Tobacco Control ASEAN

The ASEAN
T bacco
ControlAtlas Second Edition September 2014
Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance

SEATCA
www.seatca.org
The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas Second Edition
Authors
Tan Yen Lian
Ulysses Dorotheo
Editorial Team
Bungon Ritthiphakdee, Mary Assunta Kolandai, Foong Kin, Domilyn C. Villarreiz, Mary Jocelyn Alampay,
Jennie Lyn Reyes, Sophapan Ratanachena, Worrawan Jirathanapiwat, May Myat Cho.
ISBN 978-616-7824-01-7
Second Published: September 2014, 1,000 copies
Published by:
Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA)
Thakolsuk Place, Room 2B, 115 Thoddamri Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300 Thailand
Telefax: +66 2 241 0082 Email: info@seatca.org
Website: www.seatca.org
Printed by:
Crown Print Associates
279-G2, Lorong Tampin, 10150 Penang, Malaysia
Tel/Fax: 604 - 281 2012 Email: crownprint@gmail.com
The information, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the funding organization, its staff, or its Board of Directors. While reasonable efforts have been taken to ensure accuracy at the time
of publication, the Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA) does not warrant that the information contained in this publication
is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. If there are unintentional errors, please
convey this information to the authors.
Copyright Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA)
Photo Credits:
Dr Mom Kong, Dr Maniphanh Vongphosy, Dr Domilyn C.Villareiz, Mr Dass Kandunni, Mr Abdillah Ahsan, Mr Nur Hadi Wiyono,
Ms Tan Yen Lian, Dr Ulysses Dorotheo, Ms Le Thi Thu, Mr. Alec Chin, Collections from SEATCA Industry Surveillance (SIS) Project,
Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
The ASEAN
T bacco
ControlAtlas Second Edition September 2014
Tan Yen Lian

Ulysses Dorotheo

SEATCA
www.seatca.org
The ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas
Foreword iii . Average monthly expenditure for manufactured

. Judith Mackay cigarette (in USD) among smokers _> 15 years
old (2009-2012)
Preface iv . Comparison of tobacco control and health
. Bungon Ritthiphakdee budgets in ASEAN (2012-2014)
. Annual tobacco expenditure =
About SEATCA v Lost opportunities
Acknowledgements vi Chapter 3: Tobacco Prices and Taxes 13

. Prices of most popular local and foreign brands
Chapter 1: Tobacco Consumption 1 (in USD Per Pack) 2014
. Smoking prevalence: adult male and female . Tobacco tax burden on cigarette as percentage
smokers in ASEAN of retail price (2014)
. World cigarette consumption by region . Higher tax rates, higher revenues, and
. ASEAN region has 10% of world's smokers reduced smoking prevalence
Adult smoking . Highest tobacco tax burden in ASEAN:
. Numbers don't lie: percentage of adult smokers Singapore
in ASEAN . Higher revenue gained from tobacco tax
. Smoking prevalence: percentage of adult male increased in Philippines and Thailand
and female smokers in ASEAN . Cigarette tax systems in ASEAN
. Regional cigarette per capita consumption . Tobacco prices
(2000 and 2010) - Price of most popular cigarette brands
. Average age of smoking initiation in ASEAN (per pack) relative to quantity of rice (kg)
(2009-2012) and egg in ASEAN
. Total and average number of cigarettes smoked . Cigarette affordability
daily by adult smokers (2009-2012) - Relative Income Prices (RIP) of cigarette
. Number and percentage of adults who use (1990-2010)
smokeless tobacco in ASEAN (2009-2012) - Cumulative change in RIP (2002-2009)
Youth Smoking - Cigarettes are affordable to the poor
. Numbers don't lie: smoking among boys in Cambodia
(13-15 years) - Even more affordable cigarette when sold
. Numbers don't lie: smoking among girls by sticks
(13-15 years) - All tobacco products should be taxed: no
. Intentions of non-smoking youths to start duty-free allowance
smoking in the next year (2007-2013)
. Percentage of youth purchased cigarettes in a Chapter 4: Smoke-free Environments 21
store and were not refused purchase because of . 100% smoke-free public places policy in ASEAN
their age . Enjoy ASEAN foods in smoke-free environments
. Most Indonesian smokers are between 10 and . Fines imposed on violators of smoke-free policy
25 years old in ASEAN
. Tobacco industry recruits replacement smokers . % of youth exposed to secondhand smoke in
and outside home (2007-2013)
Chapter 2: Costs of Smoking 9 . Common places with secondhand smoke
. Tobacco-related health care cost in ASEAN exposure in ASEAN (2007-2011)
. Proportion of annual deaths (per 100,000) . Smoke-free world heritage sites/cities in
attributable to tobacco in ASEAN (2004, ASEAN
aged 30 and over) . Smoke-free sports in ASEAN
. Annual deaths attributed to major tobacco-
related diseases (2006-2012) Chapter 5: Packaging and Labelling of 25
Tobacco Products
. Health warnings implemented in ASEAN
i
Table of Contents
. Increasing trend of countries requiring . Front groups and high profile allies mobilized
PHW on cigarette packs across the globe to fight tobacco control
(2001-2015) . Tobacco industry exploits Lao PDR
. Status of health warnings in ASEAN government
. Implementation timeline of latest set of . Tobacco tax revenue and tobacco tax revenue
pictorial health warnings in ASEAN loss in Lao PDR (2002-2013)
. Thailand: worlds biggest (85%) pictorial health
warnings Chapter 8: Tobacco Industry Interference 45
. Image bank of copyright-free Pictorial Health . Tobacco industry undermines tobacco control
Warnings (PHWs) in ASEAN using legal challenges
. Best practice of pictorial health warnings . Tobacco industry interference in policy
- Australia's plain packaging: a world first development
- Countries that have banned false or . Industry-related CSR activities
misleading descriptors . Benefits to the tobacco industry
- Disclosure of information on relevant . Forms of unnecessary interaction and
constituents and emissions of tobacco transparency
products . Conflict of interest
. Preventive measures
Chapter 6: Tobacco Advertising, Promotion 33 . Make public all meetings and information on
and Sponsorship the tobacco industry
. Status of TAPS ban in ASEAN
. Status of ban on tobacco advertising, Chapter 9: Tobacco Farming 51
promotion and sponsorship in ASEAN . Tobacco farming in ASEAN
. Menthol and fruit-flavored cigarettes sold . Tobacco farming in selected ASEAN countries
in ASEAN (2010-2013)
. Ban TAPS via internet . Sustainable way out: alternative crops in
. Tobacco marketing channels Malaysia
. Number of POS in selected ASEAN countries . Profitability of tobacco farming vs other crops
. Most common source of the last purchase in Indonesia
of manufactured cigarettes (2009-2013) . Profitability of tobacco farming vs other crops
. Best practice: Thailand sets the benchmark in the Philippines (2006-2007)
. Legislation on tobacco advertising ban at . Tobacco farmers switched to other crops in
POS Cambodia
. Licensing of tobacco retailers in selected
ASEAN countries Chapter 10: Establishing Sustainable Funding 55
. Countries that have banned kiddie packs . Health promotion/tobacco control fund in
(Less than 20 sticks per pack) ASEAN
. Youth susceptibility to tobacco advertising . Types of funding mechanism
and promotion (2007-2013) . Governance and roles of health promotion/
. Targeting youths and women tobacco control funds
. Painting good image: Philip Morris . On-going development of sustainable funding
International's (PMI) Corporate Social for health promotion and tobacco control
Responsibility (CSR) in ASEAN
. Challenges in enforcement Chapter 11: National Tobacco Control 59
Coordinating Mechanism
Chapter 7: Tobacco Industry 41 . Human resource in ASEAN
. Tobacco industry players in ASEAN . National mechanism for tobacco control
. Big transnational tobacco companies
consolidating their power in the region ASEAN Summary Tables (Chapter 1-11) 61
. Tobacco industry's profit (in USD) References 65
. The tobacco industry rallies and funds
front groups
ii
Foreword
The reality is that tobacco control is good for the wealth as well
as the health of nations. One kilobyte of preventive action taken
now is better than a gigabyte of economic costs in the future.
The publication of the second edition of this Atlas only interference with public health policy making, and this
one year after the first edition marks not only the importance could be replicated in other regions of the world.
of the 10 countries in the ASEAN region which contain
10% of the world's smokers, but also the rapidly changing The good news is that there is the still-present opportunity
profile of the ASEAN region _ the prevalence, economic to prevent a rise of smoking among girls and women; there
impact of tobacco, and action taken. It complements the are increases in smoke-free areas, pictorial packet warnings,
global Tobacco Atlas, which is published every three years bans on advertising and promotion _ even though these
(5th edition 2015). still fall short of full implementation. It also shows that
tobacco farmers actually do better financially by growing
This atlas gives an immediate and visual comparison between other crops.
countries, tracking the rapid changes since the first edition.
It is far more than just a statement of the status quo of the Given that the greatest barrier for governments to take
epidemic _ it is a challenge and a call to action for countries tobacco control action is the economic misconceptions,
in the region. the atlas focuses on the huge economic debit of smoking
to the countries' economy. The reality is that tobacco control
There is bad news and there is good news: the bad news is is good for the wealth as well as the health of nations. One
that smoking starts below the age of 20 in all but one of kilobyte of preventive action taken now is better than a
the countries; there are extremely high male prevalence gigabyte of economic costs in the future.
rates of smoking in some countries; that in all countries
(except Thailand) cigarettes have become cheaper in real The Atlas is highly professional, packed with information,
terms, making them more affordable especially to youth; fully referenced yet beautifully visually crafted, making it
and the simple statistic that half the number of smokers available and understandable to a wide range of people _
among these ten countries live in one country alone _ governments, health and development NGOs, academia,
Indonesia. The atlas gives examples of the penetration and the media and schools.
behavior of the tobacco industry and its allies, especially
legal challenges mounted against government tobacco
control action. SEATCA has developed a very useful Dr Judith Mackay
"Tobacco Industry Index" to define the measures and World Lung Foundation; Asian Consultancy on Tobacco
elements that contribute to the ability of the tobacco industry Control; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
iii
Preface
We will continue to commit our best to advance tobacco

control in ASEAN and hope you all join our efforts.
I am thrilled that SEATCA's first ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas released in August last year was well
received. All the feedback from our colleagues, not only in ASEAN but also around the world, has
been amazingly positive. They found the ASEAN atlas very useful, informative, and well-organized.
Many thanks again for all the feedback and encouragement, which has driven SEATCA to prepare
this second edition, which incorporates updated information, as well as adds new topics. This edition
is also special because it is translated into four languages in ASEAN: Khmer, Laotian, Vietnamese,
and Burmese. We firmly believe that you will find it useful to move tobacco control policy in your
countries. The online version is already available at www.seatca.org.
On behalf of SEATCA, I would like to thank our country partners from all 10 ASEAN countries for
their excellent contributions. My special thanks to Ms. Tan Yen Lian, Dr. Ulysses Dorotheo, and the
rest of the SEATCA team, who diligently worked on this updated edition. I also greatly appreciate
the encouraging support of Dr. Judith Mackay, who is the originator of the global Tobacco Control
Atlas.
We will continue to commit our best to advance tobacco control in ASEAN and hope you all join
our efforts.
Bungon Ritthiphakdee
Director of SEATCA
iv
About SEATCA

www.seatca.org SEATCA
Vision: "Towards a healthy, tobacco-free ASEAN"

Mission: "Working together to save lives by accelerating effective implementation of the FCTC
in ASEAN countries"
The Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA) In recognition of SEATCA's outstanding contributions to
is a regional multi-sectorial alliance that supports ASEAN tobacco control in the region, WHO conferred SEATCA
member states in developing and implementing effective with its World No Tobacco Day Award in 2004 and the
and evidence-based tobacco control policies in line with WHO Director-General Special Recognition Award in 2014.
the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
(FCTC). "SEATCA has emerged as a major catalyst for advances made in
tobacco control in the South East Asia Region, especially with
Since 2001, SEATCA's programs have contributed to the regard to policy and legislation."
advancement of the tobacco control movement in Southeast - Dr. Shigeru Omi, then WHO Regional Director
Asia particularly in Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, for the Western Pacific, 2004.
Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Working
closely with country partners, SEATCA's strategies have "This award recognizes the valuable contribution of SEATCA as
been to support progressive policy development, strengthen a regional ally especially in the area of tobacco taxation. SEATCA
national tobacco control working groups, generate more is a key catalyst and leader in tobacco tax reform in the ASEAN
local evidence for advancing policies, and increase the community bringing together various stakeholders and working
number and capacity of tobacco control advocates. closely with ministries of health and finance."
- Dr. Shin Young-soo,WHO Regional Director
Over the years, SEATCA's efforts have been recognized for the Western Pacific, 2014.
nationally and internationally. SEATCA has also been
engaged by emerging alliances in tobacco control to share
the SEATCA model as a learning platform for tobacco
control best practices and lessons learned.
v
Acknowledgements
SEATCA would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions and support of all our various partners in the
preparation of this second edition ASEAN Tobacco Control Atlas. In particular, we would like to thank the following:
Brunei: Dr Anie H Abdul-Rahman, Director of Environmental Health Service,
Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Brunei
Cambodia: Dr Yel Daravuth, National Professional Officer, WHO TFI Cambodia
Dr Mom Kong, Executive Director, Cambodia Movement for Health (CMH)
Indonesia: Dr Widyastuti Soerojo, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Indonesia Packs Project
Coordinator, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia
Mr Abdillah Ahsan, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Indonesia Tax Coordinator,
Demographic Institute, Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia
Mr Nur Hadi Wiyono, Researcher, Demographic Institute, Faculty of Economics,
University of Indonesia
Lao PDR: Dr Maniphanh Vongphosy, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Lao PDR Coordinator
Malaysia: Mr Ooi Poh Keong, ASEAN Focal Point on Tobacco Control, FCTC Secretariat and Tobacco Control
Unit, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Dr Foong Kin, National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Myanmar: Dr Nan Naing Naing Shein, Deputy Director, Basic Health Services, Ministry of Health, Myanmar
Philippines: Atty. Irene Patricia Reyes, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Philippines Coordinator
and Managing Director of HealthJustice Philippines
Mr Ralph Emerson Degollacion, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Project Coordinator,
HealthJustice Philippines
Singapore: Mr Chan Lit Fai, Manager, Substance Abuse Department, Adult Health Division,
Health Promotion Board, Singapore
Thailand: Professor Prakit Vathesatogkit, Secretary-General, Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), Thailand
Dr Sarunya Benjakul, Instructor, Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences,
Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University
Vietnam: Dr Nguyen Tuan Lam, National Professional Officer, WHO Country Office for Vietnam
Dr Phan Thi Hai, Vice Director, Vietnam Steering Committee on Smoking and Health (VINACOSH),
Ministry of Health, Vietnam
Dr Pham Thi Hoang Anh, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Vietnam Coordinator,
Healthbridge Vietnam
Ms Le Thi Thu, Southeast Asia Initiative on Tobacco Tax (SITT) Vietnam, Project Manager,
HealthBridge Vietnam
International Dr Hana Ross, SALDRU Research Affiliate, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Partners:
Dr Pramil N. Singh, Director, Center for Health Research, Associate Professor, Epidemiology and
Global Health, School of Public Health, Lorna Linda University, California
vi
44.8% 7.8% Smoking prevalence: adult male
and female smokers in ASEAN*
43% 8.4% Male Female
Myanmar
Lao PDR
39% 2.1%
47.4% 1.4%
39.1% 3.4% 47.7% 9%

Thailand
Vietnam
Cambodia Philippines
34.9% 3.9%
43.9% 1%
Brunei Darussalam
Malaysia 23.1% 3.8%
Singapore
67.4% 4.5% Male smoking prevalence is highest in

Indonesia (67.4%) and lowest in
Singapore (23.1%). Female smoking rate
is particularly high (>5%) in Myanmar,
Indonesia the Philippines and Lao PDR.
* ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
1
Chapter 1
Tobacco Consumption
Tobacco consumption is increasing worldwide groups such as women, youth and children. At
(1.3 billion smokers) and has grown substantially present, there are 121 million adult smokers (20%
in low- and middle-income nations (82% of world's of adult ASEAN population) living in ASEAN
smokers) including in the ASEAN region. This countries. Tobacco use remains the single biggest
highly addictive product is commonly used by all preventable cause of disease, disability, and
segments of the population including vulnerable premature deaths in the world.
Eastern Mediterranean and Africa 9%
World cigarette consumption by region
Americas 11% Asia Pacific 56%
ASEAN has 121 million adult smokers,

half of whom live in Indonesia.
Europe 24% Total ASEAN Population: 625,096,300 (2013)
ASEAN region has 10% of world's smokers
Cambodia, 1.22%
Vietnam, 12.63% Brunei, 0.06%
Thailand, 8.89%
Singapore, 0.29%
Philippines, 14.28% Indonesia, 50.68%
Myanmar, 7.32% Lao PDR, 0.72%

Malaysia, 3.91%
Total adult smokers in ASEAN: Percentage Distribution of Total Adult Smokers in ASEAN Countries
121,156,804
2
Chapter 1: Tobacco Comsumption
61,400,000
Adult Smoking 17,300,000
15,300,000
Numbers don't lie: percentage of

adult smokers in ASEAN
10,765,806
Total Numbers of Adult Smokers 8,863,800
Adult Smoking Prevalence (%)
4,747,000
1,477,000 876,391
70,807 36.1 356,000
25.5 28.3 23.8
23.1 22
18.0 19.5 19.9
13.3
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
(2011) (2011) (2011) (2012) (2011) (2009) (2009) (2013) (2013) (2010)
Smoking prevalence: Percentage of adult male and female smokers in ASEAN

Brunei 34.9
(2011) 3.9
Cambodia 39.1 Male
(2011) 3.4
Indonesia 67.4 Female
(2011) 4.5
Lao PDR 43
(2012) 8.4
Malaysia 43.9
(2011) 1.0
Myanmar 44.8
(2009) 7.8
Philippines 47.7
(2009) 9.0
Singapore 23.1
(2013) 3.8
Thailand 39
(2013) 2.1
Vietnam 47.4
(2010) 1.4
3
Regional cigarette per capita consumption (2000 and 2010)

1,052 1,115 1,016
2000
2010 909
864 863
813
715
588 601
517 540
491
455
416 429
201 187
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
male adults in ASEAN smoke

_
Average age of smoking initiation in ASEAN (2009 2012)
21.1
On average, smokers in 18 19.8
ASEAN started smoking 17.6 17.7 17.4
17.2 17.2
before the age of 20.
Average Age of Initiation

(Daily Smokers)
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

(2011) (2011) (2012) (2011) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2010)
4
_
Total and average number of cigarettes smoked daily by adult smokers (2009 2012)
A majority of adult smokers smoke between 10 and 14 cigarettes daily.
785,920,000
206,550,000
183,380,000
130,000,000
23,188,900 65,983,300
11,918,918 4,692,000
15.7 13.9
12.8 13.6 12 13.5
10.6 10
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand* Vietnam

(2011) (2011) (2012) (2011) (2009) (2010) (2011) (2010)
Average number of cigarettes smoked daily
Total number of cigarettes smoked by adults daily *The estimate based on total and average number of cigarettes smoked by adults for 2011
_
Number and percentage of adults who use smokeless tobacco in ASEAN (2009 2012)
Brunei 6.6% (25,963)
(2011) 3.1% (12,195)
Cambodia 12.7% (526,000) Smokeless
(2011) 0.7% (24,000)
tobacco
Indonesia 2% (1,655,300) use is the highest
(2011) 1.5% (1,277,300) Female Male
in Myanmar,
Lao PDR 8.0% (138,080) Cambodia
(2012) 1.1% (18,289) and Lao PDR.
Malaysia 0.6% (60,000)
(2011) 0.9% (95,121)
Myanmar 16.1% (4,567)
(2009)
51.4% (2,862)
Philippines 1.2% (357,000)
(2009) 2.8% (834,000)
Thailand 5.2% (1,460,000)
(2011) 1.1% (286,300)
Vietnam 2.3% (752,000)
(2010) 0.3% (92,000)
5
Youth Smoking
Numbers don't lie: smoking among boys (13-15 years)
Brunei (BRN) Cambodia (KHM)* Indonesia (IDN) Lao PDR (LAO)
41 Malaysia (MYS) Myanmar (MMR) Philippines (PHL)
Boys Singapore (SGP)** Thailand (THA) Vietnam (VNM)
30.9
20.1
17.1
14.3 13 12.9
7.9 9
5.9
(%)
BRN KHM IDN LAO MYS MMR PHL SGP THA VNM
(2013) (2010) (2009) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2011) (2012) (2009) (2007)
Numbers don't lie: smoking among girls (13-15 years)

Brunei (BRN) Cambodia (KHM)* Indonesia (IDN) Lao PDR (LAO)
Malaysia (MYS) Myanmar (MMR) Philippines (PHL)
Singapore (SGP)** Thailand (THA) Vietnam (VNM)
Girls
6.7 5.3 5.3
5 4 3.8
3.5
(%) 1.1 1.2
0.5
BRN KHM IDN LAO MYS MMR PHL SGP THA VNM
(2013) (2010) (2009) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2011) (2012) (2009) (2007)
* The data is based on currently use any tobacco product

** The data is based on age range 13-16 and the definition is smoked once in the past 30 days
6
Chapter 1: Tobacco Consumption
_
Intentions of non-smoking youths to start smoking in the next year (2007 2013)
Brunei (2013) 9.6%
Almost 15% of non-smoking youths in
Cambodia (2010) 6.1%
Myanmar are likely to start smoking next year.
Indonesia (2009) 11.5%
One in ten non-smoking youths in Indonesia,
Lao PDR (2011) 6.6% Malaysia and Philippines expressed similar
intentions to smoke next year.
Malaysia (2009) 10.7%
Myanmar (2011) 14.7%
Philippines (2011) 10.5%
Thailand (2009) 8.6%

Vietnam (2007) 6.6% Note: Years of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) differ between countries
Between 80,000 and 100,000 children More than 30% of Indonesian children
worldwide start smoking every day - roughly reportedly smoke a cigarette before the
half of whom live in Asia. age of 10.
Percentage of youth who purchased cigarettes in a store and were not refused purchase because of their age
Country % Youth purchased cigarettes in a store % who purchased cigarettes in a store and were
not refused purchase because of their age
Brunei (2013) 21.9 68.4

Indonesia (2009) 51.1 59.0
Lao PDR (2011) 51.2 73.1
Malaysia (2009) 53.4 53.2
Myanmar (2011) 39.2 no data
Philippines (2011) 50.1 37.3
Thailand (2009) 47.9 38.3
Vietnam (2007) 51.6 83.4
7
Most Indonesian smokers are between 10 and 25 years old

70
63.7
New smokers aged 10-14 have doubled in 10 years
60 58.9
54.6 Total number of new smokers
50.7 2001: 1,935 million
50 2010: 3,967 million
43.5
40
17.2
30
25.8
23.9
20 19
16 17.5 14.6
12.6 3.1
2.6
10 0.6 9 9.5
6.3 4.8 5.5 6.9
1.7 1.7 4.3 3.8 1.8 3.9
0.4 1.9
0
5-9 year 10-14 year 15-19 year 20-24 year 25-29 year >30 year
1995 2001 2004 2007 2010
Tobacco industry recruits replacement smokers
190,260 Indonesians/year New Indonesian smokers aged 10-14

521 Indonesians/day 3.96 million/year
10,869/day
8
MMK156,269,383 (USD 260,449)
for 8 tobacco-related diseases,
1999 Tobacco-related health care
LAK 28.51 billion (USD 3.34 million)
for only 3 tobacco-related diseases, 2007
costs in ASEAN
Myanmar
Lao PDR
THB 11.2 billion (USD 3.74 billion) of direct and

indirect medical care cost for overall tobacco- VND 23.14 trillion (USD 1.11 billion) direct and
related diseases (22% of economic burden), 2009 indirect cost for 5 tobacco-related diseases (for
active smoking only), 2012
PHP 177 billion (USD 4.09 billion)

Thailand for only 4 tobacco-related
Vietnam diseases, 2011
Philippines
MYR 2.92 billion (USD 790.47 million)

for only 3 tobacco-related diseases, 2005
Malaysia
SGD 73.8 - 74.5 million
(USD 59.04 - 59. 6 million) for
5 tobacco-related diseases, 2002
Singapore
IDR 18.5 trillion*

(USD 1.78 billion), Health care costs are very high
inpatient care for 29 tobacco- particularly in Indonesia (USD
related diseases, 2009 1.78 billion). The negative impact
Indonesia
of the tobacco-related health care
costs is expected to worsen without
effective tobacco control measures.
*Tobacco-related health care cost that is spent by Indonesian excluding cost borne by the government
9
Chapter 2
Costs of Smoking
Tobacco is the only legal product that kills half premature deaths, imposes a heavy economic
of all its regular users, along with hundreds of burden on society. Many ASEAN governments
thousands of non-smokers. Tobacco also causes already spend significant amounts of their budgets
many diseases and disabilities that contribute to for tobacco-related health care costs that are many
human productivity losses, which, in addition to times higher than revenues gained from tobacco.
Proportion of annual deaths (per 100,000) attributable to tobacco in ASEAN

(2004, aged 30 and over)
24%
23% 22% 22% (197)
(116) 21%
(271) (319) (319)
18% 18%
17% (336) (119)
15% (326) 15%
(89) 14% (146)
(325) 12%
(142) Men
8% 8% Women
(130) (85)
% - Proportion of tobacco-related deaths
( ) - Number of deaths per 100,000
Brunei Cambodia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Vietnam
_
Annual deaths attributed to major tobacco-related diseases (2006 2012)
190,260
Currently, there are 6 million
tobacco-caused deaths globally Premature deaths per year
every year, plus 600,000 deaths
from exposure to secondhand
smoke. 87,600
71,060 50,710
40,000
9,650 11,056
4,807 2,049
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
(2012) (2010) (2012) (2011) (2012) (2006) (2010) (2009) (2006)
10
Chapter 2: Costs of Smoking
Average monthly expenditure for manufactured

_ cigarettes (in USD)
among smokers >15 years old (2009 2012)
55.9
(MYR 178.8)
Cigarette smokers in
Malaysia, Indonesia and
Thailand spent the most
37.4 on cigarettes per month.
(IDR 369,948)
22.8
(THB 697.57)
11.41
7 (LAK 92,421) 7.7 7
(KHR 28,000) (PHP 326.4) (VND 135,000)
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam

(2011) (2011) (2012) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2010)
Comparison of tobacco control and health budgets in ASEAN (2012-2014)

Country Tobacco Control (USD) Tobacco Control Health (USD) Health
(per capita in USD) (per capita in USD)
Brunei 0.55 Million (BND 700,000) 1.36 274.86 Million (BND 347.76 Million) 676.7
Cambodia 0.0225 Million (KHR 90 Million) 0.0015 No data available -
Indonesia No data available - 5.375 Billion (IDR 55.9 Trillion) 21.6
Lao PDR 2.1 Million (LAK 16.8 Billion) 0.32 No data available -
Malaysia 0.830 Billion (MYR 2.5 Million) 0.028 6.41 Billion (MYR 19.3 Billion) 214
Philippines 0.28 Million (PHP 12.05 Million) 0.003 1.25 Billion (PHP 53.23 Billion) 12.6
Singapore* 141.6 Million (SGD 177 Million) 26.22 4.56 Billion (SGD 5.7 Billion)** 844.56
Thailand 10 Million (THB 300 Million) 0.147 3.33 Billion (THB 99.79 Billion) 48.79
Vietnam 0.04 Million (VND 840 Million)*** 0.0004 2.6 Billion (VND 54,700 Billion) 28.94
* Total budget allocated for a number of health topics including tobacco control
**Estimated budget is for all health topics (obesity, nutrition, physical activity, screening as well as tobacco)
*** Estimated government budget for tobacco control office at Ministry of Health, Vietnam
11
Annual tobacco expenditure = Lost opportunities

Cambodia Annual expenditure of
USD 101,789,000 spent on cigarettes
(USD 99,144,000 on manufactured
cigarettes and USD 2,645,000 on hand- = 53,573 Motorbikes or 20,358 wooden or 127,236 tons of
125cc (2013) houses in rural high quality rice
rolled cigarettes) by current adult smokers. areas
Indonesia Annual spending on

cigarettes by smokers (among the poorest =
group)
13 times or 5 times or 2 times
the average the average the average
expenditure on meat expenditure on milk expenditure on fish
and eggs and vegetables
or 6 times
the average expenditure
on education and health
Philippines Annual expenditure of

current smokers on cigarettes is
PHP 3,916.8 (USD 92.27) per smoker =
Rice or Fish
(PHP 33.70/kilo) (PHP 123.84/kilo)
- 116 kilos/year - 32 kilos/year
Egg
or Green Leafy or (PHP 4.84 per piece)
(PHP 25.42/kilo) - 809 pieces of eggs
- 154 kilos/year
Thailand Annual expenditure

o n to b a c c o i s e st i m a t e d to b e = 0.75 times or 3 times
USD 2.5 Billion (THB 75 Billion). household expenditure expenditure on Bangkok Mass
on education Transit System (BTS) Sky train
(THB 95.3 Billion) (THB 25,000 million)
Vietnam Average annual spending =

on cigarettes by each smoker. 1.98 times
1.19 times or
the average expenditure the average expenditure on
on health per person education per person
12
Red Ruby (0.72)
Marlboro (2.26 - 2.98) Prices of most popular local and foreign
Adeng (0.87)
Marlboro (1.62)
brands (in USD Per Pack) 2014
Local brand Foreign brand
Myanmar * Insignificant or no local cigarette production
Lao PDR
Krongthip (2.06)
L&M (2.06)
VINATABA (0.89)
Craven (1.08)
ARA (0.35) Fortune (0.96)
Alain Delon (0.725 - 1) Marlboro (1.60)
Thailand
Vietnam
Cambodia Philippines
Marlboro Gold (6.47)
John (2.12)
Dunhill (3.70)
Brunei Darussalam*
Malaysia
Marlboro (9.60)
Singapore*
Cigarette prices of the popular
A Mild (1.2) local brands in Cambodia,
Marlboro (1.3)
Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines
and Vietnam are among the
lowest across ASEAN countries
Indonesia and in the world.
13
Chapter 3
Tobacco Prices and Taxes
Tax and price increases that reduce the affordability The World Bank has recommended that the total
of tobacco products are among the most effective tax burden should be 66% to 80% of the retail
measures to reduce tobacco consumption. price. More recently, the WHO has recommended
that at least 70% of retail price should be excise.
As recommended in WHO FCTC Article 6, ASEAN countries, however, are lagging far behind,
governments should therefore adopt tax with tobacco products remaining very affordable
and price policies aimed not only at raising in many member states.
revenues but primarily to reduce consumption.
Tobacco tax burden on cigarette as percentage of retail price (2014)

(%)
100
90
80
71 70
70 62
60 59
53
50
50 46
41.6
40
30 _
22 28
_
20 16 19.7
10
0
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Note:
Rates for countries following the tier-system are based on average/most applied rates.
The estimate was calculated based on premium cigarette brand for Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore.
14
Chapter 3: Tobacco Prices and Taxes
Higher tax rates, higher revenues, and reduced smoking prevalence

Thailand raised its cigarette excise rates 11 same time, overall smoking prevalence dropped
times (from 55% to 87% of factory price) between from 32% (1991) to 21.4% (2011).
1991 and 2012, which resulted in an almost
fourfold gain in revenues from 15.89 billion baht The slight increase in smoking prevalence in
(USD 530 million) to 59.91 billion baht 2011 prompted the Thai government to further
(USD 1,997 million) over the same period. At the increase the tax rate to 87% in 2012.
(Million USD) 2,262 (%)

1,997
2000 1,906 100
87 87
1800 85 90
80
79 80
1600 75 1,473
70 71 1,384
1400 68 70
1,210
60 62
1,188
1200 55 60
988
1000 937 50
890
803
800 40
32 667 691
28.8
600 530 25.5
25.4 30
23
21.1 20.7 21.4
400 20
200 10
0 0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Cigarette Tax Rate (%) of Factory Price Smoking Prevalence (%) Tobacco Tax Revenue (Million USD)
Source: Excise Department, Ministry of Finance, Thailand (2013)
15
Highest tobacco tax burden in ASEAN: Singapore

Concerned by a slight increase in smoking prevalence from 2004 to 2010 and noting that the last tobacco excise tax increase
was in 2005, the Singapore government decided to increase tax by 10% in 2014.
Year Excise Duty of Cigarettes (SGD) Retail Price 20 sticks (SGD) % Smoking Prevalence
(aged 18-69 years)
1987 34 per kg 2.80
1990 42 per kg 3.30
1991 50 per kg 3.70 18.3 (1992)
1993 60 per kg 4.90
1995-98 115 per kg 5.50 15.2 (1998)
1998-99 130 per kg 5.80
2000 150 per kg 6.40
2001 180 per kg 6.90 13.8 (2001)
2002 210 per kg 6.50
Mar 2003 255 per kg 7.70
July 2003 0.255 per stick of <1g 8.50
2004 0.293 per stick of <1g 9.50 12.6 (2004)
2005-2013 0.352 per stick of <1g 11.90 13.6 (2007), 14.3 (2010), 13.3 (2013)
2014 0.388 per stick of <1g 12.00
Higher revenue gained from tobacco tax increased in Philippines and Thailand
Country From To New Tax Revenues
Philippines Tax rate PHP 2.72-28.30/pack PHP 12 or 25/pack

(2012-2013) 4 tax tiers 2 tax tiers USD 838.21 million
(PHP 37.45 billion)
Revenues USD 737.29 million USD 1.57 billion
(PHP 32.94 billion) (PHP 70.39 billion)
Thailand 85% of ex-factory price 87% of ex-factory price

(2011-2012) Tax rate
USD 265.9 million
Revenues USD 1.99 billion USD 2.26 billion (THB 7.98 billion)
(THB 59.92 billion) (THB 67.89 billion)
16
Cigarette tax systems in ASEAN

Types of Tax Applied
Country
Excise Rate VAT/GST Import Tariffs Others
Brunei BND 0.25/stick N/A N/A N/A
Specific Tax
Indonesia IDR 80-380/stick 8.4% 0% from ASEAN plus China Local cigarette tax 10%
(multiple tiers) 40% from outside ASEAN of excise tariff
plus China
_
Philippines PHP 17 or 27 12% 3% 10% N/A
per pack (2 tiers)
Singapore SGD 0.388/stick 7% N/A N/A
_
Cambodia 15% of 90% of 10% 7% 35% plus Public lighting tax 3% of
Ad Valorem Tax
invoice price 10% import VAT invoice value, Profit tax

20% of profit, Turnover
tax 2% of invoice value
Myanmar 100% of retail price 16% 30% on CIF 1% special excise duty,
profit tax, income tax
_
Vietnam 65% of factory price 10% 30 135% N/A
_
Lao PDR 15% 30% of 10% Flat rate Royalty Fee 15% of
Mixed Tax
production cost, USD 0.40/pack production cost

LAK 500 additional
specific tax
Malaysia MYR 0.25/stick, and 5% MYR 0.20/stick N/A

20% of ex-factory cost
Thailand 87% of ex-factory 7% Exempted but other Local tax THB 0.093/stick,
price (mixed system for local taxes are applied ThaiHealth tax 2% of
non-cigarette products) excise, and public TV tax
at 1.5% of excise
17
Tobacco prices
Economic research has shown that cigarette prices Effective price increases can:
are inversely related to cigarette demand. A 10% deter children and adolescents from initiating
increase in price of cigarettes would decrease tobacco use and thus avoid addiction;
overall adult consumption by approximately 4%. reduce the amount consumed and encourage
Youth and the poor are more price sensitive. quitting among current smokers;
discourage relapse among former tobacco users
Tobacco consumption contributes to poverty. Most Cambodians still live

below the national poverty line (2,473 riel or USD 0.61). Smokers earning
USD 2 per day or less spend a large proportion of their income on tobacco.
Price of most popular cigarette brands (per pack) relative to quantity of rice (kg) and eggs in ASEAN
Poor families could benefit from spending on basic needs such as rice and eggs instead of cigarettes.
For example in Lao PDR, a smoker is able to buy 1.3kg of rice or 10 eggs instead of a pack of Marlboro.
Brunei Brunei
Marlboro Gold USD 6.47 40 6.3
Marlboro Gold USD 6.47
Cambodia Cambodia
5_8 1_1.5
Alain Delon USD 0.725 - 1 Alain Delon USD 0.725 - 1
Indonesia 14 Indonesia
2.05
Marlboro USD 1.3 Marlboro USD 1.3
Lao PDR 10 Lao PDR 1.3
Malaysia 36 Malaysia 3.4
Dunhill USD 3.7 Dunhill USD 3.7
Philippines 15 Philippines 2
Singapore Singapore 4.4_4.7
56_59
Thailand Thailand 1
15
L&M USD 2.06 L&M USD 2.06
Vietnam 7 Vietnam 1.89
Eggs (qty) Rice (kg)

18
Cigarette affordability
_
Relative Income Prices (RIP) of Cigarettes (1999 2010)
(%)
15 In most of the countries cigarettes have
Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand become more affordable as indicated by
the significant decline in RIP (apply for
Indonesia Philippines Vietnam
the most popular brand) since early 2000.
This was more drastic in Lao PDR and
10 Vietnam.
Over the years, cigarette prices became

more affordable particularly in the
Philippines and Indonesia compared to
5 the other four countries. Thailand is the
only country where cigarettes have gradually
become less affordable since year 2005.
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Relative Income Price (RIP) = percentage of per capita GDP required to purchase 100 packs of cigarettes.
The lower the RIP, the more affordable cigarettes are and vice versa.
_ Cigarettes are affordable to the poor in Cambodia
Cumulative Change in RIP (2002 2009)
41,531,000
Thailand
Annual Cash Expenditure on Cigarettes
45
Philippines
36,662,000
Indonesia
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Vietnam
40
10% 35
5% 30 20,951,000
0% 25
-10% 29
15
(USD in Million)
-20% 10
5
-30% 0
-27%
-40% Daily Income 2 USD or less >2 to 3 USD >3 USD
-50% -45% Lower income earners (USD2 or less a day) spend more on cigarettes
-48%
-60% than higher income earners (>USD2 per day).
-57%
-60%
Except for Thailand, cigarettes have become
significantly more affordable in Cambodia,
Lao PDR, Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia
between 2002 and 2009.
19
Even more affordable cigarettes when sold by sticks

Sale of single sticks
Brunei
Marlboro Gold _ BND 0.405 (USD 0.32)/stick Banned (2005)
Cambodia
Alain Delon _ KHR 145-200 (USD 0.036 - 0.05)/stick | ARA _ KHR 70 (USD 0.018)/stick Allowed
Indonesia
A Mild _ IDR 832 (USD 0.075)/stick | Marlboro Gold _ IDR 717 (USD 0.065)/stick Allowed
Lao PDR
Adeng _ LAK 350 (USD 0.043)/stick | Marlboro _ LAK 600 (USD 0.081)/stick Banned (2009)
Malaysia Banned (2004)
Marlboro _ MYR 0.6 (USD 0.18)/stick
Myanmar Banned (2006)
Red Ruby _ Kyats 50 (USD 0.05)/stick | Marlboro - Kyats 100-150 (USD 0.10-0.15)/stick
Philippines
Fortune _ PHP 3.00 (USD 0.07)/stick | Marlboro _ PHP 5.00 (USD 0.11)/stick Allowed
Singapore
Marlboro _ SGD 12.00 (USD 0.48)/stick Banned (2002)
Thailand
Krongthip _ THB 3.25 (USD 0.10)/stick | Marlboro _ THB 4.5 (USD 0.14)/stick Allowed
Vietnam
VINATABA _ VND 935 (USD 0.045)/stick | Marlboro _ VND 1,135 (USD 0.05)/stick Allowed
All tobacco products should be taxed: no duty_free allowance

Duty-Free Allowance in the Region Country
No duty-free concession on all tobacco products Brunei
400 cigarettes (20 packs) or 100 cigars Cambodia
200 cigarettes or 25 cigars or 100 gm of rolling tobacco Indonesia
200 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 250 gm of tobacco Lao PDR
200 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 225 gm of tobacco Malaysia
400 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 gm of pipe tobacco Myanmar
400 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 250 gm of pipe tobacco Philippines
No duty-free concession on all tobacco products Singapore
200 cigarettes or 500 gm of rolling tobacco including cigars Thailand
400 cigarettes or 100 cigars or 500 gm of tobacco Vietnam
20
100% smoke-free public
places policy in ASEAN
Lao PDR
Myanmar
Healthcare Facilities
Educational Facilities
Government Offices
Thailand Vietnam Bars and Pubs
Public Transportation
Philippines
Universities
Work Places
Places of Worship
Cambodia Hotel Lobby
Other Outdoor Public Places
Malaysia Other Indoor Public Places
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
* 100% smoke-free refers to all indoor areas only.

Indonesia
Enjoy ASEAN foods in

smoke-free environments
Lao PDR
Myanmar
100% smoke-free indoor
air-conditioned restaurant
100% smoke-free indoor

Thailand Vietnam non-air-conditioned restaurant
Philippines Allows designated smoking

room inside the restaurant
Cambodia
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
21 Indonesia
Chapter 4
Smoke-free Environments
Secondhand smoke kills. There is no safe level of Most countries have banned smoking in healthcare
exposure to secondhand smoke. Implementing and educational facilities, public transport, and
100% smoke-free environments is the only way government offices. Partial bans are imposed in
to protect non-smokers from the health hazards restaurants and workplaces. More countries in
of smoking. Growing public awareness and support ASEAN (Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia and
for smoke-free environments has called for strong Singapore) have enforced prohibiting smoking in
smoke-free legislation banning smoking in all bars and pubs. Various initiatives have been
public places. ASEAN countries are strengthening implemented such as smoke-free cities and world
smoke-free policies in accordance with Article 8 heritage sites with the aim to attain a smoke-free
of the WHO FCTC. ASEAN.
Fines imposed on violators of smoke-free policy in ASEAN

Brunei USD 790.74
Cambodia No fine, give advice and warning
Indonesia USD 5,587
Lao PDR No fine, give advice and warning
Malaysia USD 3,030
Myanmar USD 156 - 780
Philippines USD 11 - 257
Singapore USD 756
Thailand USD 6 - 65
Vietnam USD 5 - 14
All countries have national laws/policies on smoke-free.
Best practice of smoke-free law:

Thailand: Smoking ban in pub / bar /discotheques, effective 7 February 2008.
Brunei: No designated smoking room at the Brunei International Airport Terminal,
effective 1st March 2012.
22
Chapter 4: Smoke-free Environments
_
% of youth exposed to secondhand smoke in and outside home (2007 2013)
78.1 In home Outside home
68.8 67.6 71.2

64.1
57.9 58.5
50.1
56.4 48.7 45.7
43 42.9
36.5 38.4
39.7 32.2
31.5
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam
(2013) (2010) (2009) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2011) (2009) (2007)
_
Common places with secondhand smoke exposure in ASEAN (2007 2011)
88
85 85
78
75 73
70 70 71
63
66
57 55 56
51 53 54
48 49 48 50 47
44
40 38 39
37 37 34 36 34
28 31
26 26 24
18 20
17 15
9 8 7
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam

(2007-2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2009) (2011) (2010)
Note: Percentages are rounded off At workplace Inside restaurant Government buildings
to the nearest whole number. At home (at least monthly) Public transportation Health facilities
23
Smoke-free world heritage sites/cities in ASEAN
Angkor Wat Borobudur Temples Halong

Cambodia Indonesia Vietnam
Hoi An Luang Prabang Malacca

Vietnam Lao PDR Malaysia
Prambanan Temples Sukhotai Vatphu Champasak

Indonesia Thailand Lao PDR
Smoke-free sports in ASEAN

Cambodia: 1st Smoke-Free Sports event held on 20 June 2012
Indonesia: Smoke-Free 26th Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Jakarta,
11 - 22 November 2011
Lao PDR: Smoke-Free 25th Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in
Vientiane City, 9 - 18 December 2009
Malaysia: Smoke-Free Paralympic Games held on 15-19 August 2009
Thailand: Smoke-free 24th Southeast Asian (SEA) Games,
held in Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat), 6 - 15 December 2007
Philippines: Smoke-free 23rd Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Manila,
27 November to 5 December 2005
Vietnam: Smoke-free 22nd Southeast Asian (SEA) Games, held in Hanoi,
5 - 13 December 2003
24
Myanmar
Health warnings
Lao PDR
implemented in ASEAN
30%
Pictorial Health Warnings (PHWs)
Since 2013 Text Only Warnings

Since 2005 50%
85% Vietnam
Thailand
New set of 85% PHWs

will come into force on
23 September 2014 Philippines
Cambodia 30%
30% First set of 50% PHWs
Since 2008 will come into force in
2015
Since 2009 75%
50% Brunei Darussalam
Malaysia
Since 2004
50%
Singapore
2014
40%
Note: For complete details, see page 27.
Indonesia
25
Chapter 5
Packaging and Labelling
of Tobacco Products
There is a growing trend in implementation of At present, Thailand has the world's largest PHWs
pictorial health warnings (PHWs) on tobacco (85% front and back of the pack) setting a new
packages globally. It is an effective health benchmark, by 23 September 2014.
promotion tool to communicate the harmful
effects of tobacco use with no cost to government. Australia is the only country that has implemented
More than seventy countries/jurisdictions have plain packaging effective December 2012. Other
legislated PHWs to date. Of these seven are from countries have taken steps in this direction.
the ASEAN: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
Increasing trend of countries

_ requiring PHW on cigarette packs 72
70 across the globe (2001 2015) 69
64
60
56
50
40
40
34
30 26
20 18
11 12
10
5
1 2 2 3
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
26
Chapter 5: Packaging and Labelling of Tobacco Products
Status of health warnings in ASEAN

Singapore (2004; 2006; 2013)* Thailand (2005; 2007; 2010; 2014)* Brunei (2008; 2012)*
Position, Size, Location: Upper 50% front and back Position, Size, Location: Upper 85% front and back Position, Size, Location: Upper 75% front and back
Language: English Language: Thai Language: Malay (front), English (back)
Health warning messages: 6 rotating messages Health warning messages: 10 rotating messages Health warning messages: 7 rotating messages
New set of 85% PHWs will come into force on

23 September 2014
Malaysia (2009; 2014)* Vietnam (2013) Indonesia (2014)
Position, Size, Location: Upper 50% front and 60% back Position, Size, Location: Upper 50% front and back Position, Size, Location: Upper 40% front and back
Language: Malay (front), English (back) Language: Vietnamese Language: Indonesian
Health warning messages: 12 rotating messages Health warning messages: 6 rotating messages Health warning messages: 5 rotating messages
* Year of rotation
27
Status of health warnings in ASEAN

Cambodia Lao PDR Myanmar Philippines*
Position, Size, Location: Bottom 30% Position, Size, Location: Bottom 30% Position, Size, Location: 1 side panel Position, Size, Location: Bottom 30%
(front) 30% (back) (front) 30% (back) only (front only)
Language: Khmer Language: Lao (front), English (back) Language: Myanmar Language: English
Health warning messages: Health warning messages: Health warning messages: 1 message Health warning messages: 4 rotating
5 rotating messages 6 rotating messages messages
*Recently approved legislation (Republic Act 10643) requiring PHWs at the bottom 50% front and back of tobacco packages will be implemented in late 2015.
Implementation timeline of latest set of pictorial health warnings in ASEAN

Size Duration of
Country Date of Date of Compliance for
Approval Implementation Tobacco Industry
Front (%) Back (%)
Brunei 75 75 13 March 2012 1 September 2012 Less than 6 months
Indonesia 40 40 24 December 2012 24 June 2014 18 months
Malaysia 50 60 11 June 2013 1 January 2014 Less than 7 months
Singapore 50 50 12 January 2012 1 March 2013 12 months
Thailand* 85 85 5 April 2013 2 October 2013 6 months
Vietnam 50 50 8 Feb 2013 8 August 2013 for soft 6 -10 months

pack and 8 December
2013 for hard pack
*The actual implementation of PHWs was delayed by a court case filed by tobacco companies. The Thai Supreme Administrative Court
ruled against the tobacco industry, allowing PHWs to be implemented effective on 23 September 2014, 90 days after the court decision.
28
Thailand: worlds biggest (85%) pictorial health warnings

In April 2013, the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) passed
Text a regulation requiring pictorial health warnings to cover the
upper 85% of front and back panels of packs; however,
implementation was delayed due to a legal challenge by the
tobacco industry, including Japan Tobacco International (JTI),
Phillip Morris (PM), and British American Tobacco (BAT),
Pictogram that led to an injunction being issued by the Central
85%
Administrative Court.
On 26 June 2014, the Supreme Administrative Court ruled

in favor of the MoPH and cancelled the injunction, clearing
the way for implementation of the larger 85% warnings. All
Quitline number tobacco products sold in Thailand are expected to carry the
new warnings by 23 September 2014.
Cigarette brand 15%
Philippines: The implementation of the

Department of Health (DOH) Administrative
Order No.2010-0013 requiring nine rotating
PHWs to be printed in English and Filipino
languages on all tobacco packs, occupying the
upper 30% front and 60% back of the pack
was delayed by multiple court cases filed by
five tobacco companies to nullify the DOH
Administrative Order:
Fortune Tobacco Corp. (Marikina)

Philip Morris Fortune Tobacco Corp.
(Tanauan)
Mighty Corp. (Malolos)
JTI Philippines (Pasig)
La Suerte (Paraaque)
These pictures were required by DOH AO no. 2010-13 but may not necessarily be implemented under RA 10643.
29
Image bank of copyright-free pictorial health warnings (PHWs)

In collaboration with ASEAN Focal Points
on Tobacco Control (AFPTC), SEATCA:
. Provides technical assistance to

countries on development and
implementation of PHWs policies.
. Facilitates access to high-resolution

and copyright-free PHW images
from Brunei, Singapore, Thailand
and other ASEAN countries.
. Provides sample cigarette packs

from the ASEAN region for
advocacy purposes.
Best practice of pictorial health warnings

. Position and location
The health warnings and messages should be at the top of the front and back of packages.
. Size
The health warnings and messages should be 50% or more of the principal display areas.
. Use of pictorials
The health warnings and messages should include pictures or pictograms.
. Colour
The use of pictures or pictograms should be in full colour (four colour printing).
. Message content
The health warnings and messages should address different issues related to tobacco use and
convey in an authoritative and informative but non-judgmental manner.
. Language
The warnings and other textual information should be in the Party's principal language or languages.
. Rotation
The health warnings and messages should be rotating either having multiple health warnings
and messages appearing concurrently or setting a date after which the health warning and
message content will change.
30
Australia's plain packaging: a world first

Plain packaging
- prohibits brand
colours and logos
- requires a standard
colour, shape and
75%
format of packages
90%
- requires the brand
name to appear in
a standard font size
and style on a specific
space on the package
25%
10%
Front Back
Australia was the first country to implement plain packaging of cigarettes, effective on the 1st December
2012. Pictorial health warnings cover an average of 87.5% of the package front and back, while a fire-risk
statement covers the bottom 10% of the back panel. Turkey would become second in the world with its
Ministry of Health's announcement to implement plain packaging on 1st January 2015. Ireland, New
Zealand, and India have also indicated their interest to implement plain packaging.
Countries that have banned false or misleading descriptors

Countries Year
X
Indonesia 2012
Malaysia 2009
X
Philippines 2014
Singapore 2012
X
Thailand 2006
Vietnam 2012
31
Disclosure of information on relevant constituents and emissions of tobacco products

Malaysia (2009)
This product contains more than 4,000 chemicals including tar,

nicotine and carbon monoxide that are dangerous to health
Thailand (2010)
Toxic substances in cigarette smoke:

Hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide
Carcinogens in cigarette smoke:

Formaldehyde, tar, nitrosamine
Brunei (2012)
This product contains nicotine and tar which

cause addiction and is dangerous to health
Indonesia (2012)
There is no safe limit! Contains more than 4,000

hazardous chemicals and more than 43 cancer-
causing substances
Singapore (2013)
Smoking exposes you and those around you to more

than 4,000 toxic chemicals, of which at least 60 can
cause cancer. The chemicals include tar, nicotine, carbon
monoxide, formaldehyde, ammonia and benzene
32
Status of TAPS ban in ASEAN
Total Ban
Almost Total Ban
Myanmar
Partial Ban
No Ban
Lao PDR
Thailand
Vietnam
Philippines
Cambodia
Brunei Darussalam
Malaysia
Singapore
Indonesia
33
Chapter 6
Tobacco Advertising,
Promotion and Sponsorship
Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship use, and preventing ex-users from relapsing. Partial
(TAPS) are strategies used by the tobacco industry bans do not work because the tobacco industry
to promote and market its lethal product to would- can easily circumvent them.
be tobacco users, as well as current and former
tobacco users, including targeting women and However, despite comprehensive ban on TAPS
youth. the industry is still successful in finding innovative
ways to promote and market their products
A comprehensive ban on TAPS is an effective through creative pack and product designs, new
means to reduce tobacco consumption by media and cross-border advertising.
preventing youth uptake, discouraging tobacco
Status of ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship in ASEAN

Direct Ad via
Advertising Promotion Sponsorship Ad at POS Social Media CSR Cross Border
Brunei
Cambodia Allow brand Ban

logo on A4 size publicity
Indonesia Only on Ban
(Non Party) electronic media publicity
Lao PDR Allow parasol
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines Allow at POS
Singapore Ban publicity Ban
Allow live Partial Ban
Thailand Ban publicity telecast from
oversea No Ban
Vietnam Ban publicity No CSR
POS - Point-of-Sale
CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility
34
Chapter 6: Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship
Menthol and fruit-flavored cigarettes Ban TAPS via internet

sold in ASEAN
Malaysia
Brunei Myanmar Singapore
Cambodia Philippines Thailand
Indonesia Singapore (Menthol flavour only) Vietnam
Lao PDR Thailand* (Menthol flavour only)
Malaysia Vietnam
*Thailand Excise Department has imposed administrative ban for sale of flavored
cigarettes (fruit/confectionery/flower) enforced in 2003
Tobacco marketing channels

At Point-of-Sale (POS) On Billboards
- Cigarettes are easily purchased at POS (supermarkets, Outdoor tobacco advertising billboards can be found in the
sundry shops, convenient stores, newsstands, petrol Philippines and Indonesia.
kiosks, street vendors, market stalls and minimarts).
- In Indonesia, 50% of cigarette sales are by street Person-to-Person Sale
vendors. Tobacco industry recruits pretty young girls as promoters to
sell cigarettes in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Thailand and Vietnam.
Number of POS in selected ASEAN countries

Country Total Smokers Cigarette Cig Retailer per Physicians per
Retailers* 10,000 smokers 10,000 pop**
Indonesia 61,400,000 2,500,000 407 1
Malaysia 4,747,000 80,000 170 7
Philippines 17,300,000 694,821 402 12 *Does not include street vendors
** Table 14, 2010 HDR
Singapore 356,000 5,100 137 19 http://bit.ly/dQupbE
Thailand 10,765,806 570,000 399 3 *** The estimate for total number
of cigarette retailers untill 2015
Vietnam 15,300,000 303,333*** 94 6
35
_
Most common source of the last purchase of manufactured cigarettes (2009 2013)
(%) 96.2
88.3
79.8 81 79.6
64.3 61.3
49.2
37.3
35.7
19.1
12.2 17.6 16.6
4.1 9.4 6.5 1.4
9.6
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

(2011) (2011) (2011) (2011) (2009) (2013) (2011) (2010)
Grocery store Convenient store/kiosk/supermarket Traditional market Tea stall/street vendor Food Shops/Hawker Centres (%)
Best practice: Thailand sets the benchmark Legislation on tobacco advertising ban at POS
POS POS
Advertising Pack Display
Brunei Ban Banned, effective 2011
Before Ban
Cambodia Ban Display of only 1 pack per brand
Indonesia No Ban Allowed
Lao PDR No Ban Allowed

After Ban
Malaysia Ban Allowed
Philippines No Ban Allowed

Display of any 1 pack
Thailand, the first country in the ASEAN region to implement Singapore Ban per variant
a complete ban on retail display of tobacco products at point-
of-sale, effective on 25 September 2005. Thailand Ban Banned, effective 2005
Brunei has a de facto ban on display, as the ban on advertising Display of any 1 pack, box or
covers display cases. Vietnam Ban carton per brand
Singapore will enforce a ban on displaying cigarette packs at
point-of-sale by end of 2016 to protect youths from tobacco
marketing.
36
Licensing of tobacco retailers in selected Countries that have banned kiddie packs
ASEAN countries (Less than 20 sticks per pack)
Countries Cost of License (USD) Countries Year
Brunei 240.12 (BND 300) Brunei 2005
Singapore 288.14 (SGD 360) Malaysia 2010
Thailand 1.3 (THB 40) Singapore 2002
In urban, cities:
Vietnam 28.5 (VND 600,000) Vietnam 1st May, 2016
In rural, provinces:
14.3 (VND 300,000)
_
Youth susceptibility to tobacco advertising and promotion (2007 2013)
(%)
100 2009
2011
80 2011
89.3 2011 80.7 2007
60
69.4
40 58.4
56.4
20 2013 2009 2009
6.7 11.3 12.3 9.2 8.8 10.1 9.3 11.3
0
Brunei Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam
Cigarette advertising on billboard seen by youth Youth who have object with a cigarette brand on it
37
Targeting youths and women
Kiddie Pack (Less Than 20 sticks) of Cigarettes Sold in Cambodia, Lipstick Pack Sold in Indonesia,
Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam Lao PDR, Malaysia and Singapore
Cambodia
Indonesia
ARA, the most popular A Mild, the most popular local

local brand sold in 12 sticks. brand sold in 12 and 16 sticks. Indonesia
Philippines
Vietnam
Sachet packaging of 5 cigarettes

per pack targeting young
Lao PDR
children and youths widely
sold in the market.
38
2,439,024
Painting good image: Philip Morris International's (PMI) Philippines

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in ASEAN (USD) 232,126
282,000
To promote its corporate image and distance itself from its harmful 1,077,992
1,075,000
products, PMI has been conducting more CSR activities across the 769,971
ASEAN region. Indonesia (USD 5,355,000) and the Philippines
320,000 95,924
(USD 4,792,016) are two countries where PMI invested the most 1,000,000
242,985
money in CSR activities in 2012. Both countries are vital tobacco 455,923 1,200,967 1,150,000
markets for PMI as it holds 36% and 79% of total market share in 676,087
423,816 275,000
Indonesia and the Philippines respectively.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Malaysia Thailand 223,000

(USD) (USD) 247,000
100,000 340,000
510,000
210,000 35,000
629,000 136,916
230,000 70,311 285,000

144,117 91,701 285,000
45,250 106,100 74,420
6,059 34,000
85,000 50,000 160,000 29,382
90,000 146,100 130,000 33,129 32,319 49,406
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Vietnam Indonesia
(USD) 106,969 (USD)
439,263 133,333
147,381 147,361 170,588
2,900 913,844 352,941 247,000
482,211 35,000
509,400 972,233 901,470 140,000
50,000
86,260 120,000 5,304,597 5,133,872

500 82,000 92,150 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,180,000
47,775
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Environment/Living condition Disaster Relief Hunger & Extreme Poverty Community grant
Education - School buildings, scholarship Empowering women Economic opportunity
39
Challenges in enforcement
Malaysia
The Malaysian Control of Tobacco Product Regulations 2004 (CTPR)
states in Reg 4(1) that "no person shall display or affix, or cause or
permit to be displayed or affixed any tobacco product advertisement,
distribute, or cause or permit to be distributed any tobacco product
advertisement".
The regulation stipulates a total ban of advertising, promotion and

sponsorship of all tobacco products in the mass media including
internet. However, monitoring tobacco promotion over the internet
revealed that Facebook is the most popular social network to promote
cigarettes followed by Flickr and Photobucket. BAT's Dunhill was
promoted most, followed by Marlboro (PMI) and Winston (JT) in
the social media. The promotion mainly meant for direct promotion
of cigarette brands and only a small percentage was used for promoting
items with cigarette brand names as well as sports activities showing
cigarette brands.
Philippines
Under RA 9211, all outdoor advertising is banned:
"Beginning 1 July 2007, all cinema and outdoor advertising
shall be prohibited. No leaflets, posters and similar outdoor
advertising materials be posted, except inside the premises of
point-of-sale retail establishments."
However, the industry has argued that the term "premises" is

defined in the implementing rules and regulations of RA 9211
to refer to "a tract of land and the building or buildings thereon,
including the open spaces between the buildings located on
the same tract of land and within the perimeter of said tract
of land" and thus places billboard ads on the roofs of stores
or hanging from a post next to the store. This is illegal for 2
reasons: (a) the intent of the law is to ban all outdoor ads, and
(b) the exception for POS is limited to leaflets, posters, and
similar materials. Putting up huge umbrellas with tobacco
branding, coloring the POS with cigarette brand colors, and
distributing branded ashtrays and napkin holders are all
violations for the same reasons.
40
Lao PDR Tobacco industry players in ASEAN
Lao Tobacco Ltd 93.4%

Hongtha China Good Luck 5.6%
Lao Tianlong Co 1%
Thailand
Vietnam
Philippines
Thailand Tobacco Monopoly 67.1%
Philip Morris Thailand Ltd 26.8% Cambodia
Other companies 3.1%
Vietnam National Tobacco 43.8%
BAT Vietnam 28.6%
Dong Nai Tobacco 8.5% Philip Morris Fortune Tobacco Corp 79%
Philip Morris 2.2% Mighty Corp 20%
BAT Cambodia 40.3% Japan Tobacco 1.4% Other companies 1%
Viniton Group 28.6% Other companies 15.5%
Huotraco Ltd 18.6%
Malaysia
British American Tobacco Malaysia 62%

JT International Berhad (JTI Malaysia) 20%
Philip Morris (Malaysia) 16%
Other companies 2%
Indonesia
PT Philip Morris Indonesia (PT PMI) 36%

Djarum PT 21%
Gudang Garam 20%
British American Tobacco 7%
Nojorono 5%
Other companies 11%
41
Chapter 7
Tobacco Industry
Three of the five largest tobacco companies in the local cigarette companies in Philippines and
world - British American Tobacco, Philip Morris Indonesia. State-owned companies are the leading
and Japan Tobacco dominate the cigarette markets manufacturers in Thailand and Vietnam. Tobacco
in several countries in the ASEAN region such as manufacturers in the 9 ASEAN countries produce
Cambodia and Malaysia. Philip Morris has in close to 500 billion cigarettes annually.
recent years bought controlling stakes in
Big transnational tobacco companies consolidating their power in the region

Philip Morris Indonesia bought a controlling stake in local cigarette manufacturer PT
HM Sampoerna for USD5.2 billion in 2005. BAT acquired Bentoel International This transaction is a
Investama for $579 million in 2009. tremendous strategic fit for
our business that will
Philip Morris Philippines Manufacturing Inc. created a joint venture with Fortune cement our leadership in
Tobacco Corp in 2010 known as PMFTC Inc.
South East Asia.
Imperial Tobacco, through its subsidiary, Coralma International (a French company) Matteo Pellegrini,
President of Philip Morris in Asia
and S3T Pte Ltd (a Singaporean company) entered into a joint venture with Lao 2010, referring to Philippines merger
Government to form Lao Tobacco Ltd (LTL) that allows foreign investors to enjoy tax
privileges and special benefits.
Tobacco industry's profit (in USD)

$10B $30B $50B $70B $90B
China National
Tobacco Corp revenue $91.7
total profit $16.0
Philip Morris Total Revenue for top
International $67.7 6 companies
$7.5
Japan Tobacco
$346.2 billion
International $65.9
$1.5 Total profit (ash) for top
6 companies
British American $58.1
Tobacco
$4.2
$35.1 billion
Profit equals net earnings after
Imperial taxes and dividends
Tobacco $38.4
$2.0
Altria/ Source: Tobacco Atlas,
Philip Morris USA $24.4 4th edition; tobaccoatlas.org
$3.9
42
Chapter 7: Tobacco Industry
The tobacco industry rallies and funds front groups to fight tobacco control
measures at both international and national level. The International Tobacco
Retailers
Growers Association (ITGA) is one such group which mobilizes tobacco growers to
interfere in tobacco control policy development in ASEAN countries and fight
FCTC implementation particularly Articles 9, 10, 17 and 18. Other front groups Businessmen
include retailers and trade associations, coffee shop associations or research groups
which challenge tobacco control legislation. Farmers
Front groups and high profile allies mobilization to fight tobacco control
Thai Tobacco Growers, Curers

and Dealers Association (TTA)
Thai Tobacco Trade Association
Indonesia Tobacco Society Alliance (TTTA)
- Aliansi Masyarakat Tembakau Philippine Tobacco Growers
Thai Smokers Community
Indonesia (AMTI) Association (PTGA)
(Philipp Morris)
Indonesian Forum of Tobacco
Industry Community - Forum Peoples' Coalition Against Regressive
Masyarakat Industri Rokok Seluruh Taxation (PCART)
Indonesia (FORMASI)*
Philippine Association of Supermarkets
Indonesia Tobacco Farmers Inc. (PASI)
Association - Asosiasi Petani
Tembakau Indonesia (APTI)
Philippine Tobacco Institute (PTI)
Corporate Federation of Indonesian
Cigarette Industries -Gabungan National Tobacco Administration
Perserikatan Pabrik Rokok Indonesia (NTA)
(GAPPRI)**
Corporate of Indonesian White Philippine Aromatic Tobacco
Cigarette Makers - Gabungan Development Association, Inc.
Pengusaha Rokok Putih Indonesia (PATDA)
(GAPRINDO)
Clove National Rescue Coalition - Federation of Philippine Industries
Koalisi Nasional Penyelamat Kretek (FPI)
(KNPK)
Indonesia Clove Cigarette Malaysia Singapore Coffee
Community- (Komunitas Kretek) Shop Proprietors General
Association
Kelantan Tobacco Growers
and Curers Association
(PITAS)
*Association of small scale tobacco industry

** Federation of kretek cigarette industries
43
Tobacco industry exploits Lao PDR government

On 23 November 2001, an Investment License c) Granted special privileges to LTL, including
Agreement (ILA) was signed between the Lao PDR preferential tax treatment:
Government (represented by the then Committee for - a 5-year (2002-2006) total exemption on LTL's
Investment and Co-operation of the Committee for corporate income taxes and on taxes on
Planning and Cooperation), Coralma International dividends paid to shareholders
- a fixed ad valorem excise rate of 15% to 30%
(a subsidiary of French-based Tobaccor SA, a joint (depending on declared production costs) for
company controlled by UK-based Imperial Tobacco), 25 years
and S3T Pte. Ltd. (a joint venture between ST Group
(a Lao company) and Coralma International). As a result of the ILA's terms, the Lao government has
been at the losing end of this agreement.
Valid for 25 years (till 31 December 2026), the ILA: a) Between 2002 and 2013, the government collected
a) Dissolved and liquidated the Lao Tobacco the net tobacco tax revenue of USD 52.04 million
Company, a wholly-owned Lao government instead of the actual government revenue gain of
corporation USD 131.46 million. The estimated loss was
b) Established a joint venture company, Lao USD 79.42 million or 4.39% of the state investment
budget on the development. (see graph).
Tobacco Ltd (LTL), with company shares b) Despite progressive increases of the excise tax
distributed to the Lao PDR government ceiling to 55% in 2005 and to 60% in 2012,
(47%), Coralma International (34%), and the rate applied to LTL has remained static,
S3T Pte. Ltd. (19%) causing the government to lose significant
potential revenues until 2026.
_
Tobacco tax revenue and tobacco tax revenue loss in Lao PDR (2002 2013)
25.00
Tobacco Tax Revenue USD (Million) Tobacco Tax Revenue Loss USD (Million)
20.00
9.48
8.99
15.00
8.66
10.00
8.38
7.68 7.99 12.38 13.26
5.00 6.05 6.28 9.92
5.14
3.56 3.28 3.93
4.22
1.07 0.98 1.18 1.4 1.65 1.71 2.09 2.18
0.00
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
44
Tobacco industry undermines tobacco
control in ASEAN using legal challenges
8 court cases brought against tobacco control measures.
In the latest, Philip Morris Thailand along with other
tobacco companies including BAT and JT challenged
Thailand's legislation increasing pictorial health 9 court cases - including 4 by Philip Morris, 4
warnings size from 55% to 85% in the Administration by Fortune Tobacco Corp and 1 by Mighty Corp
court. brought against the government for a variety
of tobacco control measures including halting
pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs.
Thailand
Philippines
3 court cases filed by Philip Morris Malaysia against the

Ministry of Health for requiring Ministry's approval for the
retail price of tobacco products, rejecting the retail price of
its cigarettes', requiring an increase in the selling price of its
cigarettes.
Malaysia
6 court cases brought by the industry against tobacco

control measures including challenging well established
scientific facts that nicotine is addictive and by
Indonesia Indonesian smokers challenging the constitutionality
of Indonesia's Health law that sought to restrict smoking
in work and public places as well as implementation
of pictorial health warnings.
45
Chapter 8
Tobacco Industry Interference
The tobacco industry is not like any other business Recognizing the irreconcilable conflict between
- it sells a product that kills half its customers. the tobacco industry's interests and public health
Then, it vigorously protects its commercial and policy interests, the Parties to the FCTC
vested interests by interfering in the development unanimously adopted the Article 5.3 Guidelines
and implementation of tobacco control policies at the third session of the Conference of the
at all levels. Using a wide range of unethical tactics Parties (COP3) in 2008 which requires Parties
and strategies, the tobacco industry continues to when setting and implementing their public health
challenge, defeat, discredit, dilute, obstruct and policies with respect to tobacco control, to protect
delay implementation of effective tobacco control these policies from commercial and other vested
measures. It also employs direct or indirect political interests of the tobacco industry in accordance
lobbying, litigation against governments and with national law. Five ASEAN countries
individuals as well as mobilize front groups to (Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Cambodia and
advance its cause. Lao PDR) are leading the way in developing a
policy, guidelines or code of conduct to protect
their public health policies from tobacco industry
interference.
Tobacco industry interference in policy development

The tobacco industry works to defeat, dilute and delay effective tobacco control policy. They participate in
policy development in order to undermine any stringent tobacco control policy a government may put in place.
They collaborate with the government to provide support and assistance, but their efforts usually result in
watering down tobacco control measures.
Tobacco Regulation Act (RA9211) gives the tobacco industry a seat in the Inter-Agency
Philippines Committee (IAC) on Tobacco. This legislation was enacted in 2003 before the Philippines
ratified the FCTC and adopted Article 5.3 Guidelines and can only be amended by its
Congress.
46
Chapter 8: Tobacco Industry Interference
Industry-related CSR activities

The tobacco industry has been trying to re-brand itself as "socially responsible" corporations. It is through Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) activities that the industry promotes and projects a positive public image as a good corporate citizen,
but that is just a public relations gimmick.
Cambodia Singapore Thailand

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities by the tobacco industry are not banned among ASEAN countries,
although a few (Cambodia, Singapore and Thailand) have banned their publicity.
Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Banned contributions from the tobacco industry (either completely or partially to health-related agencies), or
ban its publication. In the Philippines, aside from a comprehensive policy, specific policies were issued for
vulnerable institutions such as health, education, and revenue agencies.
All governments, except Brunei, receive some form of contributions (monetary or otherwise) from
the tobacco industry.
Brunei
Benefits to the tobacco industry

With the exception of Brunei and Thailand, other governments accommodate requests from the tobacco industry for a
longer implementation time or a postponement of tobacco control law.
Lao PDR Indonesia Malaysia

The tobacco industry in Lao PDR obtained a 5-year tax holiday and capped tobacco tax at 15%-30% till 2026.
Indonesia granted 18 months to the industry to apply pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs effective June
24, 2014, although Indonesian tobacco companies are already exporting packs with PHWs to Brunei, Malaysia
and Singapore. On the deadline, only 6 out of 3,393 cigarette brands in the market were found to have pictorial
health warnings.
In Malaysia implementation of the ban on kiddie packs (less than 20 sticks) enacted in September 2004 was
postponed for six years till May 2010. Also in Malaysia, restaurants and eating places are not 100% smoke-free
to accommodate requests from the tobacco industry's representatives.
47
Forms of unnecessary interaction and transparency

Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines report high levels of unnecessary interactions with the tobacco industry participation
in policy development.
Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand

Top-level government officials do not meet with nor foster relations with tobacco companies, such as attending
social functions and events sponsored or organized by the tobacco companies.
In 2009 when Tabinfo, a tobacco industry trade event was held in Bangkok, although Thailand has a state
tobacco monopoly, government officials were instructed not to endorse the event.
Indonesia Malaysia Thailand

The government accepts assistance or offers of assistance from the tobacco industry on enforcement such as
conducting raids on tobacco smuggling or enforcing smoke-free policies.
The Royal Malaysian Customs collaborated with the Confederation of Malaysian Tobacco Manufacturers
(CMTM) in conducting anti-smuggling activities.
Many countries limit interactions with the tobacco industry to those that are strictly necessary for regulation, and
provide a mechanism to ensure transparency in meetings that occur. In several cases, more stringent rules apply to
committees in charge of tobacco control policies as in the Philippines and Singapore.
Conflict of interest
Brunei prohibits political contributions from the tobacco industry. Other countries do not prohibit or require full disclosure
of such contributions from the tobacco industry or any entity working to further its interests to political parties, candidates,
or campaigns.
BAT Malaysians annual reports made it a point to mention its Chairman, Tan Sri Abu Talib
bin Othman (1994-2012), who was the former Attorney-General of Malaysia (1980-1993) and
Malaysia who upon his retirement became the Chairman of BAT Malaysia (1994 to 2012). Relatives of
current high level officials also work for the tobacco industry in both Malaysia and Thailand.
48
Chapter 8: Tobacco Industry Interference
Preventive measures
Most governments do not have a procedure for disclosing records of interactions with the tobacco industry and its
representatives.
Philippines Thailand
In 2010, the Philippine Civil Service Commission and Department of Health issued Joint Memorandum
Circular (JMC) 2010-01, which aims to protect the bureaucracy against tobacco industry interference in accordance
with Article 5.3 Guidelines by limiting interactions with the industry and rejecting partnerships with tobacco
companies.
The Philippines is the first country in Asia to have such a Circular. Thailand and Lao PDR have a similar policy
for their respective ministries of health.
Through a Cabinet decision, Thailand prohibits the acceptance of all forms of contributions from the Thai
Tobacco Monopoly, including offers of assistance, policy drafts, or study visit invitations to the government and
its officials.
Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Thailand

The tobacco industry is required to submit information on tobacco production, manufacture, market share,
and revenues; however, the tobacco industry is not required to provide information on marketing expenditures,
expenses on lobbying, philanthropy and political contributions.
49
Make public all meetings and information on the tobacco industry

To demonstrate transparency, both Australia and New Zealand inform the public about their meetings with the tobacco
industry by making the relevant information available on their website.
Country Agency Year Information Disclosed
Department of Health 2009 Date of meeting

Australia Issue discussed
and Ageing
Date of meeting
New Zealand Ministry of Health 2011 Which company
Purpose of meeting
List of attendees
Civil Service 2010 Interaction with tobacco industry

Philippines Commission and Any preferential treatment given to
Department of Health tobacco industry
Any offer of donation to public official
or employee by tobacco industry
http://www.tobaccowatch.seatca.org/
50
Tobacco farming in ASEAN
Total tobacco farmers
% of total employment
49,166 (2011) 220,000 (2011)

0.13 0.44
55,533 (2011)
0.16
13,000 (2010)
Thailand 0.17 Vietnam
Philippines
Cambodia
3,204 (2010)
0.11
Malaysia
689,360 (2010)
0.64
Indonesia
51
Chapter 9
Eight of the ten ASEAN countries, excluding

Tobacco FarmingTobacco production is on the decline in most
Singapore and Brunei, are engaged in tobacco countries in the region while import of tobacco
cultivation on different scales. A total of 363,016 leaves is increasing. Tobacco farming contributes
metric tonnes of tobacco were harvested from to less than 1% of total employment in all the
346,000 hectares of tobacco farm land in the producing countries. Malaysia has implemented
region in 2010. Indonesia was the largest producer crop substitution with government support.
contributing 37%. The other major producers Tobacco farmers in Philippines, Indonesia and
are Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines. Cambodia are progressively switching to alternative
livelihoods.
_
Tobacco farming in selected ASEAN countries (2010 2013)
Total yield (mt)
140,000 135,678
120,000
100,000
80,000
79,092.40 62,448.78
60,000 47,721
40,000
20,000 8,418
3,140
0
Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam

6,881 228,770 2,526 35,730.04 28,384.96 26,161
Total area planted (ha) (2013) (2010) (2010) (2011) (2011) (2011)
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam are net importers of tobacco
amounting to 41,233 metric tons valued at USD 200.65 million
52
Chapter 9: Tobacco Farming
Sustainable way out: alternative crops in Malaysia Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus ) was identified as a new
commodity in Malaysia, first introduced in 2000, and
2011 1,140 ha (687 farmers) promoted as an alternate crop for tobacco in 2004 by
the government.
2010
2009 1,693 ha (409 farmers) Smaller tobacco farmers are encouraged to switch to
343 ha (50 farmers)
alternative livelihood through a crop diversification
2008 464 ha (167 farmers) program, with started in 2005 and has intensified over
2007 285 ha (92 farmers) the years with financial support from the government.
2006 112 ha (13 farmers) Since its introduction in 2004 the area under kenaf
cultivation rose from less than one hectare to 1,140
2005 42 ha (25 farmers) hectares in 2011. Total kenaf growers also rose from
2004 0.4 ha (1 farmers) one to 687 farmers over the same period.
Acreage (ha) National Kenaf and Tobacco Board (NKTB), formerly

known as National Tobacco Board (NTB) plans to
increase total kenaf hectarage to 5,000, production of
7,000 tonnes of fiber and 17,500 tonnes of core by
2020. To encourage farmers to plant kenaf a subsidy
of RM 3,500 (USD 1,120) is provided per hectare
including seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and machinery.
Kenaf Cultivation In Malaysia
Profitability of tobacco farming vs other crops in Indonesia

Planting tobacco is less profitable compared Onion
with other seasonal crops both in low and 7,607 (USD)
high land areas.
Melon Potato
In the low lands, farmers who planted onion, 5,714
melon and red chili pepper reaped higher 5,495
Tobacco Red Chili
yields and profits than planting tobacco. 4,430 4,496
In the high lands, it is more profitable to

plant red chili pepper and potato than Red Chili
Tobacco 1,702
tobacco. 1,635
Low land High land
53
Profitability of tobacco farming vs other crops in the Philippines (2006 - 2007)

Farmers in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and Vegetable crops such as tomato, garlic, eggplant,
Pangasinan (Region 1) preferred to plant non-tobacco pepper (sweet/hot) and bitter gourd provided
crops since they require less input and labor much higher income than tobacco.
compared to tobacco. Cultivation of mungbean and peanuts also resulted
in higher income compared to tobacco.
Sweet Pepper
(5,639.6)
Hot Pepper (4,089.1)
Bitter Gourd (3,525.3)
Onion (2,741.60)
Tomato (2,582.3)
Eggplant (2,041.2)
Peanut (1,762.2)
Garlic (1,730)
Mungbean (707.1)
Corn (498.31)
Virginia (1,147.60)
Burley (727.78)
Native (428.13)
Net Income per Hectare (in USD)
Rice field
Tobacco farmers switched to other crops in Cambodia
Tobacco farming is less profitable compared to other crops.
About 40% of tobacco farmers have switched from tobacco
farming to alternative crops in the last ten years. This is due
to:
- Lower profit compared to other crops
- Tobacco farming needs more capital
Corn field
- Price fluctuation of tobacco
The alternative crops include rice, corn, peanut, other industrial

crops, such as soy bean and sesame, as well as other vegetables.
54
Health promotion/tobacco control
fund in ASEAN
Established health
promotion/tobacco control fund
Lao PDR (2013) Presence of funding mechanism
Lao PDR Tobacco Control Fund for tobacco control
Thailand (2001)
Thai Health Promotion
Foundation (ThaiHealth) Vietnam (2013)
Vietnam Tobacco Control Fund
Brunei Darussalam (2008)

Health Promotion Centre, Ministry of Health Brunei
Malaysia (2006)
Malaysian Health Promotion Board (MySihat)
Singapore (2001)
Singapore Health Promotion Board
55
Chapter 10
Establishing Sustainable Funding
Health promotion programmes can be used as a An effective way to address this situation is to
tool to reduce the impact of smoking-related raise tobacco taxes and introduce a surcharge tax
diseases and other non-communicable diseases or dedicated tax policy, whereby additional
(NCDs) and help alleviate social and economic revenues can be generated to support health
burdens. However, tobacco control and health promotion including tobacco control programmes,
promotion agendas are usually not given priority through a sustained health promotion fund or
and have to compete for government funding in foundation.
most countries.
Types of funding mechanism
Year of
Types of Funding Source Establishment Percent Surcharge Tax/Total Budget
Within the Ministry of Health budget

_
Health Promotion Centre, 2008 USD 560 million (2013 2014)
Ministry of Health Brunei
Singapore Health Promotion Board 2001 USD 136 million (2014)
Treasurer budget
Malaysian Health Promotion Board 2006 USD 3.08 million (2013)
(MySihat)
Surcharge Tax
Lao PDR Tobacco Control Fund 2013 2% profit tax plus LAK 200 (per pack)
USD 2,100,000 (2014) for tobacco
control estimated by Ministry of Health
Thai Health Promotion Foundation 2001 2% surcharge levied on excise tax from
(ThaiHealth) alcohol and tobacco
USD 120-130 million (2013-2014)
Vietnam Tobacco Control Fund 2013 1% excise tax, effective 1st May, 2013;
1.5% from 1st May, 2016; and
2% from 1st May, 2019
USD 4.3 million (2013-2015)
USD 6.6 million (2016-2019)
USD 8.5 million (2019 onward)
56
Chapter 10: Establishing Sustainable Funding
Governance and roles of health promotion/tobacco control funds

Role of organization
Type and Year Type Governed and chaired by Report to Granting Policy Implementing Building
Established agency Development health capacity
promotion
programs
Lao PDR Tobacco Unit in MOH Tobacco Control Fund National TC

Control Fund (2013) Council (The National Committee
Committee on Tobacco and Government
Control)
Malaysian Health Semi- Board of Directors and Minister

Promotion Board autonomous chair appointed by the of Health
(MySihat) (2006) agency Prime Minister upon
under MOH the advice of the
Minister of Health
Singapore Health Statutory Board of Directors and Minister for

Promotion Board Board under chaired by independent Health and
(2001) MOH Chairman Parliament
Thai Health Autonomous Board of Governance, Cabinet and

Promotion agency chaired by Prime Minister to both
Foundation houses of
(ThaiHealth) (2001) Parliament
Vietnam Tobacco Semi- In-sectoral Management Government

Control Fund (2013) autonomous Board chaired by Minister and National
agency and of Health Assembly
a unit in MOH
57
On-going development of sustainable funding for health promotion and tobacco control
Indonesia
2% Tobacco Excise Revenue Sharing
Based on Law 39/2007 on excise policy, 2% of revenues generated from cigarette
excise must be distributed to three main cigarette and/or tobacco producing provinces
particularly in East Java, Central Java and West Nusa Tenggara.
It has been implemented since 2008 and currently 20 provinces have received the
resulting fund.
These funds must be used for five purposes: improving the quality of raw materials,
developing the industry, improving social welfare including tobacco control for
implementing smoke-free area regulations and acquiring medical equipment for treatment
of smoking- related diseases, disseminating customs regulations, and law enforcement
on illegal cigarettes.
The tobacco excise policy of 2% earmarked tax should be used mostly for tobacco
control to reduce its consumption.
10% Local Cigarette Tax

Based on Law 28/2009, a uniform rate of 10% local excise tax is imposed on for cigarette.
Half of the revenue from the 10% local cigarette tax will be used for health including
tobacco control and health promotion beginning in 2014.
Ministry of Health has developed a 10% local cigarette tax implementation guidelines for
health target in 2014 as main reference for all the 32 provinces in Indonesia.
Philippines
Sin Tax Law (Republic Act 10351)
Section 8 of Republic Act (RA) No. 10351 (commonly known as 'sin tax' law passed
on 20 December 2012) stipulates that after deducting the earmarked amount under RA
7171 (for Virginia tobacco growing provinces) and RA 8240 (for alternative livelihood for
burley and native tobacco growing provinces), 80% of the remaining balance will be
allocated for:
1. Universal health care under the National Health Insurance Program
2. Attainment of Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
3. Health awareness programs
The Implementing Rules and Regulations for the release of the sin tax revenues has been
released on June 2014.
According to the Department of Health, an approximate total of PhP 30.5 billion

(USD 718.49 million) from the incremental revenue of the sin taxes has been allocated
for Universal Health Care, MDG-related, and Health Awareness Programs under the 2014
General Appropriations Act.
58
Human resource in ASEAN
Number of Government staff working on tobacco control
Full-time
Myanmar Part-time
5 Part-time Number of NGOs working on tobacco control
3 NGOs
Lao PDR
3 Part-time
Thailand
38 Full-time
12 NGOs Vietnam
8 Full-time
3 Part-time
Cambodia 4 NGOs Philippines
7 Full-time 10 Full-time
5 Part-time 1 Part-time
2 NGOs 5 NGOs
Brunei Darussalam
14 Full-time
23 Part-time
Malaysia
7 Full-time
2 Part-time
3 NGOs
Singapore
24 Full-time
2 NGOs
Indonesia
8 Full-time
54 NGOs
59
Chapter 11
National Tobacco Control
Coordinating Mechanism
The success of FCTC-compliant tobacco control While recognizing that knowledgeable and skilled
policies largely depends on each country's ability human resources at different societal levels is
and capacity for implementation. To this end, the the backbone for effective development and
FCTC requires countries to establish or reinforce implementation of a wide range of tobacco control
and finance a national coordinating mechanism activities, few national governments in ASEAN
or tobacco control focal points that will develop, have a sufficient number of staff working full-time
implement, periodically update, and review on tobacco control. Both Singapore and Thailand
comprehensive multisectoral national tobacco have strong tobacco control policies in place with
control strategies, plans, and programmes (Article support from a significant number of national-
5). Generally, many countries still lack the level tobacco control staff, while other countries
necessary structural, human, financial, and in the region are gradually making progress in
technical resources to implement cost-effective building national capacity (human and financial
and sustainable tobacco control programmes. resources) to strengthen their tobacco control
implementation.
Country National Mechanism for Tobacco Control
Brunei High Level Committee for Tobacco Control (JKKT)

Cambodia Inter-Ministerial Committee for Education and Reduction on Tobacco Use (IMC)
Indonesia None, only Ministry of Health (MOH) Focal Point
Lao PDR National Tobacco Control Committee
Malaysia Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Secretariat
Myanmar Central Tobacco Control Committee
Philippines National Tobacco Control Coordinating Office, Department of Health
Singapore Health Promotion Board
Thailand National Committee for Tobacco Control
Vietnam Vietnam Steering Committee on Smoking and Health (VINACOSH)
60
61
_
ASEAN summary tables (chapter 1 11)
Country World Population Cigarette Prevalence of Smoking (%) % Smokeless Tobacco Consumption (Total Number)
Bank Size Per Capita Adult Youth (13-15 years) Adult
Income (in '000) * Consumption
Group (in 2010) Male Female Total Boys Girls Total Male Female
(number of
smokers)
Brunei High 406.2 - 34.9 3.9 18.0 17.1 6.7 12 3.1 6.6
(70,807) (12,195) (25,963)
Cambodia Low 14,962.6 455 39.1 3.4 19.5 7.9 5 6.3 0.7 12.7
(1,477,000) (24,000) (526,000)
Indonesia Lower 248,818.1 1,115 67.4 4.5 36.1 41 3.5 20.3 1.5 2
Middle (61,400,000) (1,277,300) (1,655,300)
Lao PDR Lower 6,644.0 429 43 8.4 25.5 14.3 1.1 8 1.1 8.0
Middle (876,391) (18,289) (138,080)
Malaysia Upper 29,948.0 491 43.9 1.0 23.1 30.9 5.3 18.2 0.9 0.6
Middle (4,747,000) (95,121) (60,000)
Myanmar Low 61,573.8 187 33.6 6.1 22 13 0.5 6.8 51.4 16.1
(8,863,800) (2,862) (4,567)
Philippines Lower 99,384.5 1,016 47.7 9 28.3 12.9 5.3 8.9 2.8 1.2
Middle (17,300,000) (834,000) (357,000)
Singapore High 3,844.8 517 23.1 3.8 13.3 9 4 6** - -

(356,000)
Thailand Upper 68,251.0 540 39.0 2.1 19.9 20.1 3.8 11.7 1.1 5.2
Middle (10,765,806) (286,300) (1,460,000)
Vietnam Lower 89,708.9 863 47.4 1.4 23.8 5.9 1.2 3.3 0.3 2.3
Middle (15,300,000) (92,000) (752,000)
* Population size in 2013
** The data is based on age range 13-16 and the definition is smoked once in the past 30 days
_
Country Annual Average Government Budget % Tobacco Sale of Violators of Secondhand Smoke Health Warnings Period of Countries Disclosure of
Deaths Monthly (per capita in USD) Tax Burden Single Sticks Smoke-free Policy (SHS) Compliance That Have Information on
Due to Major Expenditure for as Fines No fine, % Youth % Youth Pictorial Text Only by Tobacco Banned Relevant
Tobacco- Manufactured Percentage Imposed give exposed exposed Health Warnings Industry for False or Constituents and
Related Cigarette Tobacco Health of Retail (in USD) advice to SHS to SHS Warnings Latest Set Misleading Emissions of
Diseases (in (USD) >
_ Control Price and in home outside (PHWs) of PHWs Descriptors Tobacco Products
(Estimates) 15 years old warning home
Brunei - - 1.36 676.7 62* Banned (2005) 790.74 39.7 56.4 75% front Less than 6 3
and back months (2012)
Cambodia 9,650 7 0.0015 - 22-28 Allowed 3 31.5 43 30% front
(KHR 28,000) and back
Indonesia 190,260 37.4 - 21.6 59 Allowed 5,587 68.8 78.1 40% front 18 months 3 3
(IDR 369,948) and back (2012) (2012)
Lao PDR 4,807 11.41 0.32 - 16-19.7 Banned (2009) 3 36.5 50.1 30% front
(LAK 92,421) and back
Malaysia 11,056 55.9 0.028 214 46* Banned (2004) 3,030 48.7 64.1 50% front; Less than 7 3 3
(MYR 178.8) 60% back months (2009) (2009)
Myanmar 71,060 - - - 50 Banned (2006) 156-780 32.2 38.4 3
Philippines 87,600 7.7 0.003 12.6 53 Allowed 11-257 42.9 57.9 30% front 3
(PHP 326.4) only** (2014)
Singapore 2049 - 26.22 844.56 71* Banned (2002) 756 - - 50% front 12 months 3 3
and back (2012) (2013)
Thailand 50,710 22.8 0.147 48.79 70 Allowed 6-65 45.7 67.6 85% front 6 months 3 3
(THB 697.57) and back*** (2006) (2010)
Vietnam 40,000 7 0.0004 28.94 41.6 Allowed 5-14 58.5 71.2 50% front 6 -10 months 3
(VND 135,000) and back (2012)
*The estimate was calculated based on premium cigarette brand
62
** First set of 50% PHWs will come into force in 2015
*** New set of 85% PHWs will come into force on 23 September 2014
63
_
Country Status of Legislation on Tobacco Ban Menthol Licensing Banned % Youth Susceptibility to Tobacco Tobacco Industry
TAPS Ban Advertising Ban at POS TAPS and Fruit- of Kiddie Packs Advertising and Promotion Undermines
Regulation Status of via Flavored Tobacco (Less Than Cigarette Youth who have Tobacco Control
of POS Pack Internet Cigarettes Retailers 20-Stick Per advertising on object with a Using Legal
Ads Display Sold (in USD) Pack) billboard seen cigarette Challenges
by youth brand on it
Brunei Almost Ban Banned, 7 3 (240.12) 3 - 6.7 -
total ban effective 2011 BND 300 (2005)
Cambodia Almost Ban Display only 1 7 3 7 7 - - -

total ban pack per brand
Indonesia Partial No Ban Allowed 7 3 7 7 89.3 11.3 6 court cases

ban
Lao PDR Partial No Ban Allowed 7 3 7 7 58.4 12.3

ban
Malaysia Partial Ban Allowed 3 3 7 3 - 9.2 3 court cases

ban (2010)
Myanmar Partial - - 7 3 7 7 69.4 8.8 -

ban
Philippines Partial No Ban Allowed 7 3 7 7 80.7 10.1 9 court cases

ban
Singapore Almost Ban Display of any 1 3 Menthol (288.14) 3 - - -

total ban pack per variant flavour only SGD 360 (2002)
Thailand Almost Ban Banned, 3 Menthol (1.3) 7 - 9.3 8 court cases

total ban effective 2005 flavour only THB 40
Vietnam Almost Ban Display of any 3 3 In urban, cities: 3 56.4 11.3 -

total ban 1 pack, box or (28.5) (1st May, 2016)
carton per brand VND 600,000
In rural, provinces:
(14.3)
VND 300,000
_
Country Tobacco Number of % of Total Sustainable Funding Types of Funding Mechanism/Source Human Resource and Mechanism
Farming Tobacco Employment Health Funding Within the Treasurer Budget Dedicated Tax National Number of Government Number of
(Total area Growers promotion/ mechanism Ministry of Mechanism for Staff Working on NGOs Working
planted in (ha)) tobacco for tobacco Health budget Tobacco Control Tobacco Control on Tobacco
control fund control Full-Time Part-Time Control
Brunei NA NA 3 Health Promotion 3 14 23 -

Center, Ministry
of Health Brunei
Cambodia 8,308 13,000 0.17 3 7 5 2
Indonesia 228,770 689,360 0.64 7 8 - 54
Lao PDR No No 3 Lao PDR Tobacco 3 - 3 -

Information Information Control Fund
2% profit tax plus
LAK 200 (per pack)
Malaysia 2,526 3,204 0.11 3 Malaysian Health 3 7 2 3

Promotion Board
(MySihat)
Myanmar No No 3 - 5 3
Information Information
Philippines 35,730.04 55,533 0.16 3 10 1 5
Singapore NA NA 3 Singapore Health 3 24 - 2

Promotion Board
Thailand 28,384,96 49,166 0.13 3 Thai Health Promotion 3 38 - 12

Foundation (ThaiHealth)
2% surcharge levied on
excise tax from alcohol
and tobacco
Vietnam 26,161 220,000 0.44 3 Vietnam Tobacco 3 8 3 4
Control Fund
1%st excise tax, effective
64
1 May, 2013; 1.5% from
1st May, 2016; and
2% from 1st May, 2019
* None full time at Ministry of Health but 7 full time at FDA/NADFC (National Agency for Drugs and Food Control)
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Tobacco Control ASEAN

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Tobacco Control ASEAN

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The ASEAN

Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance

Second Published: September 2014, 1,000 copies

Copyright Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA)

Tan Yen Lian

Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance

Foreword iii . Average monthly expenditure for manufactured

Acknowledgements vi Chapter 3: Tobacco Prices and Taxes 13

We will continue to commit our best to advance tobacco

Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance

Vision: "Towards a healthy, tobacco-free ASEAN"

39.1% 3.4% 47.7% 9%

Malaysia 23.1% 3.8%

67.4% 4.5% Male smoking prevalence is highest in

* ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations.

Eastern Mediterranean and Africa 9%

World cigarette consumption by region

Americas 11% Asia Pacific 56%

ASEAN has 121 million adult smokers,

ASEAN region has 10% of world's smokers

Vietnam, 12.63% Brunei, 0.06%

Myanmar, 7.32% Lao PDR, 0.72%

Adult Smoking 17,300,000

Numbers don't lie: percentage of

Smoking prevalence: Percentage of adult male and female smokers in ASEAN

Regional cigarette per capita consumption (2000 and 2010)

male adults in ASEAN smoke

Average Age of Initiation

Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand* Vietnam

Numbers don't lie: smoking among girls (13-15 years)

* The data is based on currently use any tobacco product

Myanmar (2011) 14.7%

Philippines (2011) 10.5%

Thailand (2009) 8.6%

Brunei (2013) 21.9 68.4

Most Indonesian smokers are between 10 and 25 years old

Tobacco industry recruits replacement smokers

190,260 Indonesians/year New Indonesian smokers aged 10-14

THB 11.2 billion (USD 3.74 billion) of direct and

PHP 177 billion (USD 4.09 billion)

MYR 2.92 billion (USD 790.47 million)

IDR 18.5 trillion*

Proportion of annual deaths (per 100,000) attributable to tobacco in ASEAN

Average monthly expenditure for manufactured

Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam

Comparison of tobacco control and health budgets in ASEAN (2012-2014)

Annual tobacco expenditure = Lost opportunities

Indonesia Annual spending on

Philippines Annual expenditure of

Thailand Annual expenditure

Vietnam Average annual spending =

Marlboro Gold (6.47)

Tobacco tax burden on cigarette as percentage of retail price (2014)

Higher tax rates, higher revenues, and reduced smoking prevalence

(Million USD) 2,262 (%)

Highest tobacco tax burden in ASEAN: Singapore

Philippines Tax rate PHP 2.72-28.30/pack PHP 12 or 25/pack

Thailand 85% of ex-factory price 87% of ex-factory price

Cigarette tax systems in ASEAN

invoice price 10% import VAT invoice value, Profit tax

production cost, USD 0.40/pack production cost

Malaysia MYR 0.25/stick, and 5% MYR 0.20/stick N/A