SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN

(Your School Name)

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
PROJECT WORK 1/2010

Title : The Gate of WisDom

Name :
I.C. no. :
Class :
Teacher :
 Content

Title Page
Preface 1

Appreciation 2

Objective 3

Introduction 4 - 13

Part a(і) 15

Part a(іі) 16

Part a(ііі) 17

Part b 18

Further Exploration 19 - 26

Conclusion 27

Reflection 28

Reference 29
 PREFACE

I have done many researches throughout the internet and

discussing with a friend who have helped me a lot in completing this
project. Through the completion of this project, I have learned many
skills and techniques. This project really helps me to understand more
about the uses of integration in our daily life. This project also helped
expose the techniques of application of additional mathematics in real
life situations.

While I was conducting this project work, I have gained

consciousness in many other things in my life. Completing this project
work in a team had gave me a chance to know each other and broaden
my view on Mathematics. I’m now know the correct way to apply
mathematic knowledge in my daily life to solve a lot of problems.

Besides that, I also have learnt to accept other ideas from

different people to make out all the possible results. Then, I know
which is the best after those comparison made.

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Appreciation

First of all, I want to express my utmost gratitude to God, for

giving me the strength and health to do this project.

I would like to thank my parents for providing me everything,

such as money, to buy anything that related to this project work and
their advise and support to me, which is the most needed to complete
this project work.

Not forgotten my add maths teacher, Miss. Chung for guiding me

and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in
doing this project work, but she taught us patiently until we knew what
to do. She tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we
supposed to do with this project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with
me and sharing our ideas.

They were helpful that when we combined and discussed

together, we had this project work done.
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Objective
The aims of carrying out this project work
are :

 to apply ad adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems ;

 to improve thinking skills ;

 to promote effective mathematical communication ;

 to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increase

student’s interest and confidence ;

 to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely ;

 to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning ;

 to develop positive attitude towards mathematics ;

 to learn the way to reply the formulas of mathematics in our daily life accurately.

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Arch
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The arch is an incredible architectural discovery, dating back to ancient times

but still in wide use today, as, up until the 19th century, it was the only known
method for roofing a building without the use of beams. It comes in many shapes-
semicircular (Roman), segmental (less than half a circle), or pointed (Gothic). The
arch developed from the post and lintel or possibly the corbel, which is similar in
shape and principle to the arch. Efforts to build corbelled roofs with smaller until
and less weight could have eventually led to the discovery of the arch.

Arches are made of wedge-shaped blocks, called voussoirs, set with their
narrow side toward the opening so that they lock together. The topmost voussoir is
called the keystone. Once locked into place, the arch cannot collapse under any
amount of weight and the only danger is of the voussiors crumbling under the
pressure. To keep this from happening, most arches require support from other
arches, walls, or buttresses.

The arch has been found in many different cultures, as early as Mesopotamia.
The Egyptians used it in tombs and vaults but never for monumental architecture,
such as temples. They apparently thought it unsuited to this purpose. The Greek
also used the arch solely for practical constructions, but many of the principles they
developed were later exploited by the Romans.

Overall, it was not until the time of the Etruscans that the arch was used in
any kind of monument. The best example of this is the Porta Augusta, where the
arch is combined with Greek architectural ideas. The Romans borrowed this
combination and used it over and over again, but its invention belongs solely to the
Etruscans.

The Romans took many great strides in the development of the arch. While
they borrowed many techniques from earlier races, the Romans invented the idea
of setting an arch on top of two tall pedestals to span a walkway such as a public
highway. The outer wall of the Colosseum appears composed almost completely of
arches. Here we see examples of the barrel vault and the more complicated groined
vault, both developed by the Romans from the basic arch. The Romans also used
arches for common purposes, such as in the building of bridges and aqueducts.

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Uses of Quadratic Equation

Quadratic equations are used in many areas of science and
engineering. The path of a projectile (e.g. a cannon ball) is
(almost) parabolic, and we use a quadratic equation to find out
where the projectile is going to hit. Also, parabolic antennas are
another application.
Real mathematics is about modelling situations that occur
naturally, and using the model to understand what is happening,
or maybe to predict what will happen in future.
The quadratic equation is often used in modelling because it
is a beautifully simple curve.
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History of the Quadratic Equation

Throughout the years, the history of mathematics has taken

its fair share of changes. It has stretched across the world from
the Far East, migrating into the Western Hemisphere.

One of the most fundamental and key principles of

mathematics has been the quadratic formula. Having been used
in several different cultures, the formula has been part of the base
of mathematics theory.

The general equation has been derived from many different

sources, most commonly: ax2 + bx + c = 0, with x being the
variable and a, b, and c its respective constant terms.

Though this is how modern mathematics perceives the

equation, different symbols and notations have been used to
represent the formula.
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Why we have to study quadratic equation?

See the diagrams and photos below. They will enlighten you

The communication dish is parabolic in shape. Parabolic is the equivalent to quadratic mathematically.
Engineers need to understand quadratic equation to design this beautiful profile

This wok is designed using quadratic

expression.
With this, food can be
fried to our liking!

Without quadratic
equation, who knows how a
wok would look like.
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Here you see that eye-glass lens are constructed

with curves
matching that of the quadratic
equation.

Light is thus controlled to give

good image to our eyes.

Quadratic equations to the

rescue, right?
Other examples are:

1) Distance travelled given by the quadratic equation s = ut + (1/2) a t2

2) Electrical characteristics of a MOSFET (Transistor device)

i = k [(Vg - Vt)VD - (1/2)Vd2]

So now do you still wonder why you study quadratic equations?

Maths do have a purpose in our daily life. Rest assure that you are studying maths for a
good cause.

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Question A)
The diagram below shows the gate of an art gallery. A concrete
structure is built at the upper

part of the gate and the words 'ART GALLERY' is written on it. The top
of the concrete

structure is flat whereas the bottom is parabolic in shape. The concrete

structure is

supported by two vertical pillars at both ends.

The distance between the two pillars is 4 metres and the height of the
pillar is 5 metres. The

height of the concrete structure is 1 metre. The shortest distance from

point A of the

concrete structure to point B, that is the highest point on the parabolic

shape, is 0.5 metres.
(a) The parabolic shape of the concrete structure can be
represented by various functions depending on the point of
reference.

Based on different points of reference, obtain at least three

different functions which
can be used to represent the curve of this concrete structure.

In this part of question, I will use the principles of quadratic

functions with three different maximum point to obtain three
different functions.
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Part a(іі)

(іі) As a president of the Art club, you are given the opportunity
to
decide on the shape of the gate to be constructed. Which
shape would you
choose? Explain and elaborate on your reasons for choosing
the shape.

As the president of the Arts Club, I will choose structure 1. This is

because the cost needed is worthwhile. We can construct a rigid
structure by maximizing our structure's performance by using only the
smallest amount of materials needed.

Secondly, this structure is more stable compared to the others as

the pressure exerted on it is distributed evenly to all parts of the
structure because of its shape. In this way, it can withstand higher
pressure. Therefore, it lasts longer compared to other structures and
needed less frequent maintenance.

Furthermore, based on survey conducted, majority people felt

uneasy when they saw sharp edges on most objects. Since from the
beginning of time, a lot of people considered circular objects are the
most perfect objects. Beside that, structure 1 also give better support
to the gate because of its parabolic shape. In addition, the parabolic
shape matches the standard of society nowadays.
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b (іі) From the values of the area to be painted from Table 1. I notice that:

There is a pattern in the area to be painted

The area to be painted decreases as the k increases 0.25m and form a

series of numbers :

3, 2.9375, 2.875, 2.8125, 2.75, 2.6875, 2.625, 2.5625, 2.5

We can see that the difference between each term and the next term
is the same.

2.9375 – 3 = -0.0625

2.875 – 2.9375 = - 0.0625

2.8125 – 2.875 = - 0.0625

2.75 – 2.8125 = - 0.0625

2.6827 – 2.75 = - 0.0625

2.625 – 2.6827 = - 0.0625

2.5625 – 2.625 = - 0.0625

2.5 – 2.5625 = - 0.0625

✔ We can deduce that the area to be painted also forms an arithmetic

progression with a common difference of -0.0625

In conclusion, when k increases 0.25m, the area to be painted

decreased by 0.0625m2.

(C) Express the area of the concrete structure to be painted in terms of k.

Find the area of k
approaches the value of 4 and predict the shape of the concrete
structure.

The area of the concrete structure to be painted = 3 – 0.25 k

k=4,
Area of the concrete structure to be painted = 3 – 0.25(4)
= 2 m2
The shape of the concrete will be a rectangle with length 4m and breadth
0.5m, which may look like this:

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Conclusion
A gate is a point of entry to a space enclosed by
walls, or a moderately sized opening in a fence. Gates
may prevent or control entry or exit, or they may be
merely decorative. Other terms for gate include yett and
port.
Larger gates can be used for a whole building, such
as a castle or fortified town, or the actual doors that block
entry through the gatehouse. Other than that, selection
of gate also depends on beautifying or some religious
believe in fengshui which brings luck in life.
As I doing this project, I notice that quadratic
function and integration can be so close in our life. There
are many shape of gate outside there. Different shapes of
the gate have different cost. From quadratic function and
integration, we can know area of the gate. From the area
we can get volume of the gate. As the result, we can
know cost of the gate by times volume with RM840 (price
of 1m3)
After we know concept of quadratic function and
integration, we can apply it in our life. In order to meet
the budget or saving money, we can capable to decide on
which shape or design more favorable and reasonable.
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Reflection
After spending countless hours,days and night to finish this
project and also sacrificing my time for chatting and movies in this
mid year holiday,there are several things that I can say...
Additional Mathematics...
From the day I born...
From the day I was able to holding pencil...
From the day I start learning...
And...
From the day I heard your name...
I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in
excelling in my life...
But after countless of hours...
Countless of days...
Countless of nights...
After sacrificing my precious time just for you...
Sacrificing my play Time..
Sacrificing my Chatting...
Sacrificing my Facebook...
Sacrificing my internet...
Sacrifing my Anime...
Sacrificing my Movies...
I realized something really important in you...
I really love you...
You are my real friend...
You my partner...
You are my soulmate...
I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC 28

Reference
✔ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Integral

✔ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch

✔ http://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/We-Can-Do-Maths/122938361050773?
ref=ts

✔ Additional Mathematics Text Book Form 5

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