ECE 6151, Spring 2017

Lecture Notes
Shengli Zhou
January 20, 2017

1 Outline
Syllabus
Communication and spectrum

Channel models
Passband and baseband conversion
Complex random variables
Complex stochastic process

2 Spectrum
How many receivers are inside your iPhone?
Bluetooth, <10m, 20 kh/s, carrier frequency 2.4 GHz, bandwidth 1 MHz
GPS frequency. The GPS L1 band (1575.42 MHz), chip rate 1.023 MHz.
3G/4G/LTE, 1-3 km, 100-500 kb/s, data; 10-20 kb/s, voice
WiFi, < 100m, 6-54 Mb/s, 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz. bandwidth 20 MHz
Legacy systems: AM [535 1605]kHz, bandwidth 10 kHz. FM [88 108] MHz, bandwidth 200 kHz.

GSM: uplink 890-915 MHz, downlink 935-960 MHz. bandwidth 200 kHz.

3 Channel Model
x(t) () y(t)

How to judge a system is linear?

Impulse response can fully characterize a linear system
Linear time invariant (LTI): c( )
Z Z
y(t) = x(t) ? c(t) = x( )c(t )d = c( )x(t )d

Linear time varying (LTV): h( ; t)

Z
y(t) = x(t) ? c( ; t) = c( ; t)x(t )d

1
Ambient noise
AWGN: (toy channel, idealized)
y(t) = x(t) + n(t)

LTI: (wireline, slowly varying wireless)

y(t) = c(t) ? x(t) + n(t)

LTV: (fast varying wireless, UWA)

y(t) = c( ; t) ? x( ) + n(t)

One physical channel can be fit into each of the models (e.g., telephone)

4 Passband versus baseband signals

4.1 Bandpass signals
Passband and baseband conversion
x(t) is narrowband signal centered around fc
x(t) is real, meaning that X(f ) is symmetric X(f ) = X (f )

Keep half spectrum to get the analytical signal x+ (t)

Downshift to baseband to get the baseband signal xl (t)
Baseband to passband

From baseband to passband

x(t) = Re xl (t)ej2fc t


I & Q components
xl (t) = xi (t) + jxq (t)
x(t) = xi (t) cos(2fc t) xq (t) sin(2fc t)

Passband to baseband

A useful Fourier transform pair

1
(t) + j 2u(f )
t
The analytical signal
1
x+ (t) = ((t) + j ) ? s(t) = s(t) + j
s(t)
t
where x
(t) is the Hilbert transform of x(t)
Z
1 x()
x
(t) = d
t

Complex envelope

xl (t) = x+ (t)ej2fc t = [x(t) + j x

(t)]ej2fc t = 2LPF x(t)ej2fc t
 

x+ (t) = xl (t)ej2fc t

2
4.2 Bandpass systems
Passband vs baseband filtering
Why do we want baseband signals?
x(t) h(t) y(t)

We show that it is equivalent to

1
xl (t) 2 hl (t) yl (t)

Intuitive way to do it.

Brute-force verification
Z
y(t) = x( )h(t )d
Z
1
= [xl ( )hl (t )ej2fc t + xl ( )hl (t )ej2fc t
4
+ xl ( )hl (t )ej2fc (2 t) + xl ( )hl (t )ej2fc (t2 ) ]d
 Z 
1 j2fc t
= Re xl ( )hl (t )d e
2

Bandpass filtering problem translated into baseband processing

If an appropriate filter is designed in baseband, the application to passband signals is straightforward.

Baseband signal processing simplifies the notation and saves the storage space.
Show an example

5 Random variables
What could be random for a communication system?
What fully characterize a random variable?

How to compute the pdf of a function of variables?

Mean and moments

Continuous random variable, X

probability density function (p.d.f.): fX (x)
moments are often useful Z
E(g(X)) = g(x)fX (x)dx

mean: Z
E(X) = xfX (x)dx
0

second-order moment Z
E(X 2 ) = x2 fX (x)dx
0

Variance:
E([X E(X)]2 ) = E(X 2 ) E(2E(X)X) + [E(X)]2
= E(X 2 ) [E(X)]2

3
Gaussian
A particularly important pdf: Gaussian N (, 2 )
1 (x)2
fX (x) = e 22
2
where
E(X) = , var(X) = 2
We also have
E[(x )3 ] = 0, E[(x )4 ] = 3 4
Why Gaussian important?
Why important ?
Central limit theorem tells us that
n
X
Y = Xi
i=1
is Gaussian if n is large enough
We in this class focus on Gaussian and its variants.
Joint Gaussian
X and Y are independent and Gaussian distributed
f (x, y) = f (x)f (y)

Complex Gaussian
Complex Gaussian: Z = X + jY , X, Y are independent Gaussian with the same variance x2
f (Z) = f (X, Y ) = fX (x)fY (y)
(x x )2 (y y )2
 
1
= exp
2x y 2x2 2y2
z = x + jy
z2 = E[|z z |2 ] = E[(x x )2 + (y y )2 ] = 2x2
|z z |2
 
1
fZ (z) = exp
z2 z2
Rayleigh
X N (0, 2 ), y N (0, 2 ), X and Y independent

What is the pdf of R = X 2 + Y 2 ?
Z = X + jY = |Z|ej . What is the pdf of |Z|? What is the pdf of ?

X = R cos , Y = R sin
    
dx cos r sin dr
=
dy sin r cos d
dxdy = rdrd
1 x2 +y2 2 1 r22
e 2 dxdy = e 2 rdrd
2 2 2 2
1 r2
f (r, ) = e 2r
2 2
r r2
f (r) = 2 e 22

1
f () =
2

4
Uniform distribution
Uniform distribution X U (a, b) (
1
ba x [a, b]
fX (x) =
0 otherwise

Rician

Rician (line of sight (LOS))

X N (x , 2 ) Y N (y , 2 )
What is the distribution for the phase, for the amplitude, and for the squared amplitude?

x = cos(), y = sin()
 2
r 2r cos( + ) + 2

r
f (r, ) = exp
2 2 2 2
Z 2
1
I0 (x) = ex cos d
2 0
 2
r + 2

r
f (r) = 2 exp I0 (r/ 2 )
2 2

Chi-square
Pn
Central Chi-square: Y = Xi2 , where Xi N (0, 2 )
i=1
Pn
Non-central Chi-square: Y = i=1 Xn2 , where Xi N (i , 2 )

Find pdfs after variable change

Variable change (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn )

Given fX (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ), what is fY (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn )?

Assume one to one mapping

fX (x1 , . . . , xn )dx1 . . . dxn = fY (y1 , . . . , yn )dy1 . . . dyn

Define x1 = g 1 (y), . . . , xn = gn1 (y)

g11 g11



dx1 y1 yn dy1
.. . .. .. ..

. ..
= . . .
1 1
dxn gn

gn dyn
y1 yn

dx1 . . . dxn = |J|dy1 . . . dyn

fY (y1 , . . . , yn ) = fX (g 1 (y))|J|

Collections
(x)2
Gaussian: fX (x) = 1 e 2 2
2

r2
r 2
Rayleigh: f (r) = 2 e
2

 2 2
Rician: f (r) = r
2 exp r 2
+
2 I0 (r/ 2 )

5
Whiteboard pictures

6
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