Answers to test yourself questions

Topic 3
3.1 Thermal concepts

1 a The thermal energy lost by one body must equal the thermal energy gained by the other because of energy
conservation.
b The changes in temperature are not, however, necessarily equal because the masses and specific heat capacities
may differ.
Q 385
2 a From the definition, Q = mc c = = = 513 J kg 1 K 1.
m 0.150 5.00
b It is the same.
3 The energy provided is 20 3.0 60 = 3600 J. Hence
0.090 420 4.0 + 0.310 c 4.0 = 3600 c = 2.8 10 3 J kg 1 K 1.

4 The energy provided is 40 4.0 60 = 9600 J. Hence

25 15.8 + 0.140 c 15.8 = 9600 c = 4.2 10 3 J kg 1 K 1. The obvious assumptions are that the liquid and
the calorimeter are heated uniformly and that none of the energy supplied gets lost to the surroundings.
5 The loss of potential energy is mgh = 1360 10 86 = 1.17 106 J. Then,
1.17 106
C = 1.17 106 = = 73 K
16 10 3
6 a C = m1c 1 + m2 c 2 = 45.0 450 + 23.0 4200 = 1.17 105 J K 1 .
Q
b Q = C =C . Hence 450 = 1.17 105 = 3.9 10 3 K s 1. For a change of
t t t t
20
temperature of 20.0 K we then require a time of = 5.2 10 3 s = 87 min.
3.9 10 3
7 The energy transferred from the water and the aluminum container is Q = 0.300 4200 10 + 0.15090010
= 13950 J. T his is used to (a) raise the temperature of ice to the melting point of 0 C, (b) melt the ice at 0 C
and (c) raise the temperature of the melted ice (which is now water) to the final temperature of 0 C. Thus
13950 = m 2200 10 + m 334 10 3 + m 4200 10. Hence, m = 0.035 kg .
8 The mass of ice is m = 20 0.06 900 = 1080 kg. So we need Q = 1080 2200 5 + 1080 334 10 3 = 3.7 108 J.
9 a Let the surface area (in square meters) of the pond be A. Then in time t the energy falling on the surface
will be Q = 600 A t . The volume of ice is V = A 0.01 and so its mass is m = ( A 0.01) 900 . Then
600 A t = ( A 0.01) 900 334 10 3. We see that the unknown surface of area cancels out and is not
0.01 900 334 10 3
required. Then, t = = 5010 s 84 min.
600
b This assumes that none of the incident radiation is reflected from the ice and that all the ice is uniformly heated.
10 a Q1 = 1.0 2200 10 = 2.2 104 J
b Q2 = 1.0 334 10 3 = 3.34 105 J
c Q3 = 1.0 4200 10 = 4.2 104 J
d In the melting stage.

physics for the IB Diploma Cambridge University Press 2015 ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF QUESTIONS 3 1
 11 The water will lose an amount of thermal energy 1.00 4200 10 = 42000 J. This energy
is used to melt the ice and then raise the temperature of the melted ice to 10C. Thus
m 334 10 3 + m 4200 10 = 42000 m = 0.112 kg .
12 Since the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is so much larger than the specific latent heat of fusion we
expect that the final temperature will be greater than the initial 30 C of the water. Then:
0.150 4200 (T 30) + 0.100 334 10 3 + 0.100 4200 T = 0.050 2257 10 3 + 0.050
4200 (100 T ). .
This long equation can be solved for T (preferably using the Solver of your calculator) to give T = 95 C.

3.2 Modelling a gas

28
13 There are = 14 moles of hydrogen and so 14 6.02 10 23 8 10 24molecules.
2
6.0
14 There are = 1.5moles.
4.0
2.0 10 24
15 3.3moles.
6.02 10 23
84 12
16 Krypton has = 4.0 moles; 4.0 moles of carbon correspond to = 3.0 g of carbon.
21 4.0
PV PV P P 12.0 105 P
17 From 1 1
= 2 2 we deduce that 1 = 2 i.e. That = 2 hence P2 = 16.0 10 Pa. (Notice the
5

n1T1 n2T2 T1 T2 295 393

change to kelvin.)
PV PV
18 From 1 1
= 2 2 we deduce that PV
1 1 = P2V 2 i.e. That 8.2 10 2.3 10
6 3
= 4.5 106 V2 hence
n1T1 n2T2
V2 = 4.2 10 3 m 3.
12 10 3
19 A quantity of 12.0kg of helium corresponds to = 3.0 10 3 mol. Then from the gas law, pV = nRT we
4
nRT 3.00 10 3 8.31 293
get P = = = 1.46 109 Paa.
V 5.00 10 3
PV 4.00 1.013 105 12.0 10 3
20 From the gas law, pV = nRT we get n = = = 1.998mol. Since the mass of
RT 8.31 293
one mole of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) is 44 g, we need 44 1.9998 = 87.9 g.

P
PV P V P n1
21 We use 1 1 = 2 2 to get = 2 and hence n2 = . In other words to reduce the pressure to half its original
n1T1 n2T2 n1 n2 2
value, half the molecules must leave the container. The original number of molecules can be found using
PV 5.00 105 300 10 6
pV = nRT to get n = = = 0.0602 and hence N = 0.0602 6.02 10 23 = 3.62 10 22 .
RT 8.31 300
N 1.81 10 22
So we will have to lose = 1.81 10 22 molecules. This will take = 603 s 10 min.
2 3.00 1019

2 ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF QUESTIONS 3 physics for the IB Diploma Cambridge University Press 2015
 22 P
b

c a

PV
hen it must be true using n =
23 Let there be n1 moles of the gas in the left container and n2 in the right. T that
RT
12 105 6.0 10 3 6.0 105 3.0 10 3
n1 = and n1 = . When the gases mix we will have n1 + n2 moles in a volume of
RT RT
P 9.0 10 3 12 105 6.0 10 3 6.0 105 3.0 10 3 P 9.0 10 3
9.0dm3 and so n1 + n2 = . Hence + = .
RT RT RT RT
12 105 6.0 + 6.0 105 3.0
This means that P = = 10 105 Pa = 10 atm.
9.0
V 0.050
24 a The cross sectional area of the piston is A = = = 0.10 m 2 . The pressure in the gas is constant and
h 0.500
F 10.0 10
equal to P = = = 1.0 104 Pa.
A 0.010
PV 1.0 104 0.050
b From the gas law, n = = = 0.206. The number of molecules is then
RT 8.31 292
N = 0.206 6.02 10 23 = 1.24 10 23.
V V 0.050 V2
c From 1 = 2 we get = hence V2 = 7.3 10 2 m 3.
T1 T2 292 425
nRT 2.0 8.31 273
25 The mass is just 28 2 = 56 g. The volume is found from V = = = 0.045 m 3.
P 1.0 105
26 The molar mass of helium is 4.00g per mole. A mass of 70.0kg of helium corresponds to
70.0 10 3 nRT 1.75 104 8.31 290
= 1.75 10 mol.
4
T
hus P= = = 1.04 105 Pa.
4.00 V 404

PV 150 10 3 5.0 10 4
27 a n = = = 3.01 10 2 mo
ol.
nRT 8.31 300
b N = nN A = 3.01 10 2 6.02 10 23 = 1.8 10 22

c M = n = 3.01 10 2 29 = 0.87 g

nRT 1.0 8.31 273

28 a V = = = 2.27 10 2 m 3
P 1.0 105
M 4.00 10 3
b We have 1 mole and so 4.00g of helium. The density is thus = = = 0.176 kg m 3.
V 2.27 10 2
32
c The change for oxygen is just the molar mass and so = 0.176 = 1.41 kg m 3.
4

physics for the IB Diploma Cambridge University Press 2015 ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF QUESTIONS 3 3
 29 Under the given changes the volume will stay the same and so the density will be unchanged.
1 3 4.0
30 We use mc 2 = kT . The mass of a molecule is = 6.64 10 23 g = 6.64 10 27 kg. Hence
2 2 6.02 10 23

3kT 3 1.38 10 23 850

c= = 2300 m s 1.
m 6.64 10 27
1 2 3 3kT M
31 From mc = kT we get c = . The mass of a molecule (in kg) is
2 2 m NA
4.0 3kT 3kN AT 3RT R
= 6.64 10 23 g = 6.64 10 27 kg. Hence c = = = since k = .
6.02 10 23 m M M NA

1 2 3 3
32 a mc = kT = 1.38 10 23 300 = 6.2 10 21 J
2 2 2
1 2 1 c m2 2 N A 32
b m1c 1 = m2 c 22 1 = = = = 8
2 2 c2 m1 1 N A 4

4 ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF QUESTIONS 3 physics for the IB Diploma Cambridge University Press 2015