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Chad
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The Republic of Chad is often referred to as the Dead Heart of Africa because it is
landlocked and a large portion of the country is desert.
After gaining independence from France in 1960, infighting between the Muslim
north and the Christian south morphed into a civil war that lasted until 1990 and
destroyed much of the limited infrastructure. The United Nations has listed Chad as
being in a humanitarian crisis since 2001.
Despite deposits of gold and uranium, and status as an oil-producing country, the
people are poverty-stricken. There are concerns surrounding how the country will
use their oil revenues, especially given its status as the most corrupt country in the
world.
Culture Overview
Religion
Three religions coexist with relative harmony in Chad: Islam, Christianity

and traditional African religions, referred to as Animist.
Early Arab migrants spread Islam throughout Chad during the 13th and
14th century. Today, Muslim communities are rooted mainly in the North,
and followers of Islam comprise over half of the population. A majority are
proponents of a mystical Islam, Tijaniyah, which incorporates beliefs and
practices from native religions. Unlike Christianity, Muslim worship
incorporates rules for daily life, such as pausing to pray five times daily or
fasting during daylight hours throughout the month of Ramadan. While
Chadian Muslims tend to be non-fundamentalist, they still practice these
important rituals.
Christianity was introduced to Chad in the 19th century prior to French

colonization. Early Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries were
unbending when it came to including local beliefs and their influence was
limited because of it. Today less than one third of the population is
Christian. This group resides mainly in Southern Chad.
Traditional African religions are referred to as Animist so termed

because of the core belief that everything, from trees to animals to
ancestors is animated. They are still strong in Chadian society.
Manifesting more like local culture than converting religion, many followers
http://kpmg.culturewizard.com/DesktopModules/RW3Modules/CP2014/PrintView.aspx... 8.2.2017.
of Animism also subscribe to Islam, and a few to Christianity. Animism,

Islam and Christianity share the belief in a supreme creator, which aids
their co-existence.
The Chadian Constitution demands a separation of religion and state;

Many powerful leaders and figureheads follow Islam. Some have been
accused of showing favoritism to Muslim institutions, but generally religion
is kept separate from politics. Occasionally tensions rise between closely
situated Muslim and Christian communities, but rarely lead to violence.
Holidays from all three religions are nationally recognized.
Role of Women
The way women are viewed varies by the region, with women in the south
generally being afforded a higher status, although they remain less
important than men.
Despite the fact that gender equality is guaranteed in the Constitution,

traditional sexual roles abound. This is especially true in Muslim areas.
Women are seen primarily as homemakers and responsible for child care.
Many work outside the house in agricultural pursuits.
Women are less likely to attend school and it is estimated that less than
25% of Chadian women are literate. This society is dominated by men who
occupy important posts in the government, military, and other public
sectors. In addition, Chad has one of the highest rates of under-age
marriage in the world.
Women in urban areas are generally better educated than their rural
counterparts and this helps them get jobs in both the public and business
sectors.
Given the Muslim influences, Chadian women tend to wear conservative

clothing. In the north, many women cover their heads.
NGOs often provide micro-financing for women to start their own small
company. These tend to be in sales, primarily in fabrics, jewelry, apparel,
shoes, and beauty products.
View of Foreign Women

Foreign woman have more freedoms than Chadian women; however, it is
important that foreign women adjust their behavior in keeping with the
conservative nature of the culture. This includes dressing appropriately and
conservatively.
Chadian businessmen may not initially be comfortable dealing with a

foreign businesswoman as equals since they are not accustomed to
women in positions of authority. Women may be asked repeated questions
about their credentials and experience until the Angolan businessman is
confident that the businesswoman is an expert.
Tips for Businesswomen

Businesswomen should expect to have limited roles in Chad. In some
cases, they may not even be acknowledged. Very religious Muslims will
generally not treat businesswomen as equals. In fact, many will refuse to
have anything to do with them.
A businesswoman should wait for the Chadian businessman to extend his

hand if she is introduced. If the businessmans hand is not forthcoming, the
woman should bow her head slightly and offer a verbal greeting.
Foreign businesswomen should cover your hair with a scarf, especially in

the north of the country. Do not expose any part of your body, including the
collar-bone, legs, or arms. The ideal clothing is a long skirt and flowing top
that completely covers the silhouette.
Chadians retain a traditional view of appropriate behavior for a woman.

Therefore, do not mention your living arrangements if you are cohabitating.
Establishing Credibility
Modify your speech pattern if you come from a culture that is direct and to
the point. Chadians tend towards an emotional, indirect, circular, and
ambiguous speech pattern. Although you do not want to mirror this, it is a
good idea to include more adverbs and adjectives.
Any correction that has to be done should come from a man. It would be
deeply offensive and shameful to have such communication coming from a
woman.
Businesswomen should expect to be excluded from business dinners and

socializing.
Businesswomen should be ready to assert themselves when necessary. It

is quite common for support staff to place the businesswoman's requests
after those of every man in the office.
Foreign women may be afforded "honorary man" status while they are in
the country.
View of Foreigners
Though Chadians are friendly and very relaxed, they expect foreigners to
respect their cultural and religious traditions. Given the strong patriarchal
culture and adherence to Islam, it is imperative that foreigners behave in a
circumspect manner and adhere to basic rules concerning clothing and
appropriate actions.
Cross Culture Tips
The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

ICAM169; Cultural Model. They are designed to help you work and
understand people from other cultural backgrounds.
Please keep in mind that not all people from any given culture act the
same, but in order to describe cultural traits, we had to make
generalizations, which may not apply in some cases. Perhaps the most
important tip we can provide is that when interacting across cultures, you
need to approach every situation with an understanding of the basic tenets
of a given culture and yet remain alert to the specific cultural signals you
receive in each situation and adjust your behavior and expectations
accordingly.
Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

The defining characteristics of this dimension are:
How society is structured

How power is allocated or earned
Tolerance for social mobility
How organizations are structured and run
The amount of responsibility and control employees are given
Chad is hierarchical, so when interacting with people from Chad, you

should remember the following tips:
You will need to give clear, explicit directions regarding duties,

deadlines, and decisions.
As a manager, you will be expected to demonstrate an authoritative
leadership style.
Do not expect employees to display individual initiative; they expect
to take direction from the leader.
Be aware that people expect to be treated differently based on their
socio-economic backgrounds or levels in the organization.
Show the appropriate level of deference and respect, through
language and behavior, to the more senior members of society.
Expect to encounter more bureaucracy in organizations and
government agencies.
Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

status
The importance of protocol and etiquette
The appropriate use of titles, surnames and honorifics
The appropriateness of discussing personal matters at work
Appropriate ways of meeting people, building relationships and

entertaining
Chad is a formal society. When you interact with people from Chad:
Address people by their appropriate title and name. Do not move to

first-name basis until invited.
In general, it is best to use the formal tense when using the local
language.
Status is important and you may be judged on the image you present,
the clothes you wear and where you live and what car you drive.
These external cues matter to locals.
Do not ask personal questions in a social setting unless you have
developed a close relationship with someone. Check to be certain it
is proper to use social functions to network.
Check with a colleague or local national about rules of protocol and
etiquette about specific circumstances since being correct with
etiquette is important.
Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

The degree of directness or subtlety in the language
The relative importance of contextual versus tactical information in
conveying a message
The need to maintain harmony and dignity when communicating
The degree to which a society uses conciseness and clarity versus
eloquent language when communicating
Chad is a direct communication culture. The following tips will give you
clues about how you might handle communication with Chadian
colleagues:
It is important to stand by your word when you make a commitment.

In general, you will be judged on your words rather than your non-
verbal behavior.
Participants in a meeting may take turns speaking or they may speak
over the other person if they believe they understood the message. In
general, the goal is to continue the conversation to a logical
conclusion.
Brevity is appreciated in all kinds of communications. This is
especially true in business.
Do not be surprised if people offer direct praise, criticism or feedback,
even in a public forum such as a meeting or presentation.
Fluid vs. Controlled Time

The degree to which people feel that they can control time
The relative importance of relationships vs. schedules
Attitudes towards timekeeping and punctuality
Comfort level with short range vs. longer term planning

The feasibility / appropriateness of assigning set times for social
functions or business meetings to start and finish
Chad is a Fluid Time culture. The following tips will give you clues about
how you may best interact with Chadians around time issues:
Time schedules and deadlines are not necessarily considered final.

Tending to relationships may be more important.
Given their exposure to global business standards, people generally
know that foreigners value promptness and they may strive to
comply. This may be less pronounced when meeting with
government officials.
There is generally a large window of accepted lateness for social
events in someones house.
It may be rude to interrupt a colleague who is taking a long time to
deliver a message, and brevity to maintain time schedules is not
considered a virtue.
External vs. Internal Control

The degree to which people feel they control their environment and
destiny-or the degree to which they feel their environment and
destiny control them
Openness to change and innovation
The preference for rules and structure
Willingness to take risks
The degree to which organizational practices encourage and reward
initiative and risk taking, and allow failure
Chad Islands is an External Control society. When interacting with people

from Chad, you should remember the following tips:
People in these societies are typically quite risk averse and the
society is not readily forgiving of failure.
People in this society look for strong, directive leadership.
Management is often paternalistic and care-taking towards
employees.
Don't expect changes to be readily embraced and be prepared for
considerable resistance even after youve been able to demonstrate
the value of a proposed change.
While employees and colleagues in Chad may show a great deal of
competence, dont be surprised if they dont show much initiative.
When introducing initiatives, be prepared for considerable discussion
and debate and other actions that demonstrate resistance.
Balance vs. Status Motivation

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

How status and success are defined by a society
The presence or absence of government-sponsored initiatives

relating to family welfare benefits
The source of an individual's identity and self-esteem
Tolerance for blurring the lines between professional and personal
lives
Chad is a Balance-Motivation culture. When interacting with people from

Chad, you should remember the following tips:
Individuals value their personal and family time.

Personal identity, status and sense of personal accomplishment are
derived from family, education and pursuits outside of the workplace.
Employees see a clear distinction between work time and personal
time and rarely blur those lines.
Family obligations will take precedence over professional loyalties or
advancement.
People are reluctant to permanently relocate and leave family and
friends.
Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

The relative importance of the individual versus the group
Whether legal systems will protect the rights of the individual or focus
on the group as a whole
Whether individuals prefer to work alone or be part of a group
Whether work teams operate as a seamless entity or as cooperating
individuals
The value of individual contributions vs. teamwork in accomplishing
and rewarding business goals
The roles and responsibilities of individuals to other family members
The appropriate levels of self-assertion and self-promotion within a
society
Chad is group-oriented culture. The following will help you when you
interact with people from Chad:
People value their role as a team member and identify themselves

first as part of a group, then as an individual.
They may be uncomfortable if too much focus is placed on them
individually.
In general, people will consult with others before stating their opinion.
Individuals are not generally comfortable taking credit for their
accomplishments, preferring the praise to be given to the entire
group.
Promotions tend to be based on seniority and relationships rather
than performance.
Individuals feel a strong sense of responsibility for family members.
Decision making may be a slow process since consensus is

important. Once a decision is reached, implementation may be quite
rapid.
Interpersonal vs. Transactional Relationships

What constitutes a relationship

What are the expectations
Whether trust is deemed critical to building social or business
relationships
What takes precedence in making a business decision: the people
involved or other more objective business criteria
The pace and degree of formalized rituals in building new
relationships
The appropriateness of mixing business and pleasure, or
professional and personal lives
Chad is an interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When you have

business or social interactions with people from Chad, you will want to
remember these points:
Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

and ritualized.
In general, relationship building takes time and attention. In return,
once developed, relationships are long lived.
Expect to be asked personal questions. This is how locals learn more
about you as a person so that they can be learn if the type of person
with whom they want a relationship.
In a business situation, personal relationships, trust and familiarity will
likely take precedence over price and perhaps even efficiency.
Employing or giving favorable treatment to family members and
friends may be good business, and what may be considered to be
"nepotism" in your culture may be openly accepted.
There are expectations that people have of relationship-based
behavior, which may include going out after work to socialize,
entertaining at ones home or even inviting someone for the weekend
and while these may be seen as casual in your culture, they carry an
underlying assumption of friendship.
Country Overview
The People
Nationality:
Noun: Chadian(s)
Adjective: Chadian
Population:
11,852,462 (July 2016 est.)
Population growth rate:

1.92% (2014 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Sara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) 25.9%, Arab 12.6%,
Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma 8.3%, Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi 7%, Gorane
6.8%, Masa/Musseye/Musgum 4.7%, Bulala/Medogo/Kuka 3.6%,
Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat 3.6%, Marba/Lele/Mesme 2.9%,
Dadjo/Kibet/Muro 2.5%, Mundang 2.5%, Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai
2.4%, Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe 2.3%, Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore 2%, Tupuri/Kera
2%, Tama/Assongori/Mararit 1.6%, Baguirmi/Barma 1.3%, Karo/Zime/Peve
1.3%, Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse 1%, other Chadian ethnicities 2.5%,
Chadians of foreign ethnicities 0.6%, foreign nationals 2.5% (Sudanese
2%) (2009 est.)
Religions:
Muslim 58.4%, Catholic 18.5%, Protestant 16.1%, animist 4%, other 0.5%,
none 2.4% (2009 est.)
Languages:
French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different
languages and dialects
Source: The World Factbook
Government
Country name:
Conventional long form: Republic of Chad

Conventional short form: Chad
Local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad
Local short form: Tchad/Tshad
Government type:
Presidential republic
Capital:
N'Djamena
Independence:
11 August 1960 (from France)
Legal system:
Mixed legal system of civil and customary law
Economy
Currency:
Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale franc (XAF)
Economy - overview:
Chads landlocked location results in high transportation costs for imported

goods and dependence on neighboring countries. Oil and agriculture are
mainstays of Chads economy. Oil provides about 60% of export revenues,
while cotton, cattle, livestock, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's
non-oil export earnings. The services sector contributes about one-third of
GDP and has attracted foreign investment mostly through
telecommunications and banking.
Nearly all of Chads fuel is provided by one domestic refinery, and

unanticipated shutdowns occasionally result in shortages. The country
regulates the price of domestic fuel, providing an incentive for black market
sales.
Chads fiscal position is encumbered by declining oil prices, though high oil
prices and strong local harvests supported the economy in recent years.
Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for much public and
private sector investment. Chad's investment climate remains challenging
due to limited infrastructure, a lack of trained workers, extensive
government bureaucracy, and corruption. Chad obtained a three-year
extended credit facility from the IMF in 2014 and was granted debt relief
under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in April 2015.
Industries:
Oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate),
soap, cigarettes, construction materials
Exports - partners:
US 58.5%, India 13.3%, Japan 11.3%, China 4.1% (2015)
Geography & Climate
Location:
Central Africa, south of Libya
Area:
Total: 1.284 million sq km
Land: 1,259,200 sq km
Water: 24,800 sq km
Land boundaries:
Total: 6,406 km
Border Countries (6): Cameroon 1,116 km, Central African Republic 1,556
km, Libya 1,050 km, Niger 1,196 km, Nigeria 85 km, Sudan 1,403 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Climate:
Tropical in south, desert in north
Terrain:
Broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest,

lowlands in south
Elevation extremes:
Lowest point: Djourab 160 m
Highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
Natural hazards:
Hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust
plagues
Environment - current issues:
Inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural

areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
Geography - note:
Note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries
Note 2: not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara
was green savannah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid
Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community,
including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last
remnant of the "Green Sahara" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-
ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline,
and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site
Note 3: Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a
remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest
extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of
four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it
covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), roughly the size
of today's Caspian Sea
Source:
The World Factbook
History Overview
The area was used as a transit area for traders as far back as the
Middle Ages. It has been a crossroads for desert Muslims and the
animist African tribes of the savanna regions.
The French entered Chad in 1891 and their military defeated the
armies of the northern and central Muslim kingdoms. The French
ultimately declared the region peaceful in 1911 although armed
clashes between their forces and resistance fighters continued.
France ruled southern Chad as a typical colony while in north and
central Chad they relied on traditional tribal and religious leaders to
administer the area.
The French made Chad, along with what is now Gabon, the Central
African Republic, and the Republic of the Congo, part of a colonial
federation called French Equatorial Africa, under a governor-general
resident at Brazzaville in what is now the Republic of the Congo.
Chad became a French overseas territory in 1946. It became
independent in 1960.
Political parties were banned in 1963, This led to violence in the
Muslim north. By 1966, it has become a guerrilla war. The French
sent troops in 1973; however, guerrillas continued wreaking havoc
through the 1980s with Libyan weapons. Libya annexed the northern
Chadian Aouzou strip in 1977.
In 1987, the government, with American and French assistance,
forced Libya out of the northern region except for the Aouzou strip
and parts of Tibesti.
In January 2002, the government and the Movement for Democracy
and Justice in Chad rebels signed a peace treaty. However, in May,
the rebels and government forces battled clash in the far north. In
January 23, the government signed a peace accord with the
National Resistance Army rebels.
In December 2003, the MDJT and the government again signed a
peace accord.
European peacekeepers were deployed along the eastern border to
protect refugees fleeing from the conflict in Darfur, Sudan in early
2004. By spring, the fighting had crossed the border.
In June 2005, the constitution was amended to allow the president to
have a third term. In November, former president Habre was arrested
in Senegal over crimes against humanity.
When President Deby passed a law to reduce the amount of oil
revenue spent on development, the World Bank suspended loans in
January 2006.
Rebels battled with government forces in April 2006 in an attempt to

overthrow President Deby. Chad cut diplomatic ties with Sudan for
backing the rebels.
In July 2006, parliament approved forming the first state oil company,
the Societe des Hydrocarbures du Tchad (SHT), to give Chad greater
control over its energy assets.
A state of emergency was declared in November 2006 along the
eastern border with Darfur. In December, the government censored
any information about the state of emergency.
In 2007, Chad and Sudan agreed to stop the conflict from crossing
their border. In September, the UN Security Council authorized a UN-
European Union peacekeeping force to protect civilians. By October,
they declared an emergency. In January 2008, the EU approved a
peacekeeping force to protect refugees from Darfur.
France sent troops in 2008 to defend the capital against rebel troops.
In March, Chad and Sudan again signed a peace accord. By May,
they were fighting again.
In July 2008, security forces killed Muslim leader Ahmat Israel
Bichara because he threatened a holy war to end fighting in
southeast Chad. The following year, eight rebel groups united to form
new rebel alliance.
In March 2009, EU peacekeepers in eastern Chad turned over to the
larger UN force, Minurcat.
The presidents of Chad and the Sudan met to normalize relationships
in February 2010. Two months later, the government agreed to let
Minurcat remain for two months after the planned end of its mandate
in March.
In April 2010, the Chad-Sudan border reopened. Darfur had forced
the closing seven years previously.
President Deby asked countries neighboring northern Nigeria to set
up a joint military force to uproot Bako Haram militants in April 2012.
His concern was that the Islamists could destabilize the Lake Chad
basin area.
In August 2012, the African Union set up a special tribunal to try
Chad's former leader Habre in Senegal. He was arrested in 2013 and
tried for crimes against humanity.
In early 2013, troops helped France drive al-Qaeda allies from
northern Mali. In April, the government sent more troops to the
Central African Republic to stabilize it after a coup. Chadian forces
have been present in the east of the country for months.
Social Etiquette
Meeting People
The way you greet someone varies by religion, region and sex. Greetings
between men may include a handshake, although it may also simply
involve nodding the head. When shaking your hand with a Muslim, the man
may touch his hand to your heart after the handshake to indicate that he
wishes you peace.
Greetings between women are often verbal, especially in Muslim areas.

Greetings between men and women involve nodding the head.
The social conversations that take place during the greeting are extremely
important. Expect to converse on your health and wellbeing and that of
your family. In some areas in the south, it is impolite to look into the eyes of
someone older than yourself or someone in a position of authority. Elders
may be called "mother" or "father", even if there is no familial relationship.
It is socially acceptable to introduce yourself at a gathering if the host has

not. Introduce yourself to elders first, then men in a rough approximation of
their perceived status, and then women.
Gift Giving
Chadians may exchange gifts within the family and with close friends for
birthdays and dates of religious significance in a person's life, such as
Christmas for Christians or Eid for Muslims. However, gift giving is not an
elaborate transaction. If you choose to give a gift to someone, avoid
anything expensive.
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they are permitted under company policy):
Hostess gifts are not expected, although they are appreciated, as

long as they are not so expensive that the hosts could never
reciprocate.
If invited to dinner at a Chadians home, you may bring chocolates,
pastries or a similar treat.
Do not bring alcohol, unless you know your host imbibes. In such
cases, cognac makes an excellent gift from a business associate.
Do not give flowers, which are usually reserved for weddings or the
ill, unless you know that the hosts would appreciate them.
A gift for the children is generally well-received.
Give gifts with the right hand or both hands if the gift is heavy.
Gifts are not generally opened when received.
Entertaining
How Chadians Entertain

Chadians enjoy socializing with friends and families in their home. In the
Muslim areas, it is quite common for the sexes to be entertained

separately.
Invitations are offered in a relaxed and often nonchalant manner. It is quite

rare to receive a formal invitation.
Clap your hands as you near the front door; do not knock on the door.
In many parts of the country, it is a common practice to give a gift to the

guests when they arrive. This gift is usually something consumable like tea
or dried okra powder.
Dinner is generally served around 9 o'clock or even later.
If you are invited to a Chadians house:
For the most part, guests are not expected to arrive on time for social
occasions, although the rules may be different for foreigners. It is
best to arrive within 15 minutes of the stipulated time.
Dress casually but well. Do not wear shorts, regardless of the heat.
Greet elders immediately upon entering the house.
Allow your hosts to raise business subjects. If someone raises the
topic, you may engage in the discussion.
Table Manners
In many Chadian houses, meals are eaten on a floor mat and meals are
sexually segregated. When in doubt, watch what others are doing and
emulate their behavior.
Wait for the host or hostess to tell you where to sit. There may be a
seating plan.
When you sit on the floor around the food mat, make sure the soles
of your feet don't point at another person or the food. The optimal
position is to tuck your feet under your legs.
Do not begin eating until the host invites you to do so.
If you are eating at a table, keep your wrists visible at all times.
Your hosts may insist you try every dish and take second helpings.
Therefore, it is a good idea to initially take a small serving.
Putting your napkin on the table signifies that you have had enough
to eat.
Do not expect much conversation during the meal. It is a compliment
to devote all your attention to the food.
Do not get up immediately after the meal. It is polite to spend time
conversing with your hosts and the other guests.
Dining Out
It is customary to tip 10% at most dining establishments.
Most restaurants do not accept credit cards.
Generally, the person who extends the invitation intends to pay. You may
make an offer to pay and then gracefully allow the other person.
Reciprocate at another time.
Tipping
The following tipping hints are guidelines. You can find more explicit
information on restaurant tipping in the Dining Out section above.
Restaurants: 10%
Porters: $1 per bag
Taxis: Round up
Approach to Time
Most Chadians have a relaxed approach to life. They see time as a

bottomless lake, so there is sufficient time for everything that is important
to them. They do not adhere to strict timetables and the concept of
deadlines that are cast in stone is simply an anathema.
The lack of infrastructure, including poor roads, means communications

are often delayed. Additionally, there are insurgents and bandits along
many roads at night, thus making a timely arrival unpredictable.
Given all the impediments, it's often surprising that anything happens on
schedule. Punctuality in social situations rarely occurs, although foreigners
are expected to arrive close to the stipulated time since this is part of their
culture. For Chadians, being late is not considered rude.
Although many businesspeople attempt to arrive at meetings on time, if

they are involved in a discussion with someone else, they will not rush that
discussion in order to arrive promptly.
Conversation Topics
Chadians generally have an expressive conversational style. They speak

loudly and use a lot of non-verbal language to amplify their words.
For the most part, every conversation begins with small talk. Wait for the
Chadian to determine that it is time to move to another discussion. Sports
are extremely important to most Chadians, so it can make an excellent
topic of conversation.
As is the case in most other countries, it is best not to raise controversial

subjects such as corruption, politics or poverty.
Although you may discuss your family, it is generally best not to ask about
someones family unless you have met them. You may want to limit
discussions about your wife or daughter if you are speaking with Muslims.
Chadians do not require a great deal of distance between speakers. Do not

back up or they may move closer to close the gap.
Other Situations
Chad is a tribal country and accepted behaviors vary across the nation; For
the most part, all tribes are extremely conservative. It is generally a good
idea to start out formally and allow the Chadian to initiate further intimacy
such as using first names or nicknames.
It is considered good manners to greet someone and make polite inquiries

into their health and wellbeing before asking for assistance.
Since they are hospitable, most Chadians expect close friends or relatives
to visit them at home without a formal invitation. You may do so, but be
cautious not to arrive around meal time.
Do not knock on someone's door; clap your hands as you come up the
walk.
Many expat women report that wearing a long dress and a headscarf over
their head and shoulders reduces the amount of unwanted attention that
they receive from Chadian men and children when they are out in public.
Do not admire something a Chadian owns or their children. Many believe in

the evil eye and that discussing desires leads to bad luck.
Expect bargaining in local markets. If the seller will not come to the price
you want, be prepared to walk away.
Although Chadian women generally have a subservient position in the local

culture, foreign women are not bound by the same stringent gender roles.
In fact, foreign women may participate in both male and female activities,
while foreign men are limited to interactions with men.
Faux Pas
Keep in mind the following behavior while in Chad:
Do not wear shorts outside of the house. This clothing style is for
babies and is akin to going outside in your under-clothes.
Do not smoke in public.
Do not put your hand forward with an open palm and all fingers out.
Avoid using the left hand in public; it is the unclean hand.
Communication
Communication Essentials
Chadians tend to be expressive communicators who speak loudly and use

many hand gestures. In keeping with their involved approach to
communication, they may interrupt someone who is speaking if they
believe they know what the person is going to say or if they have
understood the main argument. If you are from a culture where interrupting
is not accepted, remind yourself that in Chad such behavior indicates the
listener is engaged in the discussion.
At the same time, Chadians are direct communicators who are not afraid to
say what is on their mind, even if it not what the other person wants to
hear.
The more serious the discussion, the more important it is that both the
speaker and the listener have a demeanor that is in keeping with the
seriousness of the topic. Chadians can get confused or irritated when a
foreigner attempts to couch bad news or smiles to ease the tension of a
conversation that is not pleasant.
Most Chadians begin each conversation with small talk. It is important to

devote as much time on this as the Chadian requires to feel comfortable.
Key Words/Phrases
Arabic and French are Chad's official languages. However, most nationals
speak one of over 120 native tribal languages as well.
English French Arabic

Yes Oui Na'am
No Non La'a
Good Morning Bonjour Sabahul khayr
Good evening Bonsoir Masa al-Khayr
Hello Allo
Greeting a male (formal): al-salm

alek
Greeting to woman (formal) al-salm
aleki
Goodbye Au revoir Ila al'likaa'
S'il vous
Please Min fadlak
plait
Thank you/td> Merci Shukran
Pleased to meet
Enchant Souedtoo bi lika'ek
you
Excuse me Pardon al-ma'dirah
Spoken Key Phrases

French
http://www.omniglot.com
The French alphabet, pronunciation guide, spoken phrases, and links to
more information.
Arabic
http://www.omniglot.com
The Arabic alphabet, pronunciation guide, spoken phrases, and links to
more information.
Language Related Videos

French
http://www.youtube.com
Video series featuring lessons on key French phrases.
http://www.ehow.com
A twenty-five video series of lessons on the French language.
Arabic
http://video.search.yahoo.com
Online language lessons for Chadian Arabic. There are several short
videos in the series.
A video featuring the top 100 useful phrases in Arabic.
A video series featuring hundreds of Arabic lessons from beginning to
advanced levels.
Using Translators
Take care in selecting a translator and develop an early understanding of
what you expect--specifically, the translation must be exact, rather than
what the translator thinks each party wants to hear.
To be on the safe side you may want to meet with the translator prior to
your appointments so that the person learns your accent and can be
exposed to any technical or non-familiar terms that may be used.
Developing a thorough relationship with your translator enables them to
argue your points with a level of confidence they might not otherwise have.
Have your translator explain to you the most elementary of basic
courtesies.
Non-Verbal Language
Intermittent eye contact is best when speaking with someone senior to

yourself in age or position, since it demonstrates respect. Intense eye
contact may be misinterpreted as a precursor to harm or danger.
Chadians generally speak loudly and engage in much facial expression

and gestures.
When you are listening to someone speak, it is not necessary to maintain

eye contact. In fact, most Chadians look past the person who is speaking.
They may even lean back and fold their arms; neither of which indicates a
lack of attention.
To beckon someone towards you, put your hand facing downward and
move all your fingers except for your thumb towards your palm.
Although Chadians generally stand close to the person with whom they are
speaking, this is only true if the person is of the same sex. When speaking
to a member of the opposite sex, greater distance is maintained.
It is quite common for people of the same sex to touch each other,
generally on the arm or shoulder, when conversing.
Mail & Telephone
Letters/Email
To demonstrate proper respect, address letters using the persons honorific
and professional title and their full name.
Since successful business relies on strong personal relationships, it is a

good idea to begin your letter with a warm introduction rather than
immediately getting to the business at hand. The final paragraph should
again include a personal statement.
Although letters may be written in English, it is better to have company

literature and brochures in both Arabic and French.
Business letters may be used to respond to direct questions, exchange

factual information, or clarify a point. They cannot replace personal contact
and should not be used to present a proposal.
Letter closings are more flowery than in many cultures. Avoid using
standard closings such as "Sincerely", which is viewed as cold and
impersonal.
Email communication should be formal and only used to exchange factual

data. Use a proper salutation including the persons title and an appropriate
closing. It is a good idea to begin with a personal comment in this
relationship-driven culture. It is common to end an email with "thanks and
kind regards".
Use short, clear sentences. Avoid using slang, jargon, and idioms, since
they are not always understood.
Telephone
Given the cultural preference for face-to-face meetings, phone calls should
be kept to a minimum. The objective in making a phone call should be to
continue to build the relationship, and to move the business objective
forward.
Presentations
Handouts
Handouts should be available in French and Arabic.

A brief written summary of the main points and the agenda should be
provided at the start of the presentation.
Handouts with additional details, background data, or charts and data
to substantiate what is presented should be given at the end of the
presentation.
Have handouts for twice as many people as you anticipate; uninvited
guests are common.
Presentation Slides/Power Point
Keep A/V slides simple and easy to read.

Steer clear of the latest bells and whistles in presentation graphics.
Hype may be thought as an indication that the speaker is attempting
to hide something from the audience.
To emphasize a point, intersperse charts and graphs with written
material.
Use diagrams and pictures when possible rather than words.
Slides should be an outline; not the presentation.
Audience
Many may arrive late.
You may ask the audience to turn off their mobile phones; not all will
comply.
Some may interrupt if they have a question or something to say.
Presenter
If you are not fluent in French, hire a local interpreter.

Work with the interpreter in advance so they become comfortable
with your material and speech pattern.
Greet each member of your audience as they arrive and ask about
the health and well-being of their family.
If someone arrives after you have begun, stop speaking until the
person greets others and is seated. Do not appear impatient or
irritated at the interruption.
Learn the appropriate greeting phrases in Arabic and French.
Establish a personal rapport with the audience before beginning the
presentation.
Although Chadians frequently use expressive hand motions, check
with your interpreter as to which are best to avoid or moderate.
Speak slowly and enunciate your words carefully so they can be
understood and/or translated.
Make eye contact with your audience; do not focus entirely on one
member.
Avoid making exaggerated claims, since hyperbole is viewed
negatively.
Use proper grammar, pronouncing words clearly and distinctly.
Relay in a subdued manner with few facial expressions and without
excessive hand gestures.
Strive not to sound arrogant or pompous.
Minimize slang, jargon, and idiomatic expressions.
Gauge the level of understanding by the audience's body language.
Opening the Presentation
Welcome the audience.

Introduce yourself.
Begin with a statement to grab the audiences attention.
Then quickly move on to the business advantages of what you are
about to discuss.
Body of the Presentation
Initial presentations should provide the big picture.

Presentations should be well-organized, succinct and to the point.
Presentations should incorporate a combination of analysis, opinion,
and facts.
Provide supporting documentation including facts and figures.
Demonstrate how your idea has worked in the past.
Provide especially if introducing new idea or concepts.
Incorporate a combination of analysis, opinion, and facts.
Examples and illustrations should be drawn from local companies or
the region.
Closing the Presentation
You may present a summary at the end of the presentation or

discuss the next steps.
End with something for the audience to think about or consider.
Thank the audience.
Leave time for a Q&A session at the end of your presentation.
Date/Time
Date
When using the Gregorian calendar, dates are generally written in the day,
month and year format with either periods or slashes between each
number. If the day or month is less than 10, leading zeroes are used.
Chadians use the four-digit format for the year. Example: July 9, 2011
could be written 09.07.2011 or 09/07/2011.
When using the Islamic calendar, the year, month and day format is used.
To ensure there is no confusion, you may want to spell out the name of the
month. This leaves no ambiguity as to what is the day and what is the
month.
Time
The 24-hour clock is a timekeeping convention where the time of a day is
the number of hours since midnight. The 12-hour clock divides the day into
two periods (midnight to noon and noon to midnight), each with 12 hours.
Thus, 2 o'clock in the afternoon would be 14:00 in the 24-hour clock.
Chadians generally communicate in writing using the 24-hour clock,

although they may use the 12-hour clock when speaking.
Business Protocol
Meeting & Greeting
Chadians are conservative in their business dealings.
Men should shake hands with each other at the beginning and end of
meetings.
Men should maintain direct eye contact during the greeting.
Businesswomen generally greet each other verbally.
A businesswoman should wait for a Chadian businessman to extend

his hand in greeting. Many Muslims will not shake hands with a
woman.
Address businesspeople by their professional or honorific title with
their surname.
Government officials may be addressed by their title alone as a sign
of respect.
Wait until invited before moving to a first-name basis.
Business Cards
Not all Chadian businesspeople have business cards, so there is no

expected ritual concerning their distribution.
When dealing with the Christian south, you may want to have one
side of your card translated into French. In the Muslim north, Arabic is
a better choice. Be cautious to use the proper card for each part of
the country.
Present your business card so it is readable by the recipient.
Give and receive business cards with your right hand only.
Treat business cards with respect.
Business Attire
The way a businessperson dresses conveys their professional image and

their respect for the people with whom they conduct business. As such,
what we report is the conservative approach to business attire for a
country. Appropriate attire varies within countries based on location, event,
and individual organization culture. Some industries and companies may
have less stringent requirements. Before embarking on an international
trip, it is generally a good idea to check with the local office to determine
what the appropriate dress code is in a specific location.
When in doubt, dress conservatively.

In the capital city and in the French-speaking, Christian south of the
country, men often wear a conservative business suit, at least to the
initial meeting.
In many organizations as well as in the Muslim north, after the first
meeting, men may be able to wear business casual, including khaki
trousers and an African print shirt. Such attire is generally fine in
outlying areas.
Even if you are told the dress is very relaxed outside of the capital,
men should not wear shorts.
Businesswomen should wear conservative clothing that is not form-
fitting. Given the Muslim influence, trouser suits are not generally
appropriate.
Skirts should cover the knee and sleeves should cover the elbow or,
preferably, be long-sleeved. African prints are generally well
received.
Lightweight clothing of natural fibers is best in the heat.
Gifts
Here are some general gift giving guidelines (but also check to be sure
they comply with company policy):
Business gifts are not part of the business culture.

Government officials may request a gift ("cadeaux") to help facilitate
a request.
Should you choose to give a gift to a business associate, consider
something for the office such as pens, desk accessories or desk
diaries.
Gifts may include the company logo.
A gift of appreciation after your business is concluded demonstrates
good manners.
If you will be returning for another visit, you might ask your
colleagues if there is anything you could bring them from your home
country.
Gifts are usually not opened when received.
Business Entertaining
Business entertaining is used to develop and nurture the personal

relationship rather than to conduct business.
Most business entertaining takes place in restaurants or hotels. It is a
sign of friendship to be invited to a Chadian's home for a meal.
The person who initiates the invitation generally pays, although it is
acceptable for the guest to offer to pick up the tab.
After you have been hosted to a meal, you may reciprocate. When
doing so, ask your guest to suggest a venue.
If you are hosting the meal, remember that credit cards are often not
accepted.
When you host a meal, urge your guests to eat more.
Do not initiate business discussions, although you may participate if
someone else begins the conversation.
Business Hours
Offices: 7:00am2:00pm Monday to Saturday and 7:00 amnoon

on Friday or 7:00am3:30pm Monday to Thursday and 7:00
amnoon on Friday
Government Offices: 7:00am3:30pm Monday to Thursday
Banks: 7:302:00pm Monday to Thursday and 7:30noon on
Friday
Retail: 9:00am12:30pm and 3:00pm6:30 pm Tuesday to
Saturday. Most retail establishments are closed Sunday and Monday.
Business Meetings
Meeting Essentials
Structure: Agendas are not common, although they may be used in

many NGOs.
Role of Leader: Given the respect for hierarchy, leaders are viewed
as the person in charge. It is their role to call the meeting, set the
agenda if one is used, facilitate the discussion, set its pace, and
decide when the meeting is over.
Purpose: A time for key stakeholders and others impacted by the
decision to state their position and discuss positives and negatives.
Who attends: Key stakeholders and relevant staff.
Who participates/speaks: Since Chadians can be direct
communicators, anyone who is present at the meeting may speak,
although it should be done respectfully when the addressing
someone of a higher status.
As do most Africans, Chadians prefer to know something about the other

person before conducting business. They expect to engage in lengthy
social conversation and getting-to-know-you discussions. In fact, if this is
your first meeting with a particular entity, the first meeting may be devoted
solely to relationship building.
Allow the most senior Chadian to steer the conversation away from social
chitchat and into the business rationale for the meeting.
It is common for business meetings to be conducted in restaurants in the

capital city.
If you have a team, introduce the members in descending order of rank

and include their professional title as well as their name.
Meetings seldom have a set ending time and generally take a great deal
more time than you might be accustomed to. Since it is important that
everyone with an opinion be afforded an opportunity to speak, and since
meetings are often subjected to repeated interruptions, they can be quite
lengthy.
Meetings are often interrupted by telephone calls or other staff stopping.

Once the interruption has been dealt with, the meeting generally resumes
quite seamlessly.
Scheduling Meetings
Business appointments should be made a few weeks in advance, although

it may be possible to schedule a meeting on short notice.
When meeting a Muslim, you may want to avoid scheduling meetings

during Ramadan. In the Christian south, it can be difficult to schedule
meetings during the Christmas and Easter periods.
The optimal time of the year to meet in southern Chad is November thru
May in order to avoid the rainy season.
Foreigners are expected to arrive on time for meetings, although they may
be kept waiting.
Agendas
Agendas may be used by NGOs or organizations in the capital city.

When used, agendas serve as a broad guideline and springboard to
discussions.
Conducting Meetings
The first step in a meeting is to develop or nurture the personal

relationship. If you are not fluent in Arabic or French, you might want to
consider bringing an interpreter to ensure you are understood.
As do most Africans, Chadians prefer to know something about the other

person before conducting business. They expect to engage in lengthy
social conversation and getting-to-know-you discussions. In fact, if this is
your first meeting with a particular entity, the first meeting may be devoted
solely to relationship building.
Allow the most senior Chadian to steer the conversation away from social
chitchat and into the business rationale for the meeting.
It is common for business meetings to be conducted in restaurants in the

capital city.
Meetings are frequently interrupted. Chadians are adept at juggling several

different conversations. You may prefer to wait until the interruption has
passed to continue discussions.
Given their expressive communication style, meetings often become

animated as several people speak over each other in an attempt to be
heard. Chadians tend to speak loudly, so when many are speaking
simultaneously, it may sound like there is an argument.
If you must discuss something that might be unpleasant, it is best to make

and appointment rather than drop in unannounced. Mediators are
frequently used to assist in what could be difficult discussions.
Management Styles
Relationships
In both the north and the south, relationships drive business. Although you
may not need to develop a strong personal bond in order to conduct
business in the south, a personal introduction from someone known to the
person you want to meet with is essential to gain entry into an organization.
This is not a culture where cold calls are successful. An international bank
or your accounting firm may be able to assist you in finding someone to
handle this.
It is important to network so that you get to know government officials and
bureaucrats. Such friendships can aid in achieving business goals. Chad

remains a country where knowing the right person is often more important
than what you know.
Given the value of relationships, it is important that you treat Chadians with
respect. If you do not, your behavior will quickly become known and you
may find many doors closed to you.
It is important to invest time in visiting clients and partners more frequently

than might be expected in many cultures. Face-to-face contact is the basis
of accomplishing goals and objectives.
Management Essentials
The most important cultural attributes that you will see operating in
business in Haiti are:
Hierarchical structure
Formal style
Group interests
Interpersonal relationships
As you might expect from a country where French and Islamic influences
prevail, Chadians are generally formal and conservative.
Although there are distinct religious differences between the Islamic north
and the Christian south, both areas demonstrate respect and deference to
those in authority or those who are senior to them in age or position.
Decision Making
Decision Making
In keeping with the hierarchical culture, decision making tends to be
centralized. Whether others are consulted may be dependent upon the
organizations culture or the ethnic origin of the person involved.
It is expected that foreigners will make gifts to facilitate business decisions

going their way.
Government bureaucracy is an accepted part of the business culture.
For the most part, decision making is a slow process. Attempting to rush
the process will be viewed negatively.
Negotiations
Expect small talk before starting negotiations since Chadians prefer to get
to know people before doing business. Contacts are extremely important
for conducting business with the government.
Come armed with both time and patience since negotiating is a time-
consuming process. It is important that you not appear irritated at the time
involved.
Avoid high-pressure sales tactics. They are seen as confrontational.
Bargaining is a way of life in Chad. As such, people are good at it and

thoroughly enjoy getting into bazaar-style haggling. Given that they must
bargain in most areas of their life, Chadians expect an initial offer to be
inflated.
Expect to be asked for and make concessions. Grant concessions

reluctantly and request one in return.
It is important that you present a serious and professional demeanor, even

if the Chadian raises his voice.
Safety & Security
Safety Precautions
Today, we think of political situations as causing safety concerns, but

ordinary crime, weather and geographic problems also pose risks. The
wise traveler is cautious about hurricanes and earthquakes along with hotel
fires, pickpockets and spontaneous political demonstrations. Terrorist
attacks and kidnappings have simply brought all security concerns to our
awareness. With the exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this
information is compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying
degrees to your destination and personal situation.
Before You Go
Take time to get all of your financial and personal records in order,
including preparing a will.
Talk with a trusted family member or friend about what types of
emergencies might arise in your absence, and what to do in those
events.
Think about the small (and large) disasters that could occur at home
during your absence and be sure there is someone prepared to assist
you.
Make copies of all of your travel documents (including detailed
itinerary with contact numbers) and be sure two people have easy
access to them.
Do the same with crucial health documentation.
Be sure someone knows where you will be and how to contact you in
emergencies at all times.
Find out the services your company offers to you in case of
emergency; obtain and make several copies of important emergency
company contact numbers to keep and give to all members of your
family who might need them.
Be sure you have enough of your prescription medication so you are
all right if you cannot get a refill right away; take an extra pair of
glasses if you wear them.
In-Country
So many variables go into being safe, and many of them revolve around
understanding the specifics of where you are. Be sure to learn details of
your location -- how to dress, where you can go and where to avoid, how to
act in public, how to carry yourself, and who to be watchful of.
Seek information from cultural experts and local nationals whom you have
confidence in. When in comes to your safety, dont be afraid to ask.
Hotel Safety
Know how to call for help AND what to say.

Do not display your guest room key unnecessarily.
Lock your door and do not answer it until you feel comfortable that
you know who it is.
Dont let strangers into your room.
Use the room safe or hotel safe deposit box.
Hide personal documents, valuables and other important items.
(Remember to safeguard your passport.)
Read the fire safety information and know what you would do if you
need to evacuate. Know exactly where the nearest fire exits are.
In the event that you might need to leave your room quickly, keep
your room key, your glasses (if necessary), a pair of shoes and some
money by your bedside.
Travel with a flashlight.
Women traveling alone will have different issues depending upon the
mors of the society youre visiting.
As a rule, be extremely cautious and circumspect.
Find out all the gender-based restrictions and abide by them.
Use a hotel known for its security and be sure that whatever
type of transportation you use, it is reliable and safe.
Ask hotel concierge or front desk manager to assist you
whenever you have questions about your safety. (They will also
arrange for you to have help, if you wish walking you to your
room very late at night or escorting you from a parking lot to the
hotel lobby).
The following websites offer specific advice for women:
Travel Tips for Women

Best Women's Travel Tips
Her Own Way: A Woman's Safe Travel Tips
Tips for Solo Women Travelers Women Travelers
Travel Tips
Crowded Situations
When youre in crowded places, be very careful to guard your

property at all times.
Carry as few valuable items with you as possible when you know
youre going to a crowded area. For example, expensive cameras,
PDAs and cash are easy targets.
Watch out for pickpockets who will try to distract you in many different
ways while taking your money. Even groups of children can be
working together to divert your attention while one will steal your
money.
Safety in Your New Home City
Learn about your host country and culture. This is not only wise for
business and social purposes, but is extremely important so you can
understand what may be offensive or negligent behavior.
The more you know about your location, the safer youll be; certainly
understand written and unwritten laws and codes of conduct.
Use your Embassy. These people are here to help you.
Embassies Around the World
Even if you are living in a relatively safe country, always be sure that
close family or friends have accurate contact information so they can
find you quickly.
For helpful information: Helpful Tips
If you are living in a high-risk location, your company should have
guidelines for your safety. Be sure you have 24-hour hotline numbers
and appropriate contacts who can assist you.
No matter where you livehigh risk or low risk countriestodays
world is volatile, and you never know when a potentially dangerous
situation can develop. Keep informednot only with your countrys
published data and warnings, but by identifying sources of local
news, reading local papers and telling your local friends to keep you
informed.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Emergency Numbers
Security Issues
Security is not simply a state-of-mind, nor is it a stroke of luck. Keeping

yourself and your family safe anywhere you gowhether it is an extended
trip within hours of your home or a long-term assignment halfway around
the worldrequires planning and active follow-through.
Clearly the length of time you spend and the geographic and political
profile of the countries youre living in--or traveling to--will make a
difference in your level of preparedness. Nonetheless, practicing common
sense based upon knowledge of your location will help you. Dont
underplay the importance of understanding what is culturally
appropriateit may help you avoid some difficult situations. With the
exception of the emergency telephone numbers, this information is
compiled for travelers in general and will apply in varying degrees to your
destination and personal situation. Always check to see what services your
company may offer to you.
Emergencies
In an emergency that requires help by your government, such as a

lost passport or the need for money because yours has been stolen,
contact: Embassies Around the World
Make sure you know the name of the firm your company has selected
for medical emergencies and evacuation services. International SOS
provides emergency medical and evacuation services for individuals
and companies. You might want to contact: International SOS to see
if you qualify for some of their services.
Prepare For Your Destination
Read about security and safety issues in the countries youll be

traveling to or living in.
For the most current, up-dated information, we recommend the
following government sites as quite comprehensive and easy-to-
understand:
Australian Travel Advisories
Canadian Travel Advisories
UK Travel Advice
US Travel Warnings
Read about other precautions you should take for weather- and
geographic-related concerns. For example, keep enough cash on
hand so you will be all right if there are power failures and ATM
machines dont work.
Be sure you know how to contact (and get to) your countrys
Embassy and Consulate wherever you are travelingyou need the
location details, phone and hours of operation. Embassies Around
the World
See if there are any health-related issues in the countries to which
youre traveling. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has in-
depth information regarding all regions of the world.
Be sure you know how to call for help in an emergency. You may need to
reach the police, fire and other emergency personnel. Be sure you know
the words to use in the local language.
En Route
Protect your passport; it is one of the most valuable items you

possess--so protect it as you would cash, credit cards and other
valuables. If it is lost or stolen, report it immediately to the nearest
appropriate Embassy or consulate.
Avoid calling attention to yourself by wearing fancy jewelry or carrying
other expensive items.
Whenever possible carry valuables and important prescription
medications in your carry-on luggage; do not pack valuables in your
checked luggage.
Do not leave laptops, computer bags or other luggage unattended at
any time.
Be able to answer questions about your luggage and be able to open
all suitcases and packages immediately, if asked.
Use your business address on your luggage tags, if possible.
Be sure to respond completely to requests by security officials and
avoid comments about security that could be misinterpreted.
When youre on the plane or train, read safety literature and be sure
you know where emergency exits are located.
For general information when you are en route, the U.S. State Dept.
offers a wide-range of information to travelers of all nationalities:
http://www.state.gov/travel/
Moving Around Safely
Always remain alert.

Avoid disturbances and loud arguments. When they occur, quickly
walk the other way.
Dress conservatively. Your interpretation of this guideline needs to be
based on local practices and customs. Attire you may think is
perfectly acceptable, may not be so youll be well served to learn
what is appropriate. Otherwise, you could run the risk of being
misinterpreted and perhaps becoming a target if your clothing is
provocative or offensive.
Ostentatious jewelry will also draw attention to you.
Learn about transportation in your locationwhats safe and what
can be problematic and when. Trains, subways, buses, independent
taxi cabs may pose specific problems. Find out before you go if it is
preferable to hire a private driver and car. Contact your Embassy for
detailed information.
You should also ask your company about specific transportation

guidelines theyve established for your safety.
Avoid areas where you can become a victim of crime, such as poorly-
lit streets, alleys, and deserted train stations.
If you drive, keep your doors locked and windows closed, and never
pick up hitchhikers.
Be wary when you are alone in lifts. Get off if someone suspicious
gets on.
If you find yourself alone in a train car or compartment after everyone
else leaves, you may feel safer moving to an occupied car. Identify
the location of the emergency alarm system.
Experts say that if someone does attack you, give them your
valuablesmoney and passportand do not fight back.
Be sure to know enough of the language to call for help. Consider
marking and tagging the pages of a phrase book with these types of
important phrases.
Even when you have a mobile phone, learn to use the local pay
phones and keep change with you.
Know Where Youre Going
Ask people in the hotel what areas you should avoid.

When you have a specific location youre going to, ask colleagues or
people who work in the hotel if there are things you should know
about that area.
If you cannot speak the local language, carry the card of your hotel or
your address with you at all times--as well as your destination
address.
Make others aware of your specific whereabouts, even when youre
going to business appointments.
*Sources: U.S. Transportation Security Administration

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Three religions coexist with relative harmony in Chad: Islam, Christianity

Christianity was introduced to Chad in the 19th century prior to French

Traditional African religions are referred to as Animist so termed

of Animism also subscribe to Islam, and a few to Christianity. Animism,

The Chadian Constitution demands a separation of religion and state;

Despite the fact that gender equality is guaranteed in the Constitution,

Given the Muslim influences, Chadian women tend to wear conservative

View of Foreign Women

Chadian businessmen may not initially be comfortable dealing with a

confident that the businesswoman is an expert.

Tips for Businesswomen

A businesswoman should wait for the Chadian businessman to extend his

Foreign businesswomen should cover your hair with a scarf, especially in

Chadians retain a traditional view of appropriate behavior for a woman.

Businesswomen should expect to be excluded from business dinners and

Businesswomen should be ready to assert themselves when necessary. It

Cross Culture Tips

The following cultural observations are based on the dimensions in the

Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian

How society is structured

Chad is hierarchical, so when interacting with people from Chad, you

You will need to give clear, explicit directions regarding duties,

Formal vs. Informal

The importance of appearance and demeanor as an indicator of

Appropriate ways of meeting people, building relationships and

Address people by their appropriate title and name. Do not move to

Indirect vs. Direct Communication

The relative importance of verbal vs. non-verbal communication

It is important to stand by your word when you make a commitment.

Fluid vs. Controlled Time

Comfort level with short range vs. longer term planning

Time schedules and deadlines are not necessarily considered final.

External vs. Internal Control

Chad Islands is an External Control society. When interacting with people

Balance vs. Status Motivation

The importance and value attached to professional vs. personal lives

The presence or absence of government-sponsored initiatives

Chad is a Balance-Motivation culture. When interacting with people from

Individuals value their personal and family time.

Group vs. Individual

The source of an individual's identity and loyalties

People value their role as a team member and identify themselves

Decision making may be a slow process since consensus is

Interpersonal vs. Transactional Relationships

What constitutes a relationship

Chad is an interpersonal, relationship-oriented culture. When you have

Relationship building is important and tends to be somewhat formal

Population growth rate:

Source: The World Factbook

Conventional long form: Republic of Chad

Mixed legal system of civil and customary law

Source: The World Factbook

Chads landlocked location results in high transportation costs for imported

Nearly all of Chads fuel is provided by one domestic refinery, and

Source: The World Factbook

Geography & Climate

Broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest,

Lowest point: Djourab 160 m

Highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Environment - current issues:

Inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural

Note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries