Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.4. SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
1.5. OBJECTIVES
2. REVIEWS AND RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
3. RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
4. DOCUMENTATION, ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA
5. CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 1: PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter discusses the background of the study as well as the objectives,
significance of the study set by the group.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

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Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

The Ideal Gas* Laws describe the relationship between pressure, volume * and
temperature in a fixed mass* of gas. Charles' law describes the relationship between
temperature and volume at a constant pressure.

The ability to visualize the behavior of individual gas particles in an enclosed

space helps in understanding the mechanism underlying Charles Law. The molecules
that make up a gas are moving in straight lines until they encounter another molecule,
or a wall. When a molecule encounters a wall, it bounces off and moves off in a different
direction. When this happens, Newton's Third Law of motion says that both the
molecule and the wall will experience a force. In a flexible container such as a balloon,
molecules hitting the inside of the balloon are what keep the balloon inflated. In a rigid,
but adjustable container such as a sealed syringe, the collisions of the moving gas
molecules with the syringe walls provide the force that resists efforts to move the
syringe plunger.
Increasing the temperature of a volume of gas causes individual gas molecules
to move faster. As the molecules move faster, they encounter the walls of the container
more often and with more force. In an inflexible container, the more frequent and
forceful collisions result in higher pressure. However, if the container volume is
adjustable, the volume will increase, and the pressure will remain the same. Charles
Law is the formal description of this relationship, allowing change in volume to be
calculated if the temperature change is known.
The equation describing Charles Law is:
V1 V2
=
T 1 T2

Assuming no change in pressure.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original
law in his unpublished work from the 1780s.

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Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

In 1787, Charles observed that a volume of different gases, when heated to the same
temperature, would increase by the same amount. This result was extended and
published by Gay-Lussac in 1802. It was also re-discovered by John Dalton in 1801.
According to these savants, the volume is linearly dependent on the temperature:

V=V o(1+o)
where is the temperature when measured using the Celsius temperature scale and V o
is the gas' volume at 0oC. is the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for the gas. Gay-
Lussac showed the pressure is likewise linear in temperature: P = Poo (1 + )

Charles studied the compressibility of gases nearly a century after Boyle. In his
experiments he observed "At a fixed pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to the
temperature of the gas." The experiment is simple:
A cylinder with a piston and a gas is immersed in a bath (e.g. water). A mass is
placed on top of the piston which results in a pressure on the gas. This mass is held
constant which means that the pressure on the gas is constant. The gas volume is
measured as the temperature is increased and V vs. T data point plotted. This is
continued over a large range of temperatures. If the pressure of a particular quantity of
gas held constant, then with any change of state, the volume will vary directly as the
absolute temperature.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the concept of Ideal Gas Law?
2. How to identify the difference of other Ideal Gas Law with Charles Law?
3. Evaluate the relationship of volume and temperature in Charles Law.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study in this subject and specifically in fluids is still essential upon
conducting the experiment. This study will also be beneficial to the students. This
research is intended to enrich and upgrade critical thinking in Fluid Mechanics course
by College of Civil Engineering students and also by motivating ourselves and
promoting good work environment in the workplace when we apply or engage in
effective learning and strategies particularly in different concepts related to the
relationship of volume and temperature. By understanding the needs of students and
the benefits of quality education, students be assured of a competitive advantage.
Moreover, this research will provide recommendations on how to evaluate the
performance of a certain institution in accordance to the study of gas law.

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Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

This experiment addressed itself to: educators, specifically civil engineering

students that they may gain valuable insights on the relationship of volume to
temperature, and by developing the skills of the students in conceptualizing problems
related to the gas law. This study was a great opportunity to as students to have an idea
on how to proceed to determine the the changes in volume or temperature correlating
each other.

1.5 OBJECTIVES
The activity aims to determine the change in volume of an object caused by
change in temperature, or change in temperature from the accumulated change in
volume.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Volume - the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is
enclosed within a container, especially when great.
Temperature - is the property that determines whether an object is in thermal
equilibrium with other objects.
Charles Law - is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to
expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is:
When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the
Kelvin temperature and the volume will be directly related.
Directly
Proportional - as one amount increases, another amount increases at the same
rate
.

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

In this Chapter an attempt has been made to present a review of past works by
different researchers on the relevant topic. The study of ideal gas law Charles law are
reported in the following section.

(Christian H. Kautz, Michael E. Loverude, Paula R. L. Heron, Lillian C. McDermott

Department of Physics, University of Washington). Research on student understanding
of the ideal gas law. The Physics Education Group at the University of Washington has
been investigating student understanding of thermal physics. In this paper, our focus is
on the ideal gas law. Analysis of student responses in interviews and on written tests
administered in first-year and second-year undergraduate courses indicates that after
instruction many students are not able to interpret and apply the ideal gas law. In
particular, difficulties with pressure, volume, and Avogadros law are prevalent. Results
of this study also suggest that difficulties with mechanics and incorrect ideas about the
particles and processes at the microscopic level often interfere with the development of
a coherent understanding of this topic.

(Vladimir G. Kirtskhalia). On the Definition of State Variables for an Internal State

Variable Constitutive Model Describing Metal Deformation. It is shown that in the
Earths atmosphere, due to influence of the gravitational field, coefficient of thermal
expansion depends on altitude. The altitude intervals for individual gases for which the
laws of ideal gases can be applied have been determined and it has been established
that they are dependent on the adiabatic index and molar mass of these gases.

(University Physics Serway Jewett 6th edition). Macroscopic Description of an Ideal

Gas. For a gas, it is useful to know how the quantities volume V, pressure P, and
temperature T are related for a sample of gas of mass m. In general, the equation that
interrelates these quantities, called the equation of state, is very complicated. However,
if the gas is maintained at a very low pressure (or low density), the equation of state is
quite simple and can be found experimentally. Such a low-density gas is commonly
referred to as an ideal gas.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

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Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

In this chapter, detailed experiment procedures have been imposed in order to

determine the following data:

Circumference

Radius

Volume

Temperature of Water and Accumulated Temperature.

For us to discover the above characteristics, Charles law of ideal gas must be
performed.

Charles Law

The Charles/GayLussac law denotes that for a constant pressure, the volume of a gas
is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. In equation form, V = (constant) T. Or if
V is the original volume, T the original Kelvin temperature, V the new volume, and T the
new Kelvin temperature,

Procedure:

1. Inflate a balloon and consider recording the room temperature.

2. Using a marker, put a mark on two different points on the opposite sides of the
balloon and create an equatorial line connecting the two.

3. Using a measure tape, measure the circumference of the balloon and compute
for the radius for volume computation.

4. Record the temperature of the cold water and pour it on the surface of the
balloon until it accumulates enough change in temperature to change its
circumference.

5. Measure the circumference and compute for the radius and volume.

6. Using the Charles Law Equation, compute for the change in temperature.

7. Repeat procedures 4 to 6 using warm water this time

CHAPTER 4:
DOCUMENTATION, ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA

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 Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

The presentation of data are as follows:

Data and Results

Initial Trial 1 Trial 2

Circumference 46 45.5 46.2

Radius 7.32 7.24 7.35

Volume 1643.70 1590.68 1665.23

Temperature of Water 28C 10C 40C

Accumulated
0 18.29C 31.94C
Temperature

Analysis:
Ci =2 Ri C1 =2 R1
46=2 Ri 45.5=2 R1 C2 =2 R2
Ri=7.32 cm R1=7.24 cm 45.5=2 R2
R2=7.35 cm
4 4
V = R3 V 1= R 13 4
3 3 V 2= R 23
4 3 4 3 3
V i= (7.32) V 1= (7.24) 4
3 3 V 2= (7.35)
3

V i=1643.70 cm3 V 1=1590.68 3

V 1=1665.23
V 0 Vi Vi V1
= = V1 V2
T 0 Ti T i T1 =
1643.70 Vi 1643.70 1590.68 T 1 T2
= = 1590.68 1665.23
273+28 273+28 273+28 273+T 1 =
T 1 =18.29 C 273+ 18.29 273+T 2
V i=1643.70 cm3
T 1 =31.94 C

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Ideal Gas Law Charles Law

Observation:
In the design experiment, we were able to observe the variation of the volume of the
balloon in different temperature situations. The first change in volume occurred when
the balloon undergone cooling process with the use of cold water. The volume of the
balloon decreases as the temperature decreases. The second change in volume
occurred when the balloon undergone heating process by using hot water. The balloon
expanded after it was heated.

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Documentation:
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION OF THE EXPERIMENT
The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of test results obtained on the
experiment of ideal gas law Charles law:
1. Charles Law is the direct proportion of the Volume and the Temperature of a
container of a fluid within a constant pressure. The change in temperature varies
directly proportional with the change in volume.
2. The process of Charles law is different with the other gas laws in terms of
pressure because the pressure in the room is constant in manner as above sea
level.
The results of the work and considerations expressed herein are important for
theoretical and applied physics and therefore require experimental verification. If the
experiments prove correctness of our theoretical conclusions, this will lay the foundation
to qualitatively new research.
 REFERENCE MATERIALS:
Websites:
http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/gases/ideal/section2.rhtml

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_laws

http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/gases/charleslaw.html
http://scienceprimer.com/charles-law
Books:
University Physics 6th edition by Serway, Jewett
Thermodynamics by Hipolito Sta Maria