the conventional PSK system requires less
Eb / N o

5
 QPSK and FSK

3. Since the individual outputs of the in-phase and quadrature channels are statistically
independent, the overall average probability of correct reception is
Pc = (1 PeI )(1 PeQ )
= 1 PeI PeQ + PeI PeQ
The overall average probability of error is therefore
Pe = 1 Pe
= PeI + PeQ PeI PeQ

4. Tb = 1 / 2.5 10 6 = 0.4s

Eb =
1 2
2
1
2
( 2
)
Ac Tb = 10 3 0.4 10 6 = 2 10 13 J

Pe =
1
2
( )1
( )
erfc Eb / 2 N o = erfc 2 10 13 / 2 10 20 = ... = 0.85 10 3
2

6
 QAM AND NON-COHERENT SCHEMES

5. The transmission bandwidth of M-ary QAM signal is

2 Rb
.
log 2 M
Thus the bandwidth reduction is
2 Rb 2 Rb R R R
B64 B256 = = b b = b
log 2 64 log 2 256 4 8 8

The average energy of M-ary QAM signal is

2( M 1) E o
E= .
3
The increase in average signal energy is
2(256 1) E o 2(64 1) E o
E 256 / E 64 = / = 170 / 42 = 4.05
3 3

6. The probability of symbol error of M-ary QAM is given by

1 3E av
Pe = 21 erfc

M 2( M 1) N o
E av
Setting Pe = 10 3 and M=16, we get = 58 = 17.6dB .
No

The probability of symbol error of M-ary PSK is given by

E
Pe = erfc sin( / M ) .
No
E
Setting Pe = 10 3 and M=16, we get = 142 = 21.5dB .
No
Hence, on the average, the 16-PSK demands 21.5 -17.6 = 3,9 dB more symbol energy
than the 16-QAM for Pe = 10 3 .

7
7. (a)
bk 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

d k 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

dk 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

( d k = bk d k 1 )
phase 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tb

(b)
Let x I = output of the integrator in the in-phase channel
xQ = output of the integrator in the quadrature channel

xI ' = one-bit delayed version of x I

xQ ' = one-bit delayed version of xQ

I = in-phase channel output = xI xI '

Q = quadrature channel output xQ xQ '

y=I+Q

8
 phase 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Polarity of x I + + + - + + - + - - +

Polarity of xI ' + + + - + + - + - -
Polarity of I + + - - + - - - + -

Polarity of xQ - - - + - - + - + + -

Polarity of xQ ' - - - + - - + - + +

Polarity of Q + + - - + - - - + -

Polarity of y + + - - + - - - + -
Reconstructed data 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

8. For Pe = 10 4 , the E b / N o of the binary PSK system is 7.0. Hence E b = 3.5 10 10 . The
required average carrier power is 0.35 mW.
For Pe = 10 4 , the Eb / N o of the DPSK system is 8.5. Hence Eb = 4.3 10 10 . The required
average carrier power is 0.43 mW.

9. For a coherent PSK system, the average probability of error is

Pe =
1
2
erfc[ (E b / N o )1 ]
For a DPSK system, we have
1
Pe = exp[(Eb / N o )2 ]
2
For Pe = 10 4 , (Eb / N o )1 = 7.2 =8.6 dB and (Eb / N o )2 = 8.5 = 9.3 dB. The separation is 0.7
dB.