2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Spider
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Forotheruses,seeSpider(disambiguation).

Spiders(orderAraneae)areairbreathingarthropodsthathaveeightlegs
Spiders
andcheliceraewithfangsthatinjectvenom.Theyarethelargestorder
Temporal
ofarachnidsandrankseventhintotalspeciesdiversityamongall
range:PennsylvanianHolocene,3190Ma
otherordersoforganisms.[2]Spidersarefoundworldwideoneverycontinent
Pre OS D C P T J K Pg N
exceptforAntarctica,andhavebecomeestablishedinnearlyeveryhabitatwith
theexceptionsofairandseacolonization.AsofNovember2015,atleast
45,700spiderspecies,and113familieshavebeenrecorded
bytaxonomists.[1]However,therehasbeendissensionwithinthescientific
communityastohowallthesefamiliesshouldbeclassified,asevidencedby
theover20differentclassificationsthathavebeenproposedsince1900.[3]

Anatomically,spidersdifferfromotherarthropodsinthattheusual
bodysegmentsarefusedintotwotagmata,thecephalothoraxandabdomen,
andjoinedbyasmall,cylindricalpedicel.Unlikeinsects,spidersdonot
haveantennae.Inallexceptthemostprimitivegroup,theMesothelae,spiders
havethemostcentralizednervoussystemsofallarthropods,asall
theirgangliaarefusedintoonemassinthecephalothorax.Unlikemost
arthropods,spidershavenoextensormusclesintheirlimbsandinsteadextend
thembyhydraulicpressure.

Theirabdomensbearappendagesthathavebeenmodifiedintospinneretsthat
extrudesilkfromuptosixtypesofglands.Spiderwebsvarywidelyinsize,
shapeandtheamountofstickythreadused.Itnowappearsthatthespiralorb Anassortmentofdifferentspiders.
webmaybeoneoftheearliestforms,andspidersthatproducetangled
Scientificclassification
cobwebsaremoreabundantanddiversethanorbwebspiders.Spider
Kingdom: Animalia
likearachnidswithsilkproducingspigotsappearedin
theDevonianperiodabout386millionyearsago,buttheseanimalsapparently Phylum: Arthropoda
lackedspinnerets.TruespidershavebeenfoundinCarboniferousrocks Subphylum: Chelicerata
from318to299millionyearsago,andareverysimilartothemostprimitive Class: Arachnida
survivingsuborder,theMesothelae.Themaingroupsofmodern Order: Araneae
spiders,MygalomorphaeandAraneomorphae,firstappearedintheTriassic Clerck,1757
period,before200millionyearsago.
Suborders
Aherbivorousspecies,Bagheerakiplingi,wasdescribedin2008,[4]butallother
Mesothelae
knownspeciesarepredators,mostlypreyingoninsectsandonotherspiders,
Opisthothelae
althoughafewlargespeciesalsotakebirdsandlizards.Spidersuseawide
SeeSpidertaxonomy.
rangeofstrategiestocaptureprey:trappingitinstickywebs,lassoingitwith
stickybolas,mimickingthepreytoavoiddetection,orrunningitdown.Most Diversity[1]
detectpreymainlybysensingvibrations,buttheactivehuntershaveacute 113families,c.46,000species
vision,andhuntersofthegenusPortiashowsignsofintelligenceintheirchoice
oftacticsandabilitytodevelopnewones.Spiders'gutsaretoonarrowtotakesolids,andtheyliquefytheirfoodbyflooding
itwithdigestiveenzymes.Theyalsogrindfoodwiththebasesoftheirpedipalps,asarachnidsdonothavethemandibles
thatcrustaceansandinsectshave.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 1/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Malespidersidentifythemselvesbyavarietyofcomplexcourtshipritualstoavoidbeingeatenbythefemales.Malesof
mostspeciessurviveafewmatings,limitedmainlybytheirshortlifespans.Femalesweavesilkeggcases,eachofwhich
maycontainhundredsofeggs.Femalesofmanyspeciescarefortheiryoung,forexamplebycarryingthemaroundorby
sharingfoodwiththem.Aminorityofspeciesaresocial,buildingcommunalwebsthatmayhouseanywherefromafewto
50,000individuals.Socialbehaviorrangesfromprecarioustoleration,asinthewidowspiders,tocooperativehuntingand
foodsharing.Althoughmostspidersliveforatmosttwoyears,tarantulasandothermygalomorphspiderscanliveupto
25yearsincaptivity.

Whilethevenomofafewspeciesisdangeroustohumans,scientistsarenowresearchingtheuseofspidervenomin
medicineandasnonpollutingpesticides.Spidersilkprovidesacombinationoflightness,strengthandelasticitythatis
superiortothatofsyntheticmaterials,andspidersilkgeneshavebeeninsertedintomammalsandplantstoseeifthese
canbeusedassilkfactories.Asaresultoftheirwiderangeofbehaviors,spidershavebecomecommonsymbolsinart
andmythologysymbolizingvariouscombinationsofpatience,crueltyandcreativepowers.Anabnormalfearofspidersis
calledarachnophobia.

Contents[hide]
1 Description
1.1 Bodyplan
1.2 Circulationandrespiration
1.3 Feeding,digestionandexcretion
1.4 Centralnervoussystem
1.5 Senseorgans
1.5.1 Eyes
1.5.2 Othersenses
1.6 Locomotion
1.7 Silkproduction
1.8 Reproductionandlifecycle
1.9 Size
1.10 Coloration
2 Ecologyandbehavior
2.1 Nonpredatoryfeeding
2.2 Methodsofcapturingprey
2.3 Defense
2.4 Socialspiders
3 Webtypes
3.1 Orbwebs
3.2 Tanglewebspiders(cobwebspiders)
3.3 Othertypesofwebs
4 Evolution
4.1 Fossilrecord
4.2 Familytree
5 Taxonomy
5.1 Mesothelae
5.2 Mygalomorphae
5.3 Araneomorphae
6 Spidersandpeople
6.1 Spiderbites
6.2 Benefitstohumans

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 2/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

6.3 Arachnophobia
6.4 Spidersinsymbolismandculture
7 Seealso
8 Footnotes
9 Bibliography
10 Furtherreading
11 Externallinks

Description
Mainarticle:Spideranatomy

Bodyplan
Spiders
arecheliceratesand

Palystescastaneusfemale Nos1to14asfordorsalaspect
dorsalaspect 15:sternumofprosoma
1:pedipalp 16:pedicel(alsocalledpedicle)
2:trichobothria 17:booklungsac
3:carapaceofprosoma(cephalothorax) 18:booklungstigma
4:opisthosoma(abdomen) 19:epigastricfold
5:eyesAL(anteriorlateral) 20:epigyne
AM(anteriormedian) 21:anteriorspinneret
PL(posteriorlateral) 22:posteriorspinneret
PM(posteriormedian) I,II,III,IV=Legnumbersfromanteriortoposterior
Legsegments:
6:costa
7:trochanter
8:patella
9:tibia
10:metatarsus
11:tarsus
13:claw
14:chelicera

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 3/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

thereforearthropods.[5]Asarthropodstheyhave:segmentedbodieswithjointedlimbs,allcoveredinacuticlemade
ofchitinandproteinsheadsthatarecomposedofseveralsegmentsthatfuseduringthedevelopmentof
theembryo.[6]Beingchelicerates,theirbodiesconsistoftwotagmata,setsofsegmentsthatservesimilarfunctions:the
foremostone,calledthecephalothoraxorprosoma,isacompletefusionofthesegmentsthatinaninsectwouldformtwo
separatetagmata,theheadandthoraxthereartagmaiscalledtheabdomenoropisthosoma.[5]Inspiders,the
cephalothoraxandabdomenareconnectedbyasmallcylindricalsection,thepedicel.[7]Thepatternofsegmentfusionthat
formschelicerates'headsisuniqueamongarthropods,andwhatwouldnormallybethefirstheadsegmentdisappearsat
anearlystageofdevelopment,sothatchelicerateslacktheantennaetypicalofmostarthropods.Infact,chelicerates'
onlyappendagesaheadofthemouthareapairofchelicerae,andtheylackanythingthatwouldfunctiondirectlyas
"jaws".[6][8]Thefirstappendagesbehindthemoutharecalledpedipalps,andservedifferentfunctionswithindifferentgroups
ofchelicerates.[5]

Spidersandscorpionsaremembersofonechelicerategroup,thearachnids.[8]Scorpions'cheliceraehavethreesections
andareusedinfeeding.[9]Spiders'cheliceraehavetwosectionsandterminateinfangsthataregenerallyvenomous,and
foldawaybehindtheuppersectionswhilenotinuse.Theuppersectionsgenerallyhavethick"beards"thatfiltersolidlumps
outoftheirfood,asspiderscantakeonlyliquidfood.[7]Scorpions'pedipalpsgenerallyformlargeclawsforcapturing
prey,[9]whilethoseofspidersarefairlysmallappendageswhosebasesalsoactasanextensionofthemouthinaddition,
thoseofmalespidershaveenlargedlastsectionsusedforspermtransfer.[7]

Inspiders,thecephalothoraxandabdomenarejoinedbyasmall,cylindricalpedicel,whichenablestheabdomentomove
independentlywhenproducingsilk.Theuppersurfaceofthecephalothoraxiscoveredbyasingle,convexcarapace,while
theundersideiscoveredbytworatherflatplates.Theabdomenissoftandeggshaped.Itshowsnosignofsegmentation,
exceptthattheprimitiveMesothelae,whoselivingmembersaretheLiphistiidae,havesegmentedplatesontheupper
surface.[7]

Circulationandrespiration

Likeotherarthropods,spidersarecoelomatesinwhichthecoelomisreducedtosmallareasroundthereproductiveand
excretorysystems.Itsplaceislargelytakenbyahemocoel,acavitythatrunsmostofthelengthofthebodyandthrough
whichbloodflows.Theheartisatubeintheupperpartofthebody,withafewostiathatactasnonreturnvalvesallowing
bloodtoentertheheartfromthehemocoelbutpreventitfromleavingbeforeitreachesthefrontend.[10]However,in
spiders,itoccupiesonlytheupperpartoftheabdomen,andbloodisdischargedintothehemocoelbyonearterythat
opensattherearendoftheabdomenandbybranchingarteriesthatpassthroughthepedicleandopenintoseveralparts
ofthecephalothorax.Hencespidershaveopencirculatorysystems.[7]Thebloodofmanyspidersthathavebook
lungscontainstherespiratorypigmenthemocyanintomakeoxygentransportmoreefficient.[8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 4/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Spidershavedevelopedseveraldifferentrespiratoryanatomies,basedonbooklungs,atrachealsystem,or
both.MygalomorphandMesothelaespidershavetwopairsofbooklungsfilledwithhaemolymph,whereopeningson
theventralsurfaceoftheabdomenallowairtoenteranddiffuseoxygen.Thisisalsothecaseforsome
basalaraneomorphspiders,likethefamilyHypochilidae,buttheremainingmembersofthisgrouphavejusttheanterior
pairofbooklungsintactwhiletheposteriorpairofbreathingorgansarepartlyorfullymodifiedintotracheae,throughwhich
oxygenisdiffusedintothehaemolymphordirectlytothetissueandorgans.[7]Thetracheasystemhasmostlikelyevolved
insmallancestorstohelpresistdesiccation.[8]Thetracheawereoriginallyconnectedtothesurroundingsthroughapairof
openingscalledspiracles,butinthemajorityofspidersthispairofspiracleshasfusedintoasingleoneinthemiddle,and
movedbackwardsclosetothespinnerets.[7]Spidersthathavetracheaegenerallyhavehighermetabolicratesandbetter
waterconservation.[11]Spidersareectotherms,soenvironmentaltemperaturesaffecttheiractivity.[12]

Feeding,digestionandexcretion
Cheiracanthiumpunctorium,
displayingfangs
Uniquelyamongchelicerates,thefinalsectionsofspiders'cheliceraearefangs,and
thegreatmajorityofspiderscanusethemtoinjectvenomintopreyfrom
venomglandsintherootsofthechelicerae.[7]The
familiesUloboridaeandHolarchaeidae,andsomeLiphistiidaespiders,havelost
theirvenomglands,andkilltheirpreywithsilkinstead.[13]Likemostarachnids,
includingscorpions,[8]spidershaveanarrowgutthatcanonlycopewithliquidfood
andspidershavetwosetsoffilterstokeepsolidsout.[7]Theyuseoneoftwo
differentsystemsofexternaldigestion.Somepumpdigestiveenzymesfromthe
midgutintothepreyandthensucktheliquifiedtissuesofthepreyintothegut,
eventuallyleavingbehindtheemptyhuskoftheprey.Othersgrindthepreytopulp
usingthecheliceraeandthebasesofthepedipalps,whilefloodingitwithenzymes
inthesespecies,thecheliceraeandthebasesofthepedipalpsformapreoralcavity
thatholdsthefoodtheyareprocessing.[7]

Thestomachinthecephalothoraxactsasapumpthatsendsthefooddeeperintothedigestivesystem.Themidgutbears
manydigestivececa,compartmentswithnootherexit,thatextractnutrientsfromthefoodmostareintheabdomen,which
isdominatedbythedigestivesystem,butafewarefoundinthecephalothorax.[7]

Mostspidersconvertnitrogenouswasteproductsintouricacid,whichcanbeexcretedasadrymaterial.Malphigian
tubules("littletubes")extractthesewastesfromthebloodinthehemocoelanddumpthemintothecloacalchamber,from
whichtheyareexpelledthroughtheanus.[7]ProductionofuricacidanditsremovalviaMalphigiantubulesareawater
conservingfeaturethathasevolvedindependentlyinseveralarthropodlineagesthatcanlivefarawayfromwater,[14]for
examplethetubulesofinsectsandarachnidsdevelopfromcompletelydifferentpartsoftheembryo.[8]However,afew
primitivespiders,thesuborderMesothelaeandinfraorderMygalomorphae,retaintheancestral
arthropodnephridia("littlekidneys"),[7]whichuselargeamountsofwatertoexcretenitrogenouswasteproducts
asammonia.[14]

Centralnervoussystem
Thebasicarthropodcentralnervoussystemconsistsofapairofnervecordsrunningbelowthegut,withpairedgangliaas
localcontrolcentersinallsegmentsabrainformedbyfusionofthegangliafortheheadsegmentsaheadofandbehind
themouth,sothattheesophagusisencircledbythisconglomerationofganglia.[15]ExceptfortheprimitiveMesothelae,of
whichtheLiphistiidaearethesolesurvivingfamily,spidershavethemuchmorecentralizednervoussystemthatistypicalof
arachnids:allthegangliaofallsegmentsbehindtheesophagusarefused,sothatthecephalothoraxislargelyfilledwith
nervoustissueandtherearenogangliaintheabdomen[7][8][15]intheMesothelae,thegangliaoftheabdomenandtherear
partofthecephalothoraxremainunfused.[11]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 5/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Despitetherelativelysmallcentralnervoussystem,somespiders(likePortia)exhibitcomplexbehaviour,includingthe
abilitytouseatrialanderrorapproach.[16][17]

Senseorgans

Eyes

Mostspidershavefourpairsofeyesonthetopfrontareaofthecephalothorax,
arrangedinpatternsthatvaryfromonefamilytoanother.[7]Thepairatthefront
areofthetypecalledpigmentcupocelli("littleeyes"),whichin
mostarthropodsareonlycapableofdetectingthedirectionfromwhichlightis
coming,usingtheshadowcastbythewallsofthecup.However,themaineyes
atthefrontofspiders'headsarepigmentcupocellithatarecapableofforming
images.[18][19]Theothereyesarethoughttobederivedfromthecompound
eyesoftheancestralchelicerates,butnolongerhavetheseparatefacetstypical
Thisjumpingspider's
ofcompoundeyes.Unlikethemaineyes,inmanyspidersthesesecondaryeyes
mainocelli(centerpair)areveryacute.The
detectlightreflectedfromareflectivetapetumlucidum,andwolfspiderscanbe outerpairare"secondaryeyes"andthere
spottedbytorchlightreflectedfromthetapeta.Ontheotherhand,jumping areotherpairsofsecondaryeyesonthe
spiders'secondaryeyeshavenotapeta.[7]Somejumpingspiders'visual sidesandtopofitshead.[18]

acuityexceedsbyafactoroftenthatofdragonflies,whichhavebyfarthebest
visionamonginsectsinfactthehumaneyeisonlyaboutfivetimessharperthanajumpingspider's.Theyachievethisby
atelephotolikeseriesoflenses,afourlayerretinaandtheabilitytoswiveltheireyesandintegrateimagesfromdifferent
stagesinthescan.Thedownsideisthatthescanningandintegratingprocessesarerelativelyslow.[16]

Therearespiderswithareducednumberofeyes,ofthesethosewithsixeyesarethemostnumerousandaremissinga
pairofeyesontheanteriormedianline,[20]othersspecieshavefoureyesandsomejusttwo.Cavedwellingspecieshave
noeyes,orpossessvestigialeyesincapableofsight.

Othersenses

Aswithotherarthropods,spiders'cuticleswouldblockoutinformationabouttheoutsideworld,exceptthattheyare
penetratedbymanysensorsorconnectionsfromsensorstothenervoussystem.Infact,spidersandotherarthropodshave
modifiedtheircuticlesintoelaboratearraysofsensors.Varioustouchsensors,mostlybristlescalledsetae,respondto
differentlevelsofforce,fromstrongcontacttoveryweakaircurrents.Chemicalsensorsprovideequivalents
oftasteandsmell,oftenbymeansofsetae.[18]Pedipalpscarryalargenumberofsuchsetaesensitivetocontactchemicals
andairbornesmells,suchasfemalepheromones.[21]Spidersalsohaveinthejointsoftheirlimbsslitsensillaethatdetect
forcesandvibrations.Inwebbuildingspiders,allthesemechanicalandchemicalsensorsaremoreimportantthanthe
eyes,whiletheeyesaremostimportanttospidersthathuntactively.[7]

Likemostarthropods,spiderslackbalanceandaccelerationsensorsandrelyontheireyestotellthemwhichwayisup.
Arthropods'proprioceptors,sensorsthatreporttheforceexertedbymusclesandthedegreeofbendinginthebodyand
joints,arewellunderstood.Ontheotherhand,littleisknownaboutwhatotherinternalsensorsspidersorotherarthropods
mayhave.[18]

Locomotion
Eachoftheeightlegsofaspiderconsistsofsevendistinctparts.Thepartclosesttoandattachingthelegtothe
cephalothoraxisthecoxathenextsegmentistheshorttrochanterthatworksasahingeforthefollowinglongsegment,
thefemurnextisthespider'sknee,thepatella,whichactsasthehingeforthetibiathemetatarsusisnext,anditconnects
thetibiatothetarsus(whichmaybethoughtofasafootofsorts)thetarsusendsinaclawmadeupofeithertwoorthree
points,dependingonthefamilytowhichthespiderbelongs.Althoughallarthropodsusemusclesattachedtotheinsideof
theexoskeletontoflextheirlimbs,spidersandafewothergroupsstillusehydraulicpressuretoextendthem,asystem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 6/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

inheritedfromtheirprearthropodancestors.[22]Theonlyextensormusclesinspider
legsarelocatedinthethreehipjoints(borderingthecoxaandthetrochanter).[23]As
aresult,aspiderwithapuncturedcephalothoraxcannotextenditslegs,andthe
legsofdeadspiderscurlup.[7]Spiderscangeneratepressuresuptoeighttimes
theirrestingleveltoextendtheirlegs,[24]andjumpingspiderscanjumpupto50
timestheirownlengthbysuddenlyincreasingthebloodpressureinthethirdor
fourthpairoflegs.[7]Althoughlargerspidersusehydraulicstostraightentheirlegs,
unlikesmallerjumpingspiderstheydependontheirflexormusclestogeneratethe
propulsiveforcefortheirjumps.[23] Imageofaspiderleg:1coxa2
trochanter3femur4patella5tibia
Mostspidersthathuntactively,ratherthanrelyingonwebs,havedensetuftsoffine 6metatarsus7tarsus8claws
hairsbetweenthepairedclawsatthetipsoftheirlegs.Thesetufts,known
asscopulae,consistofbristleswhoseendsaresplitintoasmanyas1,000
branches,andenablespiderswithscopulaetowalkupverticalglassandupsidedownonceilings.Itappearsthatscopulae
gettheirgripfromcontactwithextremelythinlayersofwateronsurfaces.[7]Spiders,likemostotherarachnids,keepatleast
fourlegsonthesurfacewhilewalkingorrunning.[25]

Silkproduction
Mainarticle:Spidersilk

Theabdomenhasnoappendagesexceptthosethathavebeenmodifiedtoform
onetofour(usuallythree)pairsofshort,movablespinnerets,whichemitsilk.Each
spinnerethasmanyspigots,eachofwhichisconnectedtoonesilkgland.Thereare
atleastsixtypesofsilkgland,eachproducingadifferenttypeofsilk.[7]

Silkismainlycomposedofaproteinverysimilartothatusedininsectsilk.Itis
initiallyaliquid,andhardensnotbyexposuretoairbutasaresultofbeingdrawn
out,whichchangestheinternalstructureoftheprotein.[26]Itissimilarintensile
strengthtonylonandbiologicalmaterialssuchaschitin,collagenandcellulose,but
ismuchmoreelastic.Inotherwords,itcanstretchmuchfurtherbeforebreakingor
losingshape.[7]

Somespidershaveacribellum,amodifiedspinneretwithupto40,000spigots,each
ofwhichproducesasingleveryfinefiber.Thefibersarepulledoutby
thecalamistrum,acomblikesetofbristlesonthejointedtipofthecribellum,and
combinedintoacompositewoollythreadthatisveryeffectiveinsnaggingthe
bristlesofinsects.Theearliestspidershadcribella,whichproducedthefirstsilk
capableofcapturinginsects,beforespidersdevelopedsilkcoatedwithsticky Anorbweaverproducingsilkfrom
itsspinnerets
droplets.However,mostmoderngroupsofspidershavelostthecribellum.[7]

Tarantulasalsohavesilkglandsintheirfeet.[27]

Evenspeciesthatdonotbuildwebstocatchpreyusesilkinseveralways:aswrappersforspermandforfertilizedeggsas
a"safetyrope"fornestbuildingandas"parachutes"bytheyoungofsomespecies.[7]

Reproductionandlifecycle
Furtherinformation:Spidercannibalism

Spidersreproducesexuallyandfertilizationisinternalbutindirect,inotherwordsthespermisnotinsertedintothefemale's
bodybythemale'sgenitalsbutbyanintermediatestage.Unlikemanylandlivingarthropods,[28]malespidersdonot
producereadymadespermatophores(packagesofsperm),butspinsmallspermwebsontowhichtheyejaculateandthen
transferthespermtospecialsyringelikestructures,palpalbulbsorpalpalorgans,borneonthetipsofthepedipalpsof
maturemales.Whenamaledetectssignsofafemalenearbyhecheckswhethersheisofthesamespeciesandwhether
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 7/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

sheisreadytomateforexampleinspeciesthatproducewebsor"safetyropes",
themalecanidentifythespeciesandsexoftheseobjectsby"smell".[7]

Spidersgenerallyuseelaboratecourtshipritualstopreventthelargefemalesfrom
eatingthesmallmalesbeforefertilization,exceptwherethemaleissomuchsmaller
thatheisnotwortheating.Inwebweavingspecies,precisepatternsofvibrationsin
thewebareamajorpartoftherituals,whilepatternsoftouchesonthefemale's
bodyareimportantinmanyspidersthathuntactively,andmay"hypnotize"the MatingbehaviourofNerieneradiata

female.Gesturesanddancesbythemaleareimportantforjumpingspiders,which
haveexcellenteyesight.Ifcourtshipissuccessful,themaleinjectshisspermfromthepalpal
bulbsintothefemale'sgenitalopening,knownastheepigyne,ontheundersideofher
abdomen.Female'sreproductivetractsvaryfromsimpletubestosystemsthatinclude
seminalreceptaclesinwhichfemalesstorespermandreleaseitwhentheyareready.[7]

MalesofthegenusTidarrenamputateoneoftheirpalpsbeforematurationandenteradult
lifewithonepalponly.Thepalpsare20%ofmale'sbodymassinthisspecies,and
detachingoneofthetwoimprovesmobility.IntheYemenispeciesTidarrenargo,the
remainingpalpisthentornoffbythefemale.Theseparatedpalpremainsattachedtothe
female'sepigynumforaboutfourhoursandapparentlycontinuestofunctionindependently.
Inthemeantime,thefemalefeedsonthepalplessmale.[29]Inover60%ofcases,the
femaleoftheAustralianredbackspiderkillsandeatsthemaleafteritinsertsitssecondpalp
intothefemale'sgenitalopeninginfact,themalescooperatebytryingtoimpale
Thetinymaleof
themselvesonthefemales'fangs.Observationshowsthatmostmaleredbacksneverget theGoldenorb
anopportunitytomate,andthe"lucky"onesincreasethelikelynumberofoffspringby weaver(Nephilaclavipes)
(nearthetopoftheleaf)is
ensuringthatthefemalesarewellfed.[30]However,malesofmostspeciessurviveafew
protectedfromthefemaleby
matings,limitedmainlybytheirshortlifespans.Someevenliveforawhileintheirmates' hisproducingtheright
webs.[31] vibrationsintheweb,andmay
betoosmalltobeworth
eating.

Orangespideregg Gasteracantha Wolfspidercarryingitsyoungonits

sachangingfrom mammosaspiderlin abdomen
ceiling gsnexttotheireggs
capsule

Femaleslayupto3,000eggsinoneormoresilkeggsacs,[7]whichmaintainafairlyconstanthumiditylevel.[31]Insome
species,thefemalesdieafterwards,butfemalesofotherspeciesprotectthesacsbyattachingthemtotheirwebs,hiding
theminnests,carryingtheminthecheliceraeorattachingthemtothespinneretsanddraggingthemalong.[7]

Babyspiderspassalltheirlarvalstagesinsidetheeggandhatchasspiderlings,verysmallandsexuallyimmaturebut
similarinshapetoadults.Somespiderscarefortheiryoung,forexampleawolfspider'sbroodclingtoroughbristlesonthe
mother'sback,[7]andfemalesofsomespeciesrespondtothe"begging"behaviouroftheiryoungbygivingthemtheirprey,
provideditisnolongerstruggling,orevenregurgitatefood.[31]

Likeotherarthropods,spidershavetomolttogrowastheircuticle("skin")cannotstretch.[32]Insomespeciesmalesmate
withnewlymoltedfemales,whicharetooweaktobedangeroustothemales.[31]Mostspidersliveforonlyonetotwoyears,
althoughsometarantulascanliveincaptivityforover20years.[7][33]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 8/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Size
Spidersoccurinalargerangeofsizes.Thesmallest,PatudiguafromColombia,
arelessthan0.37mm(0.015in)inbodylength.Thelargestandheaviestspiders
occuramongtarantulas,whichcanhavebodylengthsupto90mm(3.5in)andleg
spansupto250mm(9.8in).[34]

Coloration
Onlythreeclassesofpigment(ommochromes,bilinsandguanine)havebeen
identifiedinspiders,althoughotherpigmentshavebeendetectedbutnotyet
characterized.Melanins,carotenoidsandpterins,verycommoninotheranimals,
areapparentlyabsent.Insomespecies,theexocuticleofthelegsandprosomais
modifiedbyatanningprocess,resultinginbrowncoloration.[35]Bilinsarefound,for
example,inMicrommatavirescens,resultinginitsgreencolor.Guanineis
responsibleforthewhitemarkingsoftheEuropeangardenspiderAraneus
diadematus.Itisinmanyspeciesaccumulatedinspecializedcells
calledguanocytes.Ingenerasuch
Goliathbirdeater(Theraphosa
asTetragnatha,Leucauge,ArgyrodesorTheridiosoma,guaninecreatestheir
blondi),thelargestspider
silveryappearance.Whileguanineisoriginallyanendproductofprotein
metabolism,itsexcretioncanbeblockedinspiders,leadingtoanincreaseinits
storage.[35]Structuralcolorsoccurinsomespecies,whicharetheresultofthediffraction,scatteringorinterferenceoflight,
forexamplebymodifiedsetaeorscales.ThewhiteprosomaofArgioperesultsfromhairsreflectingthe
light,LycosaandJosabothhaveareasofmodifiedcuticlethatactaslightreflectors.[35]

Ecologyandbehavior
Nonpredatoryfeeding
Althoughspidersaregenerallyregardedaspredatory,thejumpingspiderBagheera
kiplingigetsover90%ofitsfoodfromfairlysolidplantmaterialproduced
byacaciasaspartofamutuallybeneficialrelationshipwithaspeciesofant.[36]

Juvenilesofsomespidersinthe
familiesAnyphaenidae,Corinnidae,Clubionidae,ThomisidaeandSalticidaefeedon
plantnectar.Laboratorystudiesshowthattheydosodeliberatelyandover
extendedperiods,andperiodicallycleanthemselveswhilefeeding.Thesespiders
AjumpingspiderseeninChennai.
alsoprefersugarsolutionstoplainwater,whichindicatesthattheyareseeking
nutrients.Sincemanyspidersarenocturnal,theextentofnectarconsumptionby
spidersmayhavebeenunderestimated.Nectarcontainsaminoacids,lipids,vitaminsandmineralsinadditiontosugars,
andstudieshaveshownthatotherspiderspecieslivelongerwhennectarisavailable.Feedingonnectaravoidstherisksof
struggleswithprey,andthecostsofproducingvenomanddigestiveenzymes.[37]

Variousspeciesareknowntofeedondeadarthropods(scavenging),websilk,andtheirownshed
exoskeletons.Pollencaughtinwebsmayalsobeeaten,andstudieshaveshownthatyoungspidershaveabetterchance
ofsurvivaliftheyhavetheopportunitytoeatpollen.Incaptivity,severalspiderspeciesarealsoknowntofeed
onbananas,marmalade,milk,eggyolkandsausages.[37]

Methodsofcapturingprey
Mainarticle:Spiderweb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 9/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Thebestknownmethodofpreycaptureisbymeansofstickywebs.Varying
placementofwebsallowsdifferentspeciesofspidertotrapdifferentinsectsinthe
samearea,forexampleflathorizontalwebstrapinsectsthatflyupfromvegetation
underneathwhileflatverticalwebstrapinsectsinhorizontalflight.Webbuilding
spidershavepoorvision,butareextremelysensitivetovibrations.[7]

FemalesofthewaterspiderArgyronetaaquaticabuildunderwater"divingbell"webs
thattheyfillwithairandusefordigestingprey,molting,matingandraisingoffspring.
Theylivealmostentirelywithinthebells,dartingouttocatchpreyanimalsthattouch
thebellorthethreadsthatanchorit.[38]Afewspidersusethesurfacesoflakesand
pondsas"webs",detectingtrappedinsectsbythevibrationsthatthesecausewhile
struggling.[7]

Netcastingspidersweaveonlysmallwebs,butthenmanipulatethemtotrapprey.
ThoseofthegenusHyptiotesandthefamilyTheridiosomatidaestretchtheirwebs
andthenreleasethemwhenpreystrikethem,butdonotactivelymovetheirwebs. ThePhonognathagraeffeiorleaf
ThoseofthefamilyDeinopidaeweaveevensmallerwebs,holdthemoutstretched curlingspider'swebservesbothasa
betweentheirfirsttwopairsoflegs,andlungeandpushthewebsasmuchastwice trapandasawayofmakingitshomein
aleaf.
theirownbodylengthtotrapprey,andthismovemayincreasethewebs'areabya
factorofuptoten.ExperimentshaveshownthatDeinopisspinosushastwo
differenttechniquesfortrappingprey:backwardsstrikestocatchflyinginsects,whosevibrationsitdetectsandforward
strikestocatchgroundwalkingpreythatitsees.Thesetwotechniqueshavealsobeenobservedinotherdeinopids.
Walkinginsectsformmostofthepreyofmostdeinopids,butonepopulationofDeinopissubrufaappearstolivemainly
ontipulidfliesthattheycatchwiththebackwardsstrike.[39]

MaturefemalebolasspidersofthegenusMastophorabuild"webs"thatconsistofonlyasingle"trapezeline",whichthey
patrol.Theyalsoconstructabolasmadeofasinglethread,tippedwithalargeballofverywetstickysilk.Theyemit
chemicalsthatresemblethepheromonesofmoths,andthenswingthebolasatthemoths.Althoughtheymissonabout
50%ofstrikes,theycatchaboutthesameweightofinsectspernightaswebweavingspidersofsimilarsize.Thespiders
eatthebolasiftheyhavenotmadeakillinabout30minutes,restforawhile,andthenmakenewbolas.[40][41]Juveniles
andadultmalesaremuchsmalleranddonotmakebolas.Insteadtheyreleasedifferentpheromonesthatattractmothflies,
andcatchthemwiththeirfrontpairsoflegs.[42]

TheprimitiveLiphistiidae,the"trapdoorspiders"ofthefamilyCtenizidaeand
manytarantulasareambushpredatorsthatlurkinburrows,oftenclosedby
trapdoorsandoftensurroundedbynetworksofsilkthreadsthatalertthesespiders
tothepresenceofprey.[11]Otherambushpredatorsdowithoutsuchaids,including
manycrabspiders,[7]andafewspeciesthatpreyonbees,whichseeultraviolet,can
adjusttheirultravioletreflectancetomatchtheflowersinwhichtheyare
lurking.[35]Wolfspiders,jumpingspiders,fishingspidersandsomecrab
Atrapdoorspiderinthe spiderscapturepreybychasingit,andrelymainlyonvisiontolocateprey.[7]
genusCyclocosmia,anambush
SomejumpingspidersofthegenusPortiahunt
predator
otherspidersinwaysthatseem
intelligent,[16]outflankingtheirvictimsorluring
themfromtheirwebs.LaboratorystudiesshowthatPortia'sinstinctivetacticsareonly
startingpointsforatrialanderrorapproachfromwhichthesespiderslearnvery
quicklyhowtoovercomenewpreyspecies.[43]However,theyseemtoberelativelyslow
"thinkers",whichisnotsurprising,astheirbrainsarevastlysmallerthanthoseof
mammalianpredators.[16]
Portiausesbothwebsand
cunning,versatiletacticsto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider overcomeprey.[43] 10/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Antmimickingspidersfaceseveralchallenges: overcomeprey.[43]

theygenerallydevelopslimmerabdomensand
false"waists"inthecephalothoraxtomimicthethreedistinctregions(tagmata)of
anant'sbodytheywavethefirstpairoflegsinfrontoftheirheadsto
mimicantennae,whichspiderslack,andtoconcealthefactthattheyhaveeight
legsratherthansixtheydeveloplargecolorpatchesroundonepairofeyesto
disguisethefactthattheygenerallyhaveeightsimpleeyes,whileantshavetwo
Anantmimickingjumpingspider compoundeyestheycovertheirbodieswithreflectivehairstoresembletheshiny
bodiesofants.Insomespiderspecies,malesandfemalesmimicdifferentant
species,asfemalespidersareusuallymuchlargerthanmales.Antmimickingspidersalsomodifytheirbehaviorto
resemblethatofthetargetspeciesofantforexample,manyadoptazigzagpatternofmovement,antmimickingjumping
spidersavoidjumping,andspidersofthegenusSynemosynawalkontheouteredgesofleavesinthesameway
asPseudomyrmex.Antmimicryinmanyspidersandotherarthropodsmaybeforprotectionfrompredatorsthathuntby
sight,includingbirds,lizardsandspiders.However,severalantmimickingspiderspreyeitheronantsorontheants'
"livestock",suchasaphids.Whenatrest,theantmimickingcrabspiderAmyciaeadoesnotcloselyresembleOecophylla,
butwhilehuntingitimitatesthebehaviorofadyinganttoattractworkerants.Afterakill,someantmimickingspidershold
theirvictimsbetweenthemselvesandlargegroupsofantstoavoidbeingattacked.[44]

Defense
Thereisstrongevidencethatspiders'colorationiscamouflagethathelpsthemto
evadetheirmajorpredators,birdsandparasiticwasps,bothofwhichhavegood
colorvision.Manyspiderspeciesarecoloredsoastomergewiththeirmost
commonbackgrounds,andsomehavedisruptivecoloration,stripesandblotches
thatbreakuptheiroutlines.Inafewspecies,suchastheHawaiianhappyface
spider,Theridiongrallator,severalcolorationschemesarepresentinaratiothat
appearstoremainconstant,andthismaymakeitmoredifficultforpredatorsto
recognizethespecies.Mostspidersareinsufficientlydangerousorunpleasant
tastingforwarningcolorationtooffermuchbenefit.However,afewspecieswith
powerfulvenoms,largejawsorirritanthairshavepatchesofwarningcolors,and ThreatdisplaybyaSydneyfunnel
webspider(Atraxrobustus).
someactivelydisplaythesecolorswhenthreatened.[35][45]

ManyofthefamilyTheraphosidae,whichincludestarantulasandbaboonspiders,
haveurticatinghairsontheirabdomensandusetheirlegstoflickthematattackers.Thesehairsarefinesetae(bristles)
withfragilebasesandarowofbarbsonthetip.Thebarbscauseintenseirritationbutthereisnoevidencethattheycarry
anykindofvenom.[46]Afewdefendthemselvesagainstwaspsbyincludingnetworksofveryrobustthreadsintheirwebs,
givingthespidertimetofleewhilethewaspsarestrugglingwiththeobstacles.[47]Thegoldenwheelingspider,Carparachne
aureoflava,oftheNamibiandesertescapesparasiticwaspsbyflippingontoitssideandcartwheelingdownsanddunes.[48]

Socialspiders
Mainarticle:Socialspider

Afewspiderspeciesthatbuildwebslivetogetherinlargecoloniesandshowsocialbehavior,althoughnotascomplexas
insocialinsects.Anelosimuseximius(inthefamilyTheridiidae)canformcoloniesofupto50,000individuals.[49]The
genusAnelosimushasastrongtendencytowardssociality:allknownAmericanspeciesaresocial,andspecies
inMadagascarareatleastsomewhatsocial.[50]Membersofotherspeciesinthesamefamilybutseveraldifferentgenera
haveindependentlydevelopedsocialbehavior.Forexample,althoughTheridionnigroannulatumbelongstoagenuswith
noothersocialspecies,T.nigroannulatumbuildcoloniesthatmaycontainseveralthousandindividualsthatcooperatein
preycaptureandsharefood.[51]OthercommunalspidersincludeseveralPhiloponellaspecies(familyUloboridae),Agelena
consociata(familyAgelenidae)andMallosgregalis(familyDictynidae).[52]Socialpredatoryspidersneedtodefendtheir

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 11/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

preyagainstkleptoparasites("thieves"),andlargercoloniesaremoresuccessfulinthis.[53]Theherbivorous
spiderBagheerakiplingilivesinsmallcolonieswhichhelptoprotecteggsandspiderlings.[36]Evenwidow
spiders(genusLatrodectus),whicharenotoriouslycannibalistic,haveformedsmallcoloniesincaptivity,sharingwebsand
feedingtogether.[54]

Webtypes
Mainarticle:Spiderweb

Thereisnoconsistentrelationshipbetweentheclassificationofspidersandthe
typesofwebtheybuild:speciesinthesamegenusmaybuildverysimilaror
significantlydifferentwebs.Noristheremuchcorrespondencebetweenspiders'
classificationandthechemicalcompositionoftheirsilks.Convergentevolutionin
webconstruction,inotherwordsuseofsimilartechniquesbyremotelyrelated
species,isrampant.Orbwebdesignsandthespinningbehaviorsthatproducethem
arethebestunderstood.Thebasicradialthenspiralsequencevisibleinorbwebs ThelargeorbwebofAraneus
diadematus(Europeangardenspider).
andthesenseofdirectionrequiredtobuildthemmayhavebeeninheritedfromthe
commonancestorsofmostspidergroups.[55]However,themajorityofspidersbuild
nonorbwebs.Itusedtobethoughtthatthestickyorbwebwasanevolutionaryinnovationresultinginthediversificationof
theOrbiculariae.Now,however,itappearsthatnonorbspidersareasubgroupthatevolvedfromorbwebspiders,and
nonorbspidershaveover40%morespeciesandarefourtimesasabundantasorbwebspiders.Theirgreatersuccess
maybebecausesphecidwasps,whichareoftenthedominantpredatorsofspiders,muchprefertoattackspidersthathave
flatwebs.[56]

Orbwebs
Abouthalfthepotentialpreythathitorbwebsescape.Awebhastoperformthree
functions:interceptingtheprey(intersection),absorbingitsmomentumwithout
breaking(stopping),andtrappingthepreybyentanglingitorstickingtoit
(retention).Nosingledesignisbestforallprey.Forexample:widerspacingoflines
willincreasetheweb'sareaandhenceitsabilitytointerceptprey,butreduceits
stoppingpowerandretentioncloserspacing,largerstickydropletsandthickerlines
wouldimproveretention,butwouldmakeiteasierforpotentialpreytoseeand
avoidtheweb,atleastduringtheday.However,therearenoconsistentdifferences
betweenorbwebsbuiltforuseduringthedayandthosebuiltforuseatnight.In
fact,thereisnosimplerelationshipbetweenorbwebdesignfeaturesandtheprey
theycapture,aseachorbweavingspeciestakesawiderangeofprey.[55]

Thehubsoforbwebs,wherethespiderslurk,areusuallyabovethecenter,asthe
spiderscanmovedownwardsfasterthanupwards.Ifthereisanobviousdirectionin Nephilaclavata,agoldenorb
whichthespidercanretreattoavoiditsownpredators,thehubisusuallyoffset weaver
towardsthatdirection.[55]

Horizontalorbwebsarefairlycommon,despitebeinglesseffectiveatinterceptingandretainingpreyandmorevulnerable
todamagebyrainandfallingdebris.Variousresearchershavesuggestedthathorizontalwebsoffercompensating
advantages,suchasreducedvulnerabilitytowinddamagereducedvisibilitytopreyflyingupwards,becauseoftheback
lightingfromtheskyenablingoscillationstocatchinsectsinslowhorizontalflight.However,thereisnosingleexplanation
forthecommonuseofhorizontalorbwebs.[55]

Spidersoftenattachhighlyvisiblesilkbands,calleddecorationsorstabilimenta,totheirwebs.Fieldresearchsuggeststhat
webswithmoredecorativebandscapturedmorepreyperhour.[57]However,alaboratorystudyshowedthatspidersreduce
thebuildingofthesedecorationsiftheysensethepresenceofpredators.[58]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 12/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Thereareseveralunusualvariantsoforbweb,manyofthemconvergentlyevolved,including:attachmentoflinestothe
surfaceofwater,possiblytotrapinsectsinoronthesurfacewebswithtwigsthroughtheircenters,possiblytohidethe
spidersfrompredators"ladderlike"websthatappearmosteffectiveincatchingmoths.However,thesignificanceofmany
variationsisunclear.[55]

In1973,Skylab3tooktwoorbwebspidersintospacetotesttheirwebspinningcapabilitiesinzerogravity.Atfirst,both
producedrathersloppywebs,buttheyadaptedquickly.[59]

Tanglewebspiders(cobwebspiders)
MembersofthefamilyTheridiidaeweaveirregular,tangled,threedimensionalwebs,popularly
knownascobwebs.Thereseemstobeanevolutionarytrendtowardsareductioninthe
amountofstickysilkused,leadingtoitstotalabsenceinsomespecies.Theconstructionof
cobwebsislessstereotypedthanthatoforbwebs,andmaytakeseveraldays.[56]

Othertypesofwebs
Afunnelweb.
TheLinyphiidaegenerallymakehorizontalbutunevensheets,withtanglesofstoppingthreads
above.Insectsthathitthestoppingthreadsfallontothesheetorareshakenontoitbythe
spider,andareheldbystickythreadsonthesheetuntilthespidercanattackfrombelow.[60]

Evolution
Mainarticle:Spiderevolution

Fossilrecord
Althoughthefossilrecordofspidersisconsideredpoor,[61]almost1000specieshavebeen
describedfromfossils.[62]Becausespiders'bodiesarequitesoft,thevastmajorityoffossil
spidershavebeenfoundpreservedinamber.[62]Theoldestknownamberthatcontainsfossil
arthropodsdatesfrom130millionyearsagointheEarlyCretaceousperiod.Inadditionto
preservingspiders'anatomyinveryfinedetail,piecesofambershowspidersmating,killing
prey,producingsilkandpossiblycaringfortheiryoung.Inafewcases,amberhaspreserved
Spiderpreserved spiders'eggsacsandwebs,occasionallywithpreyattached[63]theoldestfossilwebfoundso
inamber
faris100millionyearsold.[64]Earlierspiderfossilscomefromafewlagersttten,placeswhere
conditionswereexceptionallysuitedtopreservingfairlysofttissues.[63]

Palaeotarbusjerami,
atrigonotarbidandthe
oldestknownexclusively
terrestrialarachnid
TheoldestknownexclusivelyterrestrialarachnidisthetrigonotarbidPalaeotarbusjerami,from
about420millionyearsagointheSilurianperiod,andhadatriangularcephalothoraxand
segmentedabdomen,aswellaseightlegsandapairofpedipalps.[65]Attercopusfimbriunguis,
from386millionyearsagointheDevonianperiod,bearstheearliestknownsilkproducing
spigots,andwasthereforehailedasaspideratthetimeofitsdiscovery.[66]However,these
spigotsmayhavebeenmountedontheundersideoftheabdomenratherthanonspinnerets,
whicharemodifiedappendagesandwhosemobilityisimportantinthebuildingofwebs.
HenceAttercopusandthesimilarPermianarachnidPermarachnemaynothavebeentrue
spiders,andprobablyusedsilkforliningnestsorproducingeggcasesratherthanforbuilding
webs.[67]Thelargestknownfossilspiderasof2011isthearaneidNephilajurassica,from
about165millionyearsago,recordedfromDaohuogo,InnerMongoliainChina.[68]Itsbody
lengthisalmost25mm,(i.e.,almostoneinch).

SeveralCarboniferousspidersweremembersoftheMesothelae,aprimitivegroupnowrepresentedonlyby
theLiphistiidae.[66]ThemesothelidPaleothelemontceauensis,fromtheLateCarboniferousover299millionyearsago,had

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 13/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

fivespinnerets.[69]AlthoughthePermianperiod299to251millionyearsagosawrapiddiversificationofflyinginsects,there
areveryfewfossilspidersfromthisperiod.[66]

Themaingroupsofmodernspiders,MygalomorphaeandAraneomorphae,firstappearintheTriassicwell
before200millionyearsago.SomeTriassicmygalomorphsappeartobemembersofthefamilyHexathelidae,whose
modernmembersincludethenotoriousSydneyfunnelwebspider,andtheirspinneretsappearadaptedforbuildingfunnel
shapedwebstocatchjumpinginsects.Araneomorphaeaccountforthegreatmajorityofmodernspiders,includingthose
thatweavethefamiliarorbshapedwebs.TheJurassicandCretaceousperiodsprovidealargenumberoffossilspiders,
includingrepresentativesofmanymodernfamilies.[66]

Familytree
Itisnowagreedthatspiders(Araneae)
Xiphosura(horseshoecrabs)

aremonophyletic(i.e.,membersofagroupof
Eurypterida
organismsthatformaclade,consistingofalast

commonancestorandallofits
Chasmataspidida
descendants).[71]Therehasbeendebateabout
Scorpiones

whattheirclosestevolutionaryrelativesare,and
Opiliones(harvestmen)
howalloftheseevolvedfromthe

ancestralchelicerates,whichweremarine Pseudoscorpiones
animals.Thecladogramontherightisbasedon Solifugae(sunspiders)

J.W.Shultz'analysis(2007).Otherviewsinclude
Palpigradi(microwhipscorpions)
proposalsthat:scorpionsaremorecloselyrelated

totheextinctmarinescorpion Chelicerata Trigonotarbida

likeeurypteridsthantospidersspiders Araneae(spiders)
andAmblypygiareamonophyleticgroup.The Arachnida

Haptopoda
appearanceofseveralmultiwaybranchingsin

thetreeontherightshowsthattherearestill Amblypygi(whipspiders)

uncertaintiesaboutrelationshipsbetweenthe
Thelyphonida(whipscorpions)

groupsinvolved.[71]
Schizomida

Arachnidslacksomefeaturesofother
Ricinulei(hoodedtickspiders)
chelicerates,includingbackwardpointingmouths
andgnathobases("jawbases")atthebasesof Anactinotrichida

theirlegs[71]bothofthesefeaturesarepartofthe Acariformes(mites)

ancestralarthropodfeedingsystem.[72]Instead,
Shultz(2007)'sevolutionaryfamilytreeofarachnids[70]marksextinctgroups.
theyhavemouthsthatpointforwardsand
downwards,andallhavesomemeansofbreathingair.[71]Spiders(Araneae)aredistinguishedfromotherarachnidgroups
byseveralcharacteristics,includingspinneretsand,inmales,pedipalpsthatarespeciallyadaptedforspermtransfer.[73]

Taxonomy
Mainarticle:Spidertaxonomy

Spidersaredividedintotwosuborders,MesothelaeandOpisthothelae,ofwhichthelattercontainstwo
infraorders,MygalomorphaeandAraneomorphae.Nearly46,000livingspeciesofspiders(orderAraneae)havebeen
identifiedandarecurrentlygroupedintoabout114familiesandabout4,000generabyarachnologists.[1]

Spiderdiversity[1][73] Features
(numbersareapproximate)
Suborder/Infraorder Species Genera Families Segmented Gangliain Spinnerets[74] Striking
plateson abdomen direction
[7]
offangs14/22
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

topof offangs[7]
abdomen [74]
Fourpairs,in
somespecies
onepair Downwards
Mesothelae 87 5 1 Yes Yes
fused,under and
middleof forwards
abdomen
Opisthothelae:Mygalomorphae 2,600 300 15 One,twoor
Onlyinsome threepairs Fromsides
No
Opisthothelae:Araneomorphae 37,000 3,400 93 fossils underrearof tocenter,
abdomen likepincers

Mesothelae
Mainarticle:Mesothelae

Ryuthelasecundaria,a
memberof
theLiphistiidae[75]
TheonlylivingmembersoftheprimitiveMesothelaearethefamilyLiphistiidae,foundonly
inSoutheastAsia,China,andJapan.[73]MostoftheLiphistiidaeconstructsilklinedburrows
withthintrapdoors,althoughsomespeciesofthegenusLiphistiusbuildcamouflagedsilktubes
withasecondtrapdoorasanemergencyexit.MembersofthegenusLiphistiusrunsilk
"tripwires"outwardsfromtheirtunnelstohelpthemdetectapproachingprey,whilethoseof
genusHeptatheladonotandinsteadrelyontheirbuiltinvibrationsensors.[76]Spidersofthe
genusHeptathelahavenovenomglandsalthoughtheydohavevenomglandoutletsonthe
fangtip.[77]

TheextinctfamiliesArthrolycosidae,foundinCarboniferousandPermianrocks,andArthromygalidae,sofarfoundonly
inCarboniferousrocks,havebeenclassifiedasmembersoftheMesothelae.[78]

Mygalomorphae
Mainarticle:Mygalomorphae

TheMygalomorphae,whichfirstappearedintheTriassicperiod,[66]aregenerally
heavilybuiltandhairy,withlarge,robustcheliceraeandfangs.[73]Wellknown
examplesincludetarantulas,ctenizidtrapdoorspidersandtheAustralasianfunnel
webspiders.[7]Mostspendthemajorityoftheirtimeinburrows,andsomerunsilk
tripwiresoutfromthese,butafewbuildwebstocaptureprey.However,
mygalomorphscannotproducethepirifomsilkthattheAraneomorphaeuseas
instantadhesivetogluesilktosurfacesortootherstrandsofsilk,andthismakes
webconstructionmoredifficultformygalomorphs.Sincemygalomorphsrarely AMexicanredkneed
"balloon"byusingaircurrentsfortransport,theirpopulationsoftenform tarantulaBrachypelmasmithi

clumps.[73]Inadditiontoarthropods,mygalomorphsarecapableofpreyingon
frogs,smallmammals,lizards,andsnails.[79]

Araneomorphae
Mainarticle:Araneomorphae

Inadditiontoaccountingforover90%ofspiderspecies,theAraneomorphae,alsoknownasthe"truespiders",includeorb
webspiders,thecursorialwolfspiders,andjumpingspiders,[73]aswellastheonlyknownherbivorousspider,Bagheera
kiplingi.[36]Theyaredistinguishedbyhavingfangsthatopposeeachotherandcrossinapinchingaction,incontrasttothe
Mygalomorphae,whichhavefangsthatarenearlyparallelinalignment.[80]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 15/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Leucaugevenusta,
anorbwebspider

Spidersandpeople
Spiderbites
Mainarticle:Spiderbite

Althoughspidersarewidelyfeared,onlyafewspeciesaredangerousto
people.[82]Spiderswillonlybitehumansinselfdefense,andfewproduceworse
effectsthanamosquitobiteorbeesting.[83]Mostofthosewithmedicallyserious
bites,suchasreclusespidersandwidowspiders,wouldratherfleeandbiteonly
whentrapped,althoughthiscaneasilyarisebyaccident.[84][85]Funnelwebspiders'
defensivetacticsincludefangdisplayandtheirvenom,althoughtheyrarelyinject
much,hasresultedin13knownhumandeathsover50years.[86]Theyhavebeen
deemedtobetheworld'smostdangerousspidersonclinicalandvenomtoxicity
grounds,[82]thoughthisclaimhasalsobeenattributedtotheBrazilianwandering
spider,duetomuchmorefrequentaccidents.[87]

Therewereabout100reliablyreporteddeathsfromspiderbitesinthe20th
Allsymptomsassociatedwith
century,[88]comparedtoabout1,500fromjellyfishstings.[89]Manyallegedcasesof toxicspiderbites[81]
spiderbitesmayrepresentincorrectdiagnoses,[90]whichwouldmakeitmore
difficulttochecktheeffectivenessoftreatmentsforgenuinebites.[91]

Benefitstohumans
Spidervenomsmaybealesspollutingalternativetoconventionalpesticides,as
theyaredeadlytoinsectsbutthegreatmajorityareharmlesstovertebrates.
Australianfunnelwebspidersareapromisingsource,asmostoftheworld'sinsect
pestshavehadnoopportunitytodevelopanyimmunitytotheirvenom,andfunnel
webspidersthriveincaptivityandareeasyto"milk".Itmaybepossibletotarget
specificpestsbyengineeringgenesfortheproductionof
spidertoxinsintovirusesthatinfectspeciessuchascottonbollworms.[92]
Cookedtarantulaspidersare
TheCh'olMayauseabeveragecreatedfromthetarantulaspeciesBrachypelma
consideredadelicacyinCambodia.
vagansforthetreatmentofaconditiontheyterm'tarantulawind',thesymptomsof
whichincludechestpain,asthmaandcoughing.[93]

Possiblemedicalusesforspidervenomsarebeinginvestigated,forthetreatmentofcardiacarrhythmia,[94]Alzheimer's
disease,[95]strokes,[96]anderectiledysfunction.[97]ThepeptideGsMtx4,foundinthevenomofBrachypelmavagans,is
beingresearchedtodeterminewhetherornotitcouldeffectivelybeusedforthetreatmentofcardiacarrhythmia,muscular
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 16/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

dystrophyorglioma.[98]Becausespidersilkisbothlightandverystrong,attemptsarebeingmadetoproduceitingoats'
milkandintheleavesofplants,bymeansofgeneticengineering.[99][100]

Spiderscanalsobeusedasfood.CookedtarantulaspidersareconsideredadelicacyinCambodia,[101]andby
thePiaroaIndiansofsouthernVenezuelaprovidedthehighlyirritanthairs,thespiders'maindefensesystem,are
removedfirst.[102]

Arachnophobia
Mainarticle:Arachnophobia

Arachnophobiaisaspecificphobiaitistheabnormalfearofspidersoranythingreminiscentofspiders,suchaswebsor
spiderlikeshapes.Itisoneofthemostcommonspecificphobias,[103][104]andsomestatisticsshowthat50%ofwomenand
10%ofmenshowsymptoms.[105]Itmaybeanexaggeratedformofaninstinctiveresponsethathelpedearlyhumansto
survive,[106]oraculturalphenomenonthatismostcommoninpredominantlyEuropeansocieties.[107]

Spidersinsymbolismandculture
Mainarticle:Culturaldepictionsofspiders

Spidershavebeenthefocusofstoriesandmythologiesofvariousculturesfor
centuries.[108]Theyhavesymbolizedpatienceduetotheirhuntingtechniqueof
settingwebsandwaitingforprey,aswellasmischiefandmaliceduetotheir
venomousbites.[109]TheItaliantarantellaisadancetoridtheyoungwomanofthe
lustfuleffectsofaspiderbite.

Webspinningalsocausedtheassociationofthespiderwithcreationmyths,asthey
seemtohavetheabilitytoproducetheirownworlds.[110]Dreamcatchersare
depictionsofspiderwebs.TheMochepeopleofancientPeruworshipped
nature.[111]Theyplacedemphasisonanimalsandoftendepictedspidersintheir ThisMocheceramicdepictsa
spider,anddatesfromaround300CE.
art.[112]

Seealso
Endangeredspiders
Arthropodsportal
Identifyingspiders
Spiderdiversity
Arachnidism
Toxins
Listofanimalsthatproducesilk

Footnotes
1.^ a b c d"Currentlyvalidspidergeneraand 4.^Meehan,ChristopherJ.Olson,EricJ.Reudink,Matthew
species" .WorldSpiderCatalog.NaturalHistoryMuseum W.Kyser,T.KurtCurry,RobertL.(2009)."Herbivoryina
Bern.Retrieved20161219. spiderthroughexploitationofanantplant
2.^SebastinPA&PeterKV(eds.).(2009)SpidersofIndia . mutualism".CurrentBiology.19(19):R892
UniversitiesPress/OrientBlackswan.ISBN978817371641 3.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.049 .PMID19825348 .
6 5.^ a b c Ruppert,554555
3.^Foelix,RainerF.(1996).BiologyofSpiders.198Madison 6.^ a bRuppert,518522
Ave.NY,NewYork,10016:OxfordUniversityPress. 7.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o pq r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac adae af ag
p.3.ISBN0195095936. 571584
8.^ a b c d e f gRuppert,559564

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 17/22
2/23/2017
9.^ a bRuppert,565569
10.^Ruppert,527528
11.^ a b c Coddington,J.A.&Levi,H.W.(1991)."Systematics
andEvolutionofSpiders(Araneae)".Annu.Rev.Ecol.
Syst.22:565
592.doi:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025
12.^Barghusen,L.E.Claussen,D.L.Anderson,M.S.Bailer,
A.J.(1February1997)."Theeffectsoftemperatureonthe
webbuildingbehaviourofthecommonhousespider,
Achaearaneatepidariorum".FunctionalEcology.11(1):4
10.doi:10.1046/j.13652435.1997.00040.x . 212.ISBN0195095944.
13.^SpidersAraasDr.SamThelin
14.^ a bRuppert,529530
15.^ a bRuppert,531532
16.^ a b c dHarland,D.P.&Jackson,R.R.(2000)." "Eight
leggedcats"andhowtheyseeareviewofrecent
researchonjumpingspiders(Araneae:
Salticidae)" (PDF) .Cimbebasia.16:231240.
Retrieved20081011.
17.^Wilcox,R.StimsonJackson,RobertR.(1998)."Cognitive
AbilitiesofAraneophagicJumpingSpiders" .InBalda,
RussellP.Pepperberg,IreneM.Kamil,AlanC.Animal
cognitioninnature:theconvergenceofpsychologyand
biologyinlaboratoryandfield.AcademicPress.ISBN9780
120770304.Retrieved20160508.
18.^ a b c dRuppert,532537
19.^Ruppert,578580
20.^DeelemanReinhold(2001),p.27.
21.^http://news.discovery.com/animals/spiderdetectmovement
senses111025.htm
22.^Barnes,R.S.K.,Calow,P.,Olive,P.,Golding,D.,and
Spicer,J.(2001)."InvertebrateswithLegs:theArthropods
andSimilarGroups".TheInvertebrates:ASynthesis
BlackwellPublishing.p.168.ISBN0632047615.
23.^ a bWeihmann,TomGnther,MichaelBlickhan,Reinhard
(20120215)."HydraulicLegExtensionIsNotNecessarily
theMainDriveinLargeSpiders" .TheJournalof
ExperimentalBiology.215(4):578
583.doi:10.1242/jeb.054585 .ISSN00220949
Retrieved20120521.
24.^Parry,D.A.&Brown,R.H.J.(1959)."TheHydraulic
MechanismoftheSpiderLeg" (PDF) .Journalof
ExperimentalBiology.36(2):423433.
Retrieved20080925.
25.^Ruppert,325349
26.^Vollrath,F.&Knight,D.P.(2001)."Liquidcrystalline
spinningofspidersilk".Nature.410(6828):541
548.Bibcode:2001Natur.410..541V .doi:10.1038/3506900
0 .PMID11279484 . 42.^Yeargan,K.V.&Quate,L.W.(1997)."Adultmalebolas
27.^TarantulasShootSilkfromTheirFeet
28.^Ruppert,537539
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider
SpiderWikipedia
29.^Knoflach,B.&vanHarten,A.(2001)."Tidarrenargosp.
nov(Araneae:Theridiidae)anditsexceptionalcopulatory
behaviour:emasculation,malepalpalorganasamating
plugandsexualcannibalism".JournalofZoology.254(4):
449459.doi:10.1017/S0952836901000954 .
. 30.^Andrade,MaydianneC.B.(2003)."Riskymatesearchand
maleselfsacrificeinredbackspiders".Behavioral
Ecology.14(4):531538.doi:10.1093/beheco/arg015 .
31.^ a b c dFoelix,R.F.(1996)."Reproduction".Biologyof
Spiders .OxfordUniversityPressUS.pp.176
32.^Ruppert,523524
33.^Foelix,RainerF.(1996).BiologyofSpiders.Oxford
UniversityPress.pp.232233.ISBN0674074319.
34.^Levi,HerbertW.andLevi,LornaR.(2001)Spidersand
theirKin,GoldenPress,pp.20and44,ISBN1582381569
35.^ a b c d e Oxford,G.S.Gillespie,R.G.(1998)."Evolution
andEcologyofSpiderColoration".AnnualReviewof
Entomology.43:619
643.doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619 .PMID15012400
.
36.^ a b c Meehan,C.J.,Olson,E.J.andCurry,R.L.(21
August2008).ExploitationofthePseudomyrmexAcacia
mutualismbyapredominantlyvegetarianjumpingspider
(Bagheerakiplingi) .93rdESAAnnualMeeting.
Retrieved20081010.
37.^ a bJackson,R.R.Pollard,SimonD.Nelson,XimenaJ.
Edwards,G.B.Barrion,AlbertoT.(2001)."Jumpingspiders
(Araneae:Salticidae)thatfeedonnectar" (PDF) .J.Zool.
Lond.255:2529.doi:10.1017/S095283690100108X .
38.^Schtz,D.&Taborsky,M.(2003)."Adaptationstoan
aquaticlifemayberesponsibleforthereversedsexualsize
. dimorphisminthewaterspider,Argyroneta
aquatica" (PDF) .EvolutionaryEcologyResearch.5(1):
105117.Retrieved20081011.
39.^Coddington,J.&Sobrevila,C.(1987)."Webmanipulation
andtwostereotypedattackbehaviorsintheogrefaced
spiderDeinopisspinosusMarx(Araneae,
. Deinopidae)" (PDF) .JournalofArachnology.15:213225.
Retrieved20081011.
40.^Eberhard,W.G.(1977)."AggressiveChemicalMimicryby
aBolasSpider" (PDF) .Science.198(4322):1173
1175.Bibcode:1977Sci...198.1173E .doi:10.1126/science.
198.4322.1173 .PMID17818935 .Retrieved20081010.
41.^Eberhard,W.G.(1980)."TheNaturalHistoryandBehavior
oftheBolasSpider,Mastophoradizzydeanisp.n.
(Araneae)" .Psyche.87(34):143
170.doi:10.1155/1980/81062 .Retrieved20081010.
spidersretainjuvenilehuntingtactics".Oecologia.112(4):
572576.doi:10.1007/s004420050347 .
18/22
2/23/2017
43.^ a bWilcox,S.&Jackson,R.(2002)."JumpingSpider
Tricksters".InBekoff,M.Allen,C.&Burghardt,G.M.The
CognitiveAnimal:EmpiricalandTheoreticalPerspectiveson
AnimalCognition (PDF) .MITPress.pp.2734.ISBN0
262523221.Retrieved25Mar2011.
44.^Mclver,J.D.&Stonedahl,G.(1993)."Myrmecomorphy:
MorphologicalandBehavioralMimicryofAnts".Annual
ReviewofEntomology.38:351
377.doi:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.002031
45.^"Differentsmiles,singlespecies" .UniversityofCalifornia
MuseumofPaleontology.Retrieved20081010.
46.^Cooke,J.A.L.,Roth,V.D.,andMiller,F.H."The
urticatinghairsoftheraphosidspiders" .AmericanMuseum
Novitates.AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory(2498).
Retrieved20081011.
47.^Blackledge,T.A.&Wenzel,J.W.(2001)."SilkMediated
DefensebyanOrbWebSpideragainstPredatoryMud
dauberWasps".Behaviour.138(2):155
171.doi:10.1163/15685390151074357 . (2009)."Areviewofthefossilrecordofspiders(Araneae)
48.^Armstrong,S.(14July1990)."Fog,windandheatlife
intheNamibdesert" .NewScientist.
Retrieved20081011.
49.^Vollrath,F.(1986)."Eusocialityandextraordinarysexratios
inthespiderAnelosimuseximius(Araneae:
Theridiidae)".BehavioralEcologyandSociobiology.18(4):
283287.doi:10.1007/BF00300005 . there?".TheJournalofArachnology.36(2):267
50.^Agnarsson,I.&Kuntner,M.(2005)."Madagascar:an
unexpectedhotspotofsocialAnelosimusspiderdiversity
(Araneae:Theridiidae)".SystematicEntomology.30(4):
575592.doi:10.1111/j.13653113.2005.00289.x
51.^Avils,L.,Maddison,W.P.andAgnarsson,I.(2006)."A
NewIndependentlyDerivedSocialSpiderwithExplosive
ColonyProliferationandaFemaleSize
Dimorphism".Biotropica.38(6):743
753.doi:10.1111/j.17447429.2006.00202.x . UpperSilurianof
52.^Matsumoto,T.(1998)."Cooperativepreycaptureinthe
communalwebspider,Philoponellaraffray(Araneae,
Uloboridae)" (PDF) .JournalofArachnology.26:392396.
Retrieved20081011.
53.^Cangialosi,K.R.(1990)."Socialspiderdefenseagainst
kleptoparasitism".BehavioralEcologyand
Sociobiology.27(1).doi:10.1007/BF00183313 . arachnidEotarbusDunlop".Palaeontology.42(1):
54.^Bertani,R.,Fukushima,C.S.,andMartins,R.(2008).
"Sociablewidowspiders?Evidenceofsubsociality
inLatrodectusWalckenaer,1805(Araneae,
Theridiidae)".JournalofEthology.26(2):299
302.doi:10.1007/s1016400700828 . Systematics.38:819
55.^ a b c d e Eberhard,W.G.(1990)."FunctionandPhylogeny
ofSpiderWebs" (PDF) .AnnualReviewofEcologyand
Systematics.21:341
372.doi:10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.002013
Retrieved20081015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider
SpiderWikipedia
56.^ a bAgnarsson,I.(2004)."Morphologicalphylogenyof
cobwebspidersandtheirrelatives(Araneae,Araneoidea,
Theridiidae)".ZoologicalJournaloftheLinnean
Society.141(4):447626.doi:10.1111/j.1096
3642.2004.00120.x .
57.^Herberstein,M.E.(2000)."AustralianJournalof
Zoology".AustralianJournalofZoology.48(2):217
223.doi:10.1071/ZO00007 .
. 58.^Li,D.&Lee,W.S.(2004)."Predatorinducedplasticityin
webbuildingbehaviour".AnimalBehaviour.67(2):309
318.doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.011 .
59.^Thomson,Peggy&Park,Edwards."OddTalesfromthe
Smithsonian" .Retrieved20080721.
60.^Schtt,K.(1995)."Drapetiscasocialis(Araneae:
Linyphiidae):Webreductionethologicaland
morphologicaladaptations" (PDF) .EuropeanJournalof
Entomology.92:553563.Retrieved20081019.
61.^Selden,P.A.,Anderson,H.M.andAnderson,J.M.
withspecialreferencetoAfrica,anddescriptionofanew
specimenfromtheTriassicMoltenoFormationofSouth
Africa".AfricanInvertebrates.50(1):105
116.doi:10.5733/afin.050.0103 .Abstract PDF
62.^ a bDunlop,JasonA.DavidPenneyO.ErikTetlieLyallI.
Anderson(2008)."Howmanyspeciesoffossilarachnidsare
272.doi:10.1636/CH0789.1 .
63.^ a bPenney,D.&Selden,P.A.(2007)."Spinningwiththe
dinosaurs:thefossilrecordofspiders".Geology
. Today.23(6):231237.doi:10.1111/j.1365
2451.2007.00641.x .
64.^Hecht,H."Oldestspiderwebfoundinamber" .New
Scientist.Retrieved20081015.
65.^Dunlop,J.A.(1996)."Atrigonotarbidarachnidfromthe
Shropshire" (PDF) .Palaeontology.39(3):605614.
Retrieved20081012.Thefossilwasoriginally
namedEotarbusbutwasrenamedwhenitwasrealizedthat
aCarboniferousarachnidhadalreadybeen
namedEotarbus:Dunlop,J.A.(1999)."Areplacementname
forthetrigonotarbid
191.doi:10.1111/14754983.00068 .
66.^ a b c d e Vollrath,F.&Selden,P.A.(2007)."TheRoleof
BehaviorintheEvolutionofSpiders,Silks,and
Webs" (PDF) .AnnualReviewofEcology,Evolution,and
846.doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221 .
Retrieved20081012.
.
19/22
2/23/2017
67.^Selden,P.A.&Shear,W.A.(December2008)."Fossil
evidencefortheoriginofspider
spinnerets" .PNAS.105(52):20781
5.Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520781S .doi:10.1073/pnas.080
9174106 .PMC2634869 .PMID19104044 . 79.^"NaturalhistoryofMygalomorphae" .Agricultural
68.^Selden,P.A.ChungKunShihDongRen(2011)."A
goldenorbweaverspider(Araneae:Nephilidae:Nephila)
fromtheMiddleJurassicofChina" .BiologyLetters.7(5):
7758.doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0228 .PMC3169061
.PMID21508021 . About.com.Updated:October19,2008
69.^Selden,P.A.(1996)."Fossilmesothele
spiders".Nature.379(6565):498
499.Bibcode:1996Natur.379..498S .doi:10.1038/379498b
0 .
70.^J.W.Shultz(2007)."Aphylogeneticanalysisofthe
arachnidordersbasedonmorphological
characters".ZoologicalJournaloftheLinneanSociety.150:
221265.doi:10.1111/j.10963642.2007.00284.x
71.^ a b c dShultz,J.W.(2007)."Aphylogeneticanalysisofthe
arachnidordersbasedonmorphological
characters".ZoologicalJournaloftheLinnean
Society.150(2):221265.doi:10.1111/j.1096
3642.2007.00284.x . 39.6.948
72.^Gould,S.J.(1990).WonderfulLife:TheBurgessShale
andtheNatureofHistory.HutchinsonRadius.pp.102106
[105].ISBN0091742714.
73.^ a b c d e fCoddington,J.A.(2005)."Phylogenyand
ClassificationofSpiders".InUbick,D.Paquin,P.Cushing,
P.E.Roth,V.SpidersofNorthAmerica:anidentification
manual (PDF) .AmericanArachnologicalSociety.pp.18
24.ISBN0977143902.Retrieved20081012.
74.^ a bLeroy,J&Leroy,A.(2003)."Howspiders
function".SpidersofSouthernAfrica .Struik.pp.15
21.ISBN1868729443.
75.^Ono,H.(2002)."NewandRemarkableSpidersofthe
FamiliesLiphistiidae,Argyronetidae,Pisauridae,Theridiidae
andAraneidae(Arachnida)fromJapan" .Bulletinofthe
NationalScienceMuseum(ofJapan),SeriesA.28(1):51
60.
76.^Coyle,F.A.(1986)."TheRoleofSilkinPreyCapture".In
Shear,W.A.Spiderswebs,behavior,andevolution.
StanfordUniversityPress.pp.272273.ISBN080471203
4.
77.^Forster,R.R.&Platnick,N.I.(1984)."Areviewofthe
archaeidspidersandtheirrelatives,withnotesonthelimits
ofthesuperfamilyPalpimanoidea(Arachnida,Araneae)"
(abstract) .BulletinoftheAmericanMuseumofNatural
History.178:1106.Retrieved20081013.Fulltextat"A
reviewofthearchaeidspidersandtheirrelatives"
Retrieved20081013.(60MB)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider
SpiderWikipedia
78.^Penney,D.&Selden,P.A.Deltshev,C.&Stoev,P.,
eds."EuropeanArachnology2005" (PDF) .ActaZoologica
Bulgarica.SupplementNo.1:2539.
Retrieved20081013.|contribution=ignored(help)
ResearchCouncilofNewZealand.Retrieved20081013.
80.^Foelix,RainerF.BiologyofSpiders(2nded.).NewYork:
OxfordUniversityPress.pp.45.ISBN0199734828.
81.^SpiderBiteSymptomsandFirstAid ByRodBrouhard,
82.^ a bVetter,RichardS.Isbister,GeoffreyK.(2008).
"MedicalAspectsofSpiderBites".AnnualReviewof
Entomology.53:409
29.doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503 .PMID1
7877450 .
83.^"Spiders" .IllinoisDepartmentofPublicHealth.
Retrieved20081011.
. 84.^VetterRS,BargerDK(2002)."Aninfestationof2,055
brownreclusespiders(Araneae:Sicariidae)andno
envenomationsinaKansashome:implicationsforbite
diagnosesinnonendemicareas".JournalofMedical
Entomology.39(6):94851.doi:10.1603/00222585
.PMID12495200 .
85.^Hannum,C.&Miller,D.M."WidowSpiders" .
DepartmentofEntomology,VirginiaTech.
Retrieved20081011.
86.^"Funnelwebspiders" .AustralianVenomResearchUnit.
Retrieved20081011.
87.^"Pubchefbittenbydeadlyspider" .BBC.20050427.
Retrieved20081011.
88.^Diaz,J.H.(August1,2004)."TheGlobalEpidemiology,
SyndromicClassification,Management,andPreventionof
SpiderBites" .AmericanJournalofTropicalMedicineand
Hygiene.71(2):239250.PMID15306718 .
89.^Williamson,J.A.,Fenner,P.J.,Burnett,J.W.,andRifkin,
J.(1996).VenomousandPoisonousMarineAnimals:A
MedicalandBiologicalHandbook .UNSWPress.pp.65
8.ISBN0868402796.
90.^Nishioka,SdeA.(2001)."Misdiagnosisofbrownrecluse
spiderbite" .WesternJournalofMedicine.174(4):
240.doi:10.1136/ewjm.174.4.240 .PMC1071344
.PMID11290673 .
91.^IsbisterGK(2001)."Spidermythologyacrossthe
world" .WesternJournalofMedicine.175(4):86
7.doi:10.1136/ewjm.175.2.86 .PMC1071491
.PMID11483545 .
92.^"SpiderVenomCouldYieldEcoFriendlyInsecticides" .
NationalScienceFoundation(USA).Retrieved20081011.
(PDF) .
20/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

93.^SalimaMachkourM'Rabet,YannHnaut,PeterWinterton 102.^Weil,C.(2006).FierceFood .Plume.ISBN0452

andRobertoRojo(2011)."Acaseofzootherapywiththe
tarantulaBrachypelmavagansAusserer,1875intraditional
medicineoftheCholMayanethnicgroupin
Mexico" .JournalofEthnobiologyandEthnomedicine.
94.^Novak,K.(2001)."Spidervenomhelpsheartskeeptheir
rhythm".NatureMedicine.7(155):
155.doi:10.1038/84588 .PMID11175840 . Arachnophobia" .Phobias.About.com.Archivedfromthe
95.^Lewis,R.J.&Garcia,M.L.(2003)."Therapeuticpotential
ofvenompeptides" (PDF) .NatureReviewsDrug
Discovery.2(10):790
802.doi:10.1038/nrd1197 .PMID14526382 . 105.^"The10MostCommonPhobiasDidYouKnow?" .10
Retrieved20081011.
96.^Bogin,O.(Spring2005)."VenomPeptidesandtheir
MimeticsasPotentialDrugs" (PDF) .Modulator(19).
Retrieved20081011.
97.^AndradeEVillanovaFBorraPLeite,KatiaTroncone,
LanfrancoCortez,ItaloMessina,LeonardoParanhos,
Marioetal.(2008)."Penileerectioninducedinvivobya
purifiedtoxinfromtheBrazilianspiderPhoneutria
nigriventer".BritishJournalofUrologyInternational.102(7):
8357.doi:10.1111/j.1464
410X.2008.07762.x .PMID18537953 . ofDiseaseandIllnessinthePerpetuationofFearof
98.^SalimaMachkourM'Rabet,YannHnaut,PeterWinterton
andRobertoRojo(2011)."Acaseofzootherapywiththe
tarantulaBrachypelmavagansAusserer,1875intraditional
medicineoftheCholMayanethnicgroupin
Mexico" .Journalofethnobiologyandethnomedicine.
99.^Hinman,M.B.,JonesJ.A.,andLewis,R.W.
(2000)."Syntheticspidersilk:amodularfiber"
(PDF) .TrendsinBiotechnology.18(9):374
9.doi:10.1016/S01677799(00)01481
5 .PMID10942961 .Retrieved20081019.
100.^Menassa,R.,Zhu,H.,Karatzas,C.N.,Lazaris,A.,
Richman,A.,andBrandle,J.(2004)."Spiderdraglinesilk
proteinsintransgenictobaccoleaves:accumulationandfield
production".PlantBiotechnologyJournal.2(5):431
8.doi:10.1111/j.1467
7652.2004.00087.x .PMID17168889 .
101.^Ray,N.(2002).LonelyPlanetCambodia.LonelyPlanet
Publications.p.308.ISBN1740591119.
287006.Retrieved20081003.
103.^"ACommonPhobia" .phobiashelp.com.Archived
fromtheoriginal on20090802.
Retrieved20090802."Therearemanycommonphobias,
butsurprisingly,themostcommonphobiaisarachnophobia."
104.^Fritscher,Lisa(20090603)."SpiderFearsor
original on20090802.
Retrieved20090802."Arachnophobia,orfearofspiders,is
oneofthemostcommonspecificphobias."
MostCommonPhobias.Archivedfromtheoriginal on
20090802.Retrieved20090802."Probablythemost
recognizedofthe10mostcommonphobias,arachnophobia
isthefearofspiders.Thestatisticsclearlyshowthatmore
than50%ofwomenand10%ofmenshowsignsofthis
leaderonthe10mostcommonphobiaslist."
106.^Friedenberg,J.&Silverman,G.(2005).CognitiveScience:
AnIntroductiontotheStudyofMind .SAGE.pp.244
245.ISBN1412925681.
107.^Davey,G.C.L.(1994)."The"Disgusting"Spider:TheRole
Spiders".SocietyandAnimals.2(1):17
25.doi:10.1163/156853094X00045 .
108.^DeVos,Gail(1996).Tales,Rumors,andGossip:Exploring
ContemporaryFolkLiteratureinGrades712 .Libraries
Unlimited.p.186.ISBN1563081903.
109.^Garai,Jana(1973).TheBookofSymbols.NewYork:
Simon&Schuster.ISBN0671217739.
110.^DeLaguna,Frederica(2002).AmericanAnthropology:
PapersfromtheAmericanAnthropologist .Universityof
NebraskaPress.p.455.ISBN080328280X.
111.^Benson,Elizabeth.TheMochica:ACultureofPeru.New
York:PraegerPress.1972.
112.^Berrin,Katherine&LarcoMuseum.TheSpiritofAncient
Peru:TreasuresfromtheMuseoArqueolgicoRafaelLarco
Herrera.NewYork:ThamesandHudson,1997.

Bibliography
DeelemanReinhold,ChristaL.(2001).ForestSpidersofSouthEastAsia:WithaRevisionoftheSacandGround
Spiders.BrillPublishers.ISBN9004119590.
Ruppert,E.E.,Fox,R.S.andBarnes,R.D.(2004).InvertebrateZoology(7ed.).Brooks/Cole.ISBN0030259827.

Furtherreading
Bilger,Burkhard(5March2007)."SpiderWoman" .TheNewYorker.AReporteratLarge(column):6673.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 21/22
2/23/2017 SpiderWikipedia

Bristowe,W.S.(1976).TheWorldofSpiders.TaplingerPublishingCompany.ISBN080088598
8.OCLC256272177 .
Crompton,John(1950).TheLifeoftheSpider.NewYork:Mentor.OCLC1979220 .
Hillyard,Paul(1994).TheBookoftheSpider:FromArachnophobiatotheLoveofSpiders.NewYork:Random
House.ISBN0679408819.OCLC35231232 .
Kaston,B.J.ElizabethKaston(1953).HowtoKnowtheSpidersPicturedKeysforDeterminingtheMoreCommon
Spiders,withSuggestionsforCollectingandStudyingThem(1sted.).Dubuque,Iowa:W.C.Brown
Company.OCLC628203833 .
Main,BarbaraYork(1975).Spiders.Sydney:Collins.ISBN0002114437.OCLC123151744 .
Wise,DavidA.(1993).SpidersinEcologicalWebs.Cambridgestudiesinecology.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversity
Press.ISBN0521325471.OCLC25833874 .

Externallinks
Spiders atDMOZ
Findmoreabout
PicturestoryaboutthejumpingspiderAelurillusvinsignitus Spider
atWikipedia'ssisterprojects
NewMexicoStateUniversity"TheSpidersoftheAridSouthwest"
OnlineVideosofJumpingSpiders(Salticids)andotherarachnids
DefinitionsfromWiktionary
listoffieldguidestospiders ,fromtheInternationalFieldGuidesdatabase
Spiderhunts onYouTube MediafromCommons

NewsfromWikinews

QuotationsfromWikiquote

TextsfromWikisource

TextbooksfromWikibooks

Learningresourcesfrom
Wikiversity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider 22/22