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WIRELESS CHANNELS
The radio path between the user and base station is
not free from obstacles.
We wont get Line of sight with BS very often.
Classification
of meters)
Small-scale propagation models
Ae effective aperture.
The validity of Friis law is restricted to the far field of the
antenna or Fraunhofer region
far-field distance df is
smooth.
Diffraction
Scattering
Reflection
Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic
wave impinges upon an object which has very large
dimensions when compared to the wavelength of the
propagating wave. Reflections occur from the surface of the
earth and from buildings.
Diffraction
Bending of waves around the edges of an obstacle is
called diffraction.
d'
d''
This model considers both the direct path and a
ground reflected propagation path between
transmitter and receiver.
ETOT = ELOS + Eg
Let E0 is the free space E-field (V/m) at a reference
distance d0 from the transmitter, then for d> d0
E(d,t) =
ETOT = ELOS + Eg
Method of Images to find = d- d
when the T-R separation distance d is very large
compared to ht + hr, Using Taylors approximation
Phase Difference =
By Exterior angle theorem =+
d1 d2
h= ( d + d)
1 2
Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction parameter (v)
= .v2 /2
Fresnel Zones
Fresnel zones represent successive regions where
secondary waves originates.
Where
Receiver
The radar cross section (RCS) of a scattering object is
defined as the ratio of the power density of the signal
scattered in the direction of the receiver to the power
density of the radio wave incident upon the scattering
object.
The bistatic radar equation is used to compute the
received power
Wave Guiding
Wave Guiding explains the propagation in street
canyons, corridors, and tunnels, which resembles like
a wave guide.
The materials are lossy (dielectric).
h( ) = a1( 1) + a2( 2)
where a = |a| exp(j)
= 2 1
Multiple propagations
The ellipses are drawn with TX and RX at the focal
points.
Rays that undergo a single interaction with an object
on a specific ellipse arrive at the RX at the same time.
The channels are delay-dispersive if the IOs in the
environment are not all located on a single ellipse
In a realistic environment the multipath waves never
lie exactly on a single ellipse.
l = d cos
Distance = Velocity x Time
d= v . t
l= v . t . Cos
Now, d= v.t
so
We assumed that the user is going at a constant speed,
so v is constant, hence y(vt,t) will become a function
of t alone
y(t) =
So from the previous expression it is clear that the
mobile radio channel can be modeled as a linear time
varying channel, where the channel changes with time
and distance.
Our multipath channel is a bandlimited channel
(i.e) finite bandwidth
So it is described by a complex baseband impulse
response hb(t, ) with the input and output are
complex envelope representations of the transmitted
and received signals.
where c(t) and r(t) are the complex envelopes of x(t) and
y(t). And they are given by
Applications for channel models
1. For the design, testing, and type approval of wireless
systems (i.e) to compute the parameters that affect
the channel performance.
2. To simulate the real time characteristics of the
channel before physical implementation of base
station.
Methods
1. Stored channel impulse responses