EXPERIMENT NO.

2
VAPOR PRESSURE

Name: John Paul M. Descalsota Date started: 09/20/16

Group No. 5 Date completed: 09/27/16

I. OBJECTIVES
i. To determine the molar heat of vaporization for toluene and unknown liquid
from the graph of the natural logarithm of the vapor pressure vs the reciprocal
of the absolute temperature

II. THEORY

The vapor pressure of a liquid is a measure of the pressure exerted (usually in millimeters of
mercury, or mmHg) by the vapor of the liquid at a given temperature above its liquid form.
(Hayes, 2007)

The volatility of a substance can be assessed from its vapor pressure and boiling point. The
latter is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
atmospheric pressure. At any temperature, including ambient conditions, any liquid will have
some kind of vapor pressure. Such vapor pressure is related to the temperature and the
intermolecular forces. The higher the temperature, the higher the vapor pressure. Similarly, the
weaker the intermolecular forces, the higher the vapor pressure

Often, the experiment data in the literature on the vapor pressure of a liquid may be found at
a temperature higher than that at ambient condition. Or, we may need to know the vapor pressure
of a liquid at an elevated temperature, say that of a closed confined space. The relationship
between the vapor pressure and temperature can be mathematically expressed in the follow
equation

H vap 1
ln P=
R ()T
+C
 H vap
where ln P is the natural logarithm of the vapor pressure P; is the heat of vaporization

of the liquid (heat required to vaporize a mole of molecules in the liquid state); T is the
temperature in K; R is the universal gas constant and C is a constant. This is known as the
Clausius-Clapeyron equation (Patnaik, 1992)

III. PROCEDURE

Setting up the apparatus

1.) Connect the vacuum pump to ballast and ballast is connected to differential manometer
2.) The differential manometer should be equipped with a T tube such that same end of
manometer can be connected to the ballast and a flash condenser set-up
3.) The other opening of the manometer is open to the atmosphere
4.) See to it all connections are air tight.
5.) Check by turning on the vacuum pump and if reading in manometer is stable the set-up is
leak free but if not check the set-up for leaks

Process

1.) Place toluene in the two neck boiling flask to a depth of 1 inches. Add boiling chips to
avoid bumping
2.) Connect the flask to distillation set-up
3.) Set the two neck flask in a water bath
4.) Adjust the thermometer to appropriate depth that the bulb is beneath the surface of the
liquid
5.) Decrease the pressure by setting the vacuum to 400 mmHg
6.) Strongly heat the water bath and gradually reduce the heat as the water warms
7.) Reduce the heat as the toluene approaches its boiling point
8.) Observe the temperature until steady boiling occurs
9.) Record the temperature of the liquid, room temperature, manometer reading and
barometric pressure
10.) Increase the pressure by 50 mmHg by adjusting the gauge in the vacuum pump
11.) Repeat the determination at this pressure
12.) Continue to increase the pressure at 50 mmHg increment until vacuum pressure is
zero while determining the boiling point at each set pressure
13.) Repeat the procedure with an unknown liquid

MATERIALS & REAGENTS

 Manometer Vacuum pump
2-neck flask Ballast or reservoir for vacuum
Condenser Hot plate
Thermometer Toluene
Thermometer adaptor Unknown Liquid

IV. DATA AND RESULTS

Experimental Data of Toluene

Toluene
Barom Manom Boilin Vapou
eter eter g r
readin reading Point Pressu 1/T ln(P)
g (Pa) (Pa) (K) re (Pa) (K-1) (Pa)
0.00 10.7
10061 53462. 47151. 2952 6112
3.83 27 338.65 56 901 237
0.00 10.8
10061 46929. 53684. 2914 9087
3.83 47 343.15 36 177 699
0.00 11.00
10061 40396. 60217. 2872 5712
3.83 68 348.15 15 325 47
0.00 11.11
10061 33463. 67149. 2847 4683
3.83 91 351.15 92 786 01
0.00 11.21
10061 26531. 74082. 2822 2937
3.83 15 354.35 68 069 05
0.00 11.29
10061 80348. 2815 4132
3.83 20265 355.15 83 712 81
0.00 11.37
10061 13332. 87281. 2803 6894
3.83 24 356.65 59 869 84
0.00 11.45
10061 6666.1 93947. 2792 0493
3.83 2 358.15 71 126 63
10061 0 361.15 10061 0.00 11.51
3.83 3.83 2768 9045
 933

Literature Data of Toluene

Toluene Literature Data

Temperature (K) Pressure (Pa)
383.75 101325
383.25 100000
362.65 53328.95
342.65 26664.47
325.05 13332.24
318.35 10000
313.45 7999.34
304.95 5332.89
291.55 2666.45
279.55 1333.22
274.65 1000
268.75 666.61
246.58 133.32
241.85 100
216.05 10
195.05 1

 Toluene
T vs P
200000

Vapour Pressure (Pa) 100000

0
150 200 250 300 350 400

Temperature
(K)

Experimental Result
Linear (Experimental Result)
Literature Result

Toluene
1/T vs ln(P)
11.6
11.4 f(x) = - 4248.6x + 23.26
11.2
11
ln(P) Pa 10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
0 0 0 0 0 0

1/T
(K-^1)

Hvap = 35322.86 J/mol.

Experiment Data of Unknown liquid

 Unknown liquid
Man
omet Vap
Baromet er Boilin our
er readi g Pres
reading ng Point sure 1/T ln(P)
(Pa) (Pa) (K) (Pa) (K-1) (Pa)
0.00 10.7
100715.4 5359 4711 3143 6044
2 5.59 318.15 9.83 171 921
0.00 10.8
100715.4 4666 5405 3108 9771
2 2.83 321.75 2.59 003 274
0.00 11.0
100715.4 3999 6071 3072 1400
2 6.71 325.45 8.71 669 717
0.00 11.11
100715.4 3346 6725 3056 6194
2 3.91 327.15 1.51 702 75
0.00 11.2
100715.4 2653 7418 3037 1430
2 1.15 329.25 4.27 206 741
0.00 11.2
100715.4 1999 8071 3018 9870
2 8.36 331.25 7.06 868 523
0.00 11.3
100715.4 1346 8724 2999 7653
2 5.56 333.35 9.86 85 124
0.00 11.4
100715.4 6666 9404 2982 5157
2 .12 335.25 9.3 849 439
1007 0.00 11.5
100715.4 15.4 2966 2005
2 0 337.15 2 039 42

 Unknown liquid
T vs P
120000
100000

80000

Vapour Pressure (Pa) 60000

40000
20000

0
315 320 325 330 335 340

Temperature
(K)

Unknown liquid
1/T vs ln(P)
11.6
11.4 f(x) = - 4396.2x + 24.56
11.2
11
ln(P) Pa 10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
0 0 0 0 0 0

1/T
(K^-1)

Hvap = 36550.01 J/mol.

V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The vapor pressure of toluene and unknown liquid was determined by the
difference of the barometric reading to the manometer reading at each temperature. For
toluene, the barometric reading was 100613.83 Pa. while for unknown liquid the
barometric reading was 100715.42 Pa. Based from the graph, Toluene (T vs P), the trend
line of the experiment result is far off from the literature result it may be due to the
difficulty of achieving a set-up that is leak free. Also, it can be observed for the
experimental results of toluene that as the temperature increases the pressure increases as
well. It is since that when increasing the temperature, the speed of the molecules
increases as well consequently it increases the force of molecules hitting its container
thus increasing the pressure. It is true as well for the unknown liquid.

From the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the molar enthalpy of vaporization for toluene
and unknown liquid can be determined by the slope of the natural logarithm of vapor
pressure and reciprocal of the absolute temperature. Based from the lnP vs 1/T graph of
toluene the slope was determined 4248.6 while for unknown liquid was determined
4396.2