Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Electromagnetic Theory
Merih Palandken
T = T(x,y,z)
Hard to visualize
Work in 2D
24
Vector Fields
Vector (magnitude, direction) at every point
in space
RECTANGULAR
Choice is based on
symmetry of problem
CYLINDRICAL
SPHERICAL Examples:
Sheets - RECTANGULAR
Wires/Cables - CYLINDRICAL
Spheres - SPHERICAL
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems: (coordinates mutually perpendicular)
Cartesian Coordinates z
P(x,y,z)
y
Rectangular Coordinates
P (x,y,z) x
z
z
P(, , z)
Cylindrical Coordinates
P (, , z) y
x
z
Spherical Coordinates P(r, , )
r
P (r, , )
y
x
Page 108
z z
P(r, , )
Cartesian Coordinates P(x,y,z)
r P(x,y,z) y
y x
x
z
P(, , z)
y
x
VECTOR NOTATION
VECTOR NOTATION: Rectangular or
Cartesian
A Axax Ayay Azaz Coordinate
System
z
A B AxBx AyBy AzBz Dot Product
(SCALAR)
ax ay az
A B Ax Ay Az Cross Product
Bx By Bz (VECTOR)
y
x
1
A Ax2 Ay2 Az2 2 Magnitude of vector
Cartesian Coordinates
( x, y, z)
Vector representation
z
A xAx yAy zAz z1
Z plane
Magnitude of A A( x1 , y1 , z1 )
x plane
A A A Ax2 Ay2 Az2 Az
z y y1
x y
Position vector A
Ay
Ax
x1
xx1 yy1 zz1 x
Dot product:
A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz Az A
B
Cross product: y
Ay
Ax
x y z x
A B Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
UNIT VECTORS:
Cylindrical representation uses: ,f , z
a
a az
A A a A a Az az
A B A B A B AzBz
Dot Product
(SCALAR)
z
P
x f y
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: SPHERICAL COORDINATES
UNIT VECTORS:
Spherical representation uses: r ,q , f
a r a q af
A Ar a r Aq aq Af af
A B ArBr AqBq AfBf
Dot Product
(SCALAR)
q P
x f y
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Rectangular Coordinate System
z
a z Unit Vector
Representation
for Rectangular
Coordinate
System
a x a y
x
The Unit Vectors imply :
a
x f y
z af
q P
ar
r
aq
f y
x
Summary
a x a y a z a
a az a r a q af
,f, z r,q ,f
Differential quantities:
Length:
dl xdx ydy zdz
Area:
ds x xdydz
ds y ydxdz
ds z zdxdy
Volume:
dv dxdydz
Page 109
METRIC COEFFICIENTS
2. Cylindrical Coordinates:
y Differential Distances:
Distance = df
( d, df, dz )
df
x
METRIC COEFFICIENTS
3. Spherical Coordinates:
y Differential Distances:
Distance = r sinq df
( dr, rdq, r sinq df )
z
df
r sinq q P
x
r
f y
x
METRIC COEFFICIENTS
rectangular
dl dxax dyay dzaz
cylindrical dl da da dzaz
spherical
dl drar rdq aq r sin q da
dx
Example:
y
7 6
6
AREA = dy dx
3 2
= 16
Vector is NORMAL
to surface
ds dxdya z
DIFFERENTIALS FOR INTEGRALS
dl dxa x or dl drar or dl d a
ds dxdya z or ds d dza
Vector representation
^
A zA
A a A A z
Base
Vectors
Magnitude of A
Dot product:
A B A B A B Az Bz
B A
Cross product:
^
z
A B A A Az
B B Bz
Differential quantities:
Length:
^
d zdz
dl d
Area:
^
ds d dz
ds ddz
dsz z dd
Volume:
dv dd dz
Pages 109-112
Spherical Coordinates
Vector representation (R, , )
A R AR qAq fAf
Magnitude of A
A A A AR2 Aq2 Af2
Position vector A
R R1
Base vector properties
R , R , R
Back Pages 113-115
Spherical Coordinates
Dot product:
A B AR BR Aq Bq Af Bf
B A
Cross product:
R q f
A B AR Aq Af
BR Bq Bf
Length:
dl R sin d
dl R dlR
dl
dl
R dR Rd
R sin d
Area:
ds R R dl dl R R 2 sin dd
dl dl R sin dRd
ds R
dl dl RdRd
ds R
Volume:
dv R 2 sin dRdd
Back Pages 113-115
Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformation
A Ax cos Ay sin
A Ax sin Ay cos
Az Az
r x2 y2
f tan 1 ( y / x)
zz
^
x cos y sin
x sin y cos
z z
Back Page 115
Cartesian to Spherical Transformation? HW1