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0.0582
Fr = 0.14
Nm = 1.1212
Therefore, power P = N P N 3D 5A N m
Fr
kg rev3
= 2.0 950 1.53 0.615 1.1212 3 m5
m sec 3
= 607.24 W
32
mixing of fluids
D 2T1 D3T1
V1 = H1 = (8-35)
4 4
33
mixing of fluids
V2 D3T 2 4 D3
= = T3 2 (8-36)
V1 D T1 4
3
D T1
1
DT2 V 3
R= = T2 (8-37)
D T1 VT1
or
D A 2 D T 2 W2 H 2 J 2 E 2
R= = = = = =
D A1 D T1 W1 H1 J1 E1
n
1 n D
N 2 = N1 = N1 T1 (8-38)
R DT2
34
mixing of fluids
P
N 3D 2A (8-39)
V
For scale-up from system 1 to system 2 involving geometrically
similar tanks and same liquid properties, the following equations can
be applied:
N1DA1 = N2DA2
N2 D
= A1 (8-40)
N1 D A 2
Example 8-3
Scraper blades set to rotate at 35 rpm are used for a pilot plant
addition of liquid ingredients into a body-wash product. What should
the speed of the blades be in a full-scale plant, if the pilot and the
full-scale plants are geometrically similar in design? Assume scale-
up is based on constant tip speed, diameter of the pilot plant scraper
blades is 0.6 m, and diameter of the full-scale plant scraper blades
is 8 ft.
Solution
The diameter of the full scale plant scraper blades = 8.0 0.3048
= 2.4384 m (2.4 m).
Assuming constant tip speed,
N2 D
= A1 (9-42)
N1 D A 2
35
mixing of fluids
N1 D A1
N2 =
DA2
=
(35) (0.6)
(2.4)
= 8.75 rpm
Example 8-4
During liquid makeup production, color pigments (i.e., solid having
identical particle size) are added to the product via a mixer. In the
pilot plant, this mixer runs at 6,700 rpm and has a diameter head of
0.035 m. Full-scale production is geometrically similar and has a mixer
head diameter of 0.12 m. Determine the speed of the full-scale produc-
tion mixer head. What additional information is required for the motor
to drive this mixer? Assume that power curves are available for this
mixer design, and the scale-up basis is constant power/unit volume.
Solution
For constant power per unit volume, Equation 8-39 is applied: P/V
N3D2A or N13D2A1 = N23D2A2. Therefore,
23
D
N 2 = N1 A1
DA2
23
N 2 = 6, 700
0.035
0.12
36
mixing of fluids
N2 = 2,946.7 rpm
N2 2,950 rpm
ND 2A
N Re =
The plant must be provided with the viscosity of the product and its
density after addition of the pigments.
Example 8-5
A turbine agitator with six flat blades and a disk has a diameter of
0.203 m. It is used in a tank with a diameter of 0.61 m and height of
0.61 m. The width is W = 0.0405 m. Four baffles are used with a
width of 0.051 m. The turbine operates at 275 rpm in a liquid having
a density of 909 kg/m3 and viscosity of 0.02 Pas.
Calculate the kW power of the turbine and kW/m3 of volume. Scale
up this system to a vessel whose volume is four times as large, for
the case of equal mass transfer rate.
Solution
ND 2A
N Re =
= 8, 578.1
NRe 8,600
37
mixing of fluids
kg rev3
P = (6.0)(909)(4.583)(0.2035) 3 3
m5
m sec
The original tank volume V1 = D3T1/4. The tank diameter DT1 = 0.61:
( )(0.61)3
V1 =
4
V1 = 0.178m3
P 0.1806
=
V 0.178
= 1.014 kW/m 3
V2 D3T 2 4 D3T 2
R= = =
V1 D3T1 4 D3T1
1
V 3 D
R = 2 = T2 (8-37)
V1 D T1
where V2 = 4V1
V2 = 4 (0.178)
= 0.712 m 3
1
R = ( 4) 3 = 1.587
38
mixing of fluids
N 2 = N1
1 3
(8-38)
R
= 4.58
1 3
1.587
= 3.37 rev/sec
N 2 D 2A 2
N Re =
= 15,880.9
NRe 16,000
kg rev3
P2 = (6.0)(909)(3.37)3 (0.322)5 3 3
m5
m sec
P2 = 722.57 W
39
mixing of fluids
P2 0.723
=
V2 0.712
= 1.015 kW/m3
t S ( N SD 2AS ) t L ( N L D 2AL )
23 16 23 16
g D1AS2 g D1AL2
= (8-43)
H1S 2 D3TS2 H1L 2 D3TL2
2 3 4 1 1
N L 3 D TL 2 D AS 3 D AS 2 H L 2
= (8-44)
NS D TS D AL D AL H S
HL D
= AL (8-45)
HS D AS
D TL D
= AL (8-46)
D TS D AS
40
mixing of fluids
2 3 4 1 1
N L 3 D AL 2 D AS 3 D AS 2 D AL 2
= (8-47)
NS D AS D AL D AL D AS
2 1
NL 3 D AL 6
=
NS D AS
or
1
NL D AL 4
= (8-48)
NS D AS
PL PS
= (8-49)
N L D AL
3 5
N S3 D 5AS
where
3 5
PL N L D AL
= (8-50)
PS N S D AS
0.75 5
PL D AL D AL
= (8-51)
PS D AS D AS
or
5.75
PL D AL
= (8-52)
PS D AS
41
mixing of fluids
The power per unit volume P/V for both large- and small-scale
systems is:
D3TL
PL
PL VL 4
=
PS VS D3TS
PS
4
3
P D
= L TS (8-53)
PS D TL
( P V)L D
5.75
D AS
3
= AL
( P V )S D AS D AL
2.75
D
= AL (8-54)
D AS
42
Table 8-7
Ef fect of equipment size on rotational speed needed for the same mixing time
abler
Effect
Relationship
between N and D Equipment Equation Investigator
0.25
ND 2 p D 2 N 2
N D1/6 Propellers, no baffles Not zero =9 van de Vusse [17]
V gZ L
0.3
2 2
0.2
N D0.1 to Paddles, turbines Not zero Q D N
van de Vusse [17]
V gZ L
N = constant Propellers, paddles, turbines Zero van de Vusse(17)
C1Z1L 2 T
N D1/5 Propellers Zero = 46 16 Fox and Gex [18]
N1Re6 ND 2
( ) g
N D1/4 Turbines Zero Norwood and Metzner [26]
Source: Gray, J. B., Mixing I Theory and Practice, V. W. Uhl and J. B. Gray, Eds. Academic Press Inc., 1966.
43
mixing of fluids
mixing of fluids
The power per unit volume P/V for both large- and small-scale
systems is:
D3TL
PL
PL VL 4
=
PS VS D3TS
PS
4
3
P D
= L TS (8-53)
PS D TL
( P V)L D
5.75
D AS
3
= AL
( P V )S D AS D AL
2.75
D
= AL (8-54)
D AS
44
mixing of fluids
REFERENCES
45