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Rule of Huge Error: If you have a single outlier, then you can discard it with 98% confidence if
any of the following conditions are met.
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5 8 6
8 14 5
15 4
Dixons Q-test: If you have a single outlier, and your data has a normal distribution, then you can
discard the outlier if . Order the data values in increasing or decreasing order, such that
the outlier is the final data point (xN).
3 7
8 10
11 13
*Compiled from:
-Personal webpage of Prof. James K. Hardy, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Akron, Statistical Treatment of Data at
http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/analytical/Statistics/. This has good notes for basic statistics and refers to specific tests for the rejection of data and
discusses large and small sample sets.
-Dixon's Q-test: Detection of a single outlier, which includes an Applet for doing Q-test calculations and a brief discussion on rejecting data from
small data sets, on the University of Athens Department of Chemistry website at http://www.chem.uoa.gr/Applets/AppletQtest/Appl_Qtest2.html.
Note: although much of the departments website is in Greek, this page is in English.
-Statistical Treatment of Analytical Data: Outliers (Chapter 6) by Z.B. Alfassi, Z. Boger and Y. Ronen. CRC Press: 2005. This chapter is available
for reading through Google books if your library doesnt have a copy.
Qcrit Values for Dixon's Q-test Outliers
Data points Risk of false rejection (%)
N 0.5 1 5 10
3 0.994 0.988 0.941 0.886
4 0.926 0.889 0.765 0.679
5 0.821 0.780 0.642 0.557
6 0.740 0.698 0.560 0.482
7 0.680 0.637 0.507 0.434
8 0.725 0.683 0.554 0.479
9 0.677 0.635 0.512 0.441
10 0.639 0.597 0.477 0.409
11 0.713 0.679 0.576 0.517
12 0.675 0.642 0.546 0.490
13 0.649 0.615 0.521 0.467
Grubbs T-test: This test can be used to evaluate multiple possible outliers. Start with the furthest
outlier, | | , and discard it if T > Tcrit.
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If you discard the outlier, and suspect others, then recalculate and s in order to evaluate the next
furthest point.