Transport System in Animals
Functions of the Circulatory System
Transport
o Nutrients
o Respiratory gases
o Hormones
o Enzymes
Immunity
o Antibodies
Homeostasis
o Blood pH
Transport in Multicellular organisms General Pslan
Phylum Porifera (sponges)
o No distinct circulatory
system
Phylum Cnidaria &
Platyhelminthes
o Single opening
(incomplete digestive
system)
o Central gastrovascular
activity (digestion and
Vertebrates
distribution)
o Materials undergo
diffusion
Phylum Echinodermata
o Closed system
o Water vascular system
pumps water to canals,
also for locomotion,
waste transport, and
respiration
Phylum Arthropoda and
Mollusca
o Open circulatory
system
o Diffusion from sinuses
to organs (loss of
pressure in sinuses)
o Hemolymph
o Insects: very good
respiratory system
Class Cephalopoda, Phylum
Annelida and Phylum
Chordata
o Closed circulatory
system
o Advantages: rapid flow,
directed to specific
tissues, blood cells and
large molecules and
vessels, can support
higher levels of
metabolic activity
Heart
o Atrium
o Ventricle
Blood Vessels
o Arteries, arterioles
o Capillaries, capillary
beds
o Veins, venules
Blood
Fish
o Single circulation
o 2 chambered heart
African Lungsfish
o 3 chambered heart
o Left Atrium: O2 rich
blood
o Right Atrium: O2 poor
blood
o Partially divided
ventricle
Amphibians
o True double circulation
o Pulmocutaneous and
systemic circulation
partyl separated
o 3 chambered heart
o LA, RA, 1 ventricle
 o Advantage: faster
distribution of 02 rich
blood
o Disadvantage: mixing
of O2 rich and poor
blood occur
Reptiles
o 3 chambered heart
o 1 ventricle, LA, RA
Birds, Mammals, Crocodilians
o 4 chambered heart
o 2 ventricles, 2 atria
o full separation of
pulmonary and
systemic circuit
o no mixing of O2 rich
and poor blood
o gas exchange Path
maximized
Example: Brain to Foot
o circuits operate at
different pressures Brain
o endothermic: requires
high O2 and nutrients Superior Vena Cava
o more vessels = greater
resistance = higher
pressure RA
o right: pulmonary
o left: systemic Triscupid Valve

RV

Semilunar valve

Pulmonary Artery

Lungs

Pulmonary Vein

LA
Mitral Valve
LV
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta broncocephalic
artery
Feet inferior
vena cava
Human Circulation
Cardiac Cycle
complete sequence of
pumping and filling
Blood Pressure
systole and diastole
Electrical Activity of the Heat
syncytial muscle tissue
pacemaker: sinoatrial node
atrioventricular node and
bundle
L&R bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Cardiac Output
Total volume of blood
pumped by the left atrium
per minute
Heart Rate: bpm
Stroke Volume: mL
Cardiac Output (Q) = HR x SV
Adult = 70 bpm x 75mL =
5.25 L/min
Maximum HR = 200-age
Training HR = 75%MR
Pulse
Stretching of arteries as an
effect of heartbeat
Pressure waves moving the
artery walls when blood
moves into the aorta
Usually accurate measure of
heart rate
Normal: 60-100bpm
Common pulse points
o Temporal, carotid,
brachial, radial
Blood Vessels
Artery and arteriole
o Connective tissue,
smooth muscle
Vein and venule
Physical Principles governing Blood
Blood flow velocity
o Aorta 30 cm/s
o Capillaries 0.026 cm/s
Law of continuity volume of
flow per second must be
consistent throughout the
entire pipe
Total cross-sectional areas of
the capillaries determine rate
Blood flow slows down in
capillary beds
Osmotic Pressure amount of
pressure required to prevent
diffusion of water
Blood Pressure
Force exerted by blood on
walls of vessels
Determined by cardiac
output and peripheral
resistance by arterioles
Systolic/diatolic
 Factors: HR, SV, Resistance of
Vessels, Viscosity
Cardiovascular Diseases >50% of
all deaths
Heart attack death of
cardiac tissue due to
coronary blockage
Stroke death of nervous
tissue in brain due to
coronary blockage
Atherosclerosis arterial
plaques deposit
Arteriosclesrosis plaque
hardening by calcium
deposits
Hypertension bp is high
Hypercholesterol low and
high density lipids
Lymphatic System
Functions
o Returns excess body
fluid to blood
o Transports fats from
intestines to blood
o Defense
Lymph nodes scattered
Immune System: the bodys o Skin: surface, dead
defenders cells, living cells
Germ Theory of Disease o Tears (lysozyme)
o Cilia, mucus
Infectious diseases are
o Saliva
caused by germs
o Oil, sweat, acidity
Contradicts miasma (band
o Gastric juice, intestinal
wind) and contagion theory
flora (bacteria)
Supported by:
o Acidity
o Francesco Redi
Internal Defenses
(Biogenesis and
o Antimicrobial proteins
maggots)
Complement
o Anton van
Leeuwenhoek system lysis of
(Microscope) invading cells,
o Agostino Bassi triggers
inflammation
(Silkworm)
Interferons
o Ignaz Semmelweis
activate
(Childbirth)
macrophages
o John Snow (cholera)
(eat pathogens),
o Louis Pasteur
prevent cell-to-
(biogenesis and swan- cell spread of
neck flasks) viruses
o Robert Koch Defensins
(postulates)
secreted by
Isolate blood
macrophages to
from unhealthy damage
let germs grow pathogens
inject in healthy o Leukocytes
if healthy turns Neutrophil 70%
sick, isolate again Circulating
Pathogens = Germs phagocytic
Bacteria WBC
Protozoans Engulfs and
Fungi dies
Monocyte 5%
Virus
Macrophag
Viroid (nucleic acid only)
e
Prion (protein only)
phagocytic
Innate (Nonspecific Immunity) WBC that
Rapid responses to a broad patrols
range of microbes tissue fluids
External Defenses: Dendritic
Cell
 phagocytic tissue repair and phagocytic
WBC fixed activity
in tissues Fever above 42 degrees C
*Coelomocytes and can cause brain damage or
hemocytes death
phagocytes in Acquired Immunity
invertebrates
Eosinophil Lymphocytes
targets o B cells
internal Mature in Bone
parasites marrow
Basophil o T cells
Circulating Mature in Thymus
WBC Helper and
releasing cytotoxic
histamine o Antigen receptors
Allergies Specificity
Mast Cells adaptive immune
Fixed WBC responses
combat specific
releasing
antigens
histamine
Diversity
during
inflammato lymphocytes
ry response have many kinds
o Natural Killer Cells of antigen
receptors
Kills infected and
o Activated by
cancerous cells
chemokines
causing apoptosis
o Self/nonself recognition
Inflammatory Responses T cell receptors
Chemicals involved: recognize MHC
Histamines markers and
Prostaglandins antigens
o Memory
Chemokines
Capacity to
Pyrogens
remember an
Fever antigen (via
Temporary rise in core body memory cells)
temperature above normal Antibody mediated immune
37 degrees Celsius as a response
response to infection o Immune response in
Regulated by hypothalamus which antibodies are
Enhances immune defenses produced in response
by speeding up metabolism, to an antigen
 Cell-mediated immune
response
o Immune response in
which cytotoxic T cells
and NK cells destroy
cancerous cells
Class I MHC molecules
o Most nucleated cells
o Infected/cancerous
cells display parts of
foreign antigens on
surfaces
o Recognized by
cytotoxic T cells
Class II MHC molecules
o Dendritic,
macrophages, b cells
display phagocytized
antigen fragments on
surfaces
o Recognized by helper T
cells
T cells have receptors for
self-molecules are destroyed
-> self-tolerance
Immunity
Memory cells initiate a faster,
more efficient response upon
reinfection
Active Immunity
o Own system develops
antibodies
o Develops naturally in
response to an
infection
o Develops following
immunization
o Long-lasting protection
but may take a long
time
Passive Immunity
o Antibodies are passed
from mother to fetus
via placenta
o Via breast milk
(colostrum)
o Injection (artificial)
o Immediate, short term
Blood Groups and Transfusions
Antigens on RBCs will
determine a persons blood
type : A, B, AB, O
Problems with transfusions
and transplants
Another RBC antigen: Rh
factor (Rh+ or Rh-)
Universal Donor: O
Universal Recipient: AB
Immune Disorder
Acne
o Bacteria feed on oil and
multiply in blocked hair
follicles
o Bacterial secretions
leak into tissues,
attracting neutrophils
that initiate
inflammation
 o White blood cells o Acquired or secondary
accumulate in pustules AIDS-HIV attacks
Allergies helper T cells
o Hypersensitive
responses to antigens
called allergens
Autoimmune diseases
o Immune system loses
tolerance for self and
turns against certain
molecules of the body
o T cells vs T cells
Immunodeficient diseases
o Inborn or priary