2016 Fourth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICoICT)
Lambda Value Analysis on Weighted Minkowski
Distance Model in CBR of Schizophrenia Type
Diagnosis
Ause Labellapansa Akmar Efendi
Informatics Engineering Informatics Engineering
University of Islam Riau Universitiy of Islam Riau
Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia
ause.labella@eng.uir.ac.id akmarefendi@eng.uir.ac.id
AbstractAccording to The Global Burden of Disease
conducted by Murray in collaboration with WHO and the World
Bank predicts that mental illnesses will occupy the second
position after cardiovascular disease in 2020. One of the mental
illnesses is Schizophrenia Psychosis disorder. This research uses
Artificial Intellegence case-based reasoning (CBR) method for
diagnosing types of Schizophrenia disorders. Each Schizophrenia
new case will be calculated using Weighted Minkowski similarity
method. This study focuses on determining the most efficient
Lambda (r) between the values of 1, 2 and 3 on Minkowski
distance model. Data obtained from the medical records of 95
cases of which 80 cases used as training data and 15 cases are
used as test data. Based on the results of tests performed, lambda
value that has the best accuracy rate is at 3. In order to diagnose
the type of schizophrenia, Minkowski Distance Model with a
lambda value of 3 can be used.
Keywords case based reasoning;lambda;weighted minkowski;
Schizophrenia
I. INTRODUCTION
The terms psychiatric disorders / mental disorders are the
symptoms or behavior pattern that can be found in clinical-
related stress and in most cases associated with impaired
function of a person [1]. Prevelence of psychiatric disorders
according to the report by Indonesian National Health Policy
Research (RISKESDAS) based on the survey of the Indonesian
population aged 15 years was 11.6%, which means between
about 19 million people there are around 2.2 million people
who have a psychiatric disorder [1].
Research on mental illness "The Global Burden of Disease"
performed by [2] collaborated with WHO and World Bank
predicts that mental illness will occupy the second position
after cardiovascular diseases in 2020. Five biggest psychiatric
illnesses have most significant impact is unipolar depression,
alcohol use, bipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia and
obsessive compulsive disorder.
By knowing the facts above, causes a system that utilizes
artificial intelligence methods to help working professionals in
the field of psychiatric medicine is needed. Researchers feel the
need to do research to develop a system that helps paramedics
in upholding psychosis diagnosis of psychiatric disorder.
ISBN: 978-1-4673-9879-4 (c) 2016 IEEE
Ana Yulianti Evizal Abdul Kadir
Informatics Engineering Informatics Engineering
University of Islam Riau University of Islam Riau
Pekanbaru, Indonesia Pekanbaru, Indonesia
ana.yulianti@eng.uir.ac.id evizal@eng.uir.ac.id
The system developed is using case-based reasoning (CBR)
to determine the type of Schizophrenia the patients have
consisting of Paranoid Schizophrenia (F20.0), Hebefrenik
Schizophrenia (F20.1) Catatonic Schizophrenia (F20.2), Post-
schizophrenic Depression (F20.4) and Residual Schizophrenia
(F20.5) contained in PPDGJ III. This study uses Minkowski
distance model and compares which distance parameter is the
most efficient to be used when the value of lambda 1, 2, 3.
CBR is a technique to solve new problems by adapting
solutions that have been used to solve previous problems. In
CBR, the cases that already exist are stored in the case base. If
there is a new problem occurs, old cases which considered
most similar to the new one will be retrieved. If the case
retrieved considered similar with the new one, there will be a
process of reusing old cases to solve problems in new cases.
However, if the old case does not resolve a new case
considerably, then process of revising where the case that has
been revised will be retained for later use in solving upcoming
new cases and stored in the case base [3].
This study consists of several chapters, chapter 1 contains
the introduction, chapter 2 basic theory, chapter 3 study of
literature which is a comparison with other research studies in
terms of methods and the issues raised. Chapter 4 conveys the
research methodology conducted CBR to determine the type of
Schizophrenia and finally, chapter 5 contains the conclusions
and suggestions for further researches.
II. BASIC THEORY
A. Case-based Reasoning
Case-based reasoning (CBR) was first presented by Roger
Schank and R. Abelson in 1977. CBR is a technique to solve
new problems by adapting solutions that have been used to
solve previous problems. CBR has been widely applied in
various fields such as law, medicine, language, history, food /
nutrition, routes findings and the environment.
In CBR, the cases that already exist are stored in the case
base. If new problem occurs, old cases which considered most
similar to the new one will be retrieved. If the case retrieved
considered similar with the new one, there will be a process of
reusing old cases to solve problems in new cases. However, if
the old case does not resolve a new case considerably, then
process of revising where the case that has been revised will be Equation (2) is used to calculate local similarities if there is
retained for later use in solving upcoming new cases and stored a symbolic features and (3) is used to calculate numeric
in the case base [3]. features [7].

 (2)



 (3)

III. LITERATURE REVIEW

Researches in the psychiatric disorders domain have been
done. Labellapansa and Hartati did this study using a rule-
based reasoning (RBR) for diagnosis of psychiatric disorders
psychosis and case-based reasoning (CBR) for diagnosis of the
type of Schizophrenia [8]. The study results that there are 80%
of the cases that have similarity score> 80 (high category).
Researches for psychosis disorder to diagnose Schizophrenia
done by developing DSS involving three specialists, but this
study experienced difficulties due to the absence of an
agreement between one specialist with one another in looking
Fig. 1. CBR Cycle [3] at the symptoms related to schizophrenia [9]
Based on Fig. 1 there are several stages in the CBR cycle as Seetha, et al have compared the lambda value of 1.2, 3, 4
follow: and 5 to perform the classification of satellite imagery. The
results showed that when the value of lambda 3 used, it
Retrieve, a stage where the old case found that most reached maximum possible accuracy of 80.36 [10]. Umam
closely resembles the new cases that exist. and Labellapansa analyzing the Minkowski distance models
Reuse, reuse solutions that have been found from the for the determination of the current high school majors
stage to complete the retrieve new cases. lambda value of 1.2 and 3. Number of data used is 500 with
the most accurate lambda value when the value lambda 1 [11]
Revise, is a step to improve or adapt the solutions that
have been proposed. Among CBR in stress domain to diagnose stress levels
incurred by Begum et al. [12] by seeing the difference in the
Retain, save the new solution as part of the new cases temperature of fingers as well as Ahmed et al. [13] which
and update to the case base. combines the signal time series data and patient document in
seeing stress levels. Along with that, utilization and importance
B. Weighted Minkowski Distance Model of ontology-based system for mental health interventions have
Equation (1) is the formula of Weighted Minkowski [4]: also been shown by Coyle and Doherty [14].
Several other studies using CBR done by Tomar et al . [15]

Making a CBR clinical decision support system prototype for

 diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to work by using 127 cases
(1)
for 14 kinds of chronic lung diseases due to work on 26 kinds
of symptoms. Retrieval usedis Nearest Neighbor. Development
TABLE I. FORMULA DESCRIPTION of this GDSS will be able to help the pathologist to decide level
of testing for sensitivity 95,3%. Similarity method used is the
Symbol Meaning
d(Ci,Cj ) : The value of the similarity between the case Cj and the Cosine Co-Efficient threshold value of 0.8. Gu et al. [16]
: case Ci applied CBR to reuse knowledge of dental medical record in
Ci : new cases making a new medical record. Retrieval is done by using
Cj : old case several methods namely Fuzzy Mathematics method,
n : The number of attributes in each case Euclidian-Lagrangian Distance and weighting optimization
k : Individual attributes, between 1 s / d n
w : The weights given to attribute to k
with PULL&PUSH. Own revisions done by using rule-based
r Minkowski factor (positive integer) acquired from experts in the field of dentistry. Cases collected
up to 1000 cases and 100 cases for testing with the treshold
value of 0.6. When number of cases reaches 100, one case
Value is a positive number r 1, (between 1 to infinity). If found as the most similar case but if the weighting is applied,
r = 1 is known as a manhattan / city block distance, if r = 2 is then two cases found similar.
known as euclidean distance [5] and if r = infinity (infinity) is
known as Chebyshev distance [6] . Based on literature studies done previously, this study uses
CBR using Weighted Minkowski distance model and compare
the results when the lambda values of 1.2 and 3 to determine existing data. Table III is the result of the 15 test data. Each
the lambda value which has the most efficient results. value on r, mean average value is calculated so average
accuracy rate for each r can be found.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Diagnosis use CBR consists of several steps which are TABLE III. EXAMINATION RESULTS OF 15 TEST DATA

knowledge acquisition from medical records, concluding

attributes that will be used in a case, representing a case, using Data Test r=1 r=2 r=3
Weighted Minkowski distance model to conclude the most 1 81,21% 93,10% 94,58%
similar case and provide suggested solution as diagnostic 94,87% 99,80% 99,70%
2
results
3 94,37% 99,72% 99,88%
A. Knowledge Acquisition
4 60,83% 86,84% 97,59%
To acquire knowledge, data from medical records of a
Psychiatric Hospital have to be retrieved. The database consists 5 91,71% 98,97% 99,87%
of as many as 95 obtained data which 80 of them are training 6 66,13% 88,70% 88,89%
data and 15 of them are test data. Once the data is obtained,
7 93,93% 99,97% 99,98%
then the case is to be presented. Those cases consist of 82 kinds
of symptoms which 80 cases used as training data and 15 cases 8 65,77% 83,12% 94,12%
are used as test data. 90,16% 98,76% 99,70%
9
B. Representation Cases 10 90,10% 98,92% 98,89%
In this study case representation is used by using frames 80% 93,69% 97,89%
11
(Table II). As for attributes consists of symptoms, patient data
that contains patient's age and sex, disorder names and case 12 92,50% 99,87% 99,86%
solution. 13 80% 97,95% 98,10%

TABLE II. CASE REPRESENTATION 14 85,76% 97,89% 97,92%

Case : 15 91,66% 99,84% 99,50%

New
11 15 46 Case (T)
No SYMPTOMS
Yes/No
Symptom
Weight Yes/No
Symptom Symptom
Weight Yes/No Weight Yes/No Table IV provides results of the accuracy of lambda values
1 Symptoms 1 Yes 1 Yes 1 Yes
where the highest accuracy value obtained when r=3. Lambda
r=1 has accuracy of 0,83 and r=2 has accuracy of 0,96.
2 Symptoms 2 Yes 0,7
3 Symptoms 3 Yes 1 TABLE IV. OVERALL ACCURACY
4 Symptoms 4 Yes 1 Yes
r=1 r=2 r=3
5 Symptoms 5 Yes 1
overall accuracy 0,83 0,96 0,97
6 Symptoms 6 Yes 1
7 Symptoms 7 Yes 1
This study has successfully comparing the value of lambda
8 Symptoms 8 Yes 0,6
1,2 and 3 in the Minkowski formula for the case of diagnosis of
9 Symptoms 9 Yes 1 Yes 1 Yes psychiatric disorders Schizophrenia. From the type of tests the
results obtained lambda value was highest when the value of
No Patient
1 Age 45 1 33 1 35 1 29
lambda 3.
2 Sex Male 1 Male 1 Male 1 Male B. Recommendations
Level of
Confidence (%)
100% 100% 100% This study uses CBR with amount of data consisting of 95
Nama of Disease A A B
cases. This is due to the difficulty of acquisition of the data
obtained from the medical records that take a long time. It
Medicine Dose Medicine Dose Medicine Dose
would be better if the number of cases are more, both to data as
Solution
A, B, W, X, A, B, X, Y, A, C, X, Y,
the basis for the case and the data for testing.
C, D Y, Z C Z D Z

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on 80 existing data, 15 new data are used for testing.
Every data is tested using Minkowski lambda (r) 1,2 and 3.
Each value similarity test data will be searched across the 80
REFERENCES
[1] RISKESDAS (Laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar Nasional 2007 /National
Health Research Report Year 2007), Agency for Health Research and
Development Department of Health, Indonesia, 2008
[2] Murray, L. J. C., The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive
Assesment of Mortality and Disability From Diseases, Injuries, and Risk
 Factors In 1990 and Projected tp 2020, Harvard School of Public Health,
World Health Organization, World Bank, Boston, 1996
[3] Kolodner, J. L., An Introduction to Case-Based Reasoning, Artificial
Intelligence Review, Vol.6, 3-34, 1992
[4] Nunez, H., Marre, M.S., Cortes, U., Comas, J., Martinez, M., Roda, I.R.,
dan Poch, M., 2004, A comparative study on the use of similarity
measures in case-based reasoning to improve the classification of
environmental system situations , Original Research Article,
Environmental Modelling & Software, Volume 19, Issue 9, pp 809-819
[5] Mergio, J.M., dan Casanovas, M., 2008, The Induced Minkowski
Ordered Weighted Averaging Distance Operator, ESTYLF08, Cuencas
Mineras (Mieres-Langreo), Congreso Espanol sobre Tecnologiasy
Logica Fuzzy, pp 35-41.
[6] Rao, M.K., Swamy, K.V., seetha, K.A., dan Mohan, B.C., 2012, Face
Recognition Using Different Local Feature with Different Distance
Techniques, International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and
Information Technology (IJCSEIT), Vol.2, No.1, pp 67-74, DOI:
10.5121/ijcseit.2012.2107
[7] Shi, H., Xin, M., Dong, W., A Kind of Case Similarity Model Based on
CaseBased Reasoning, International Conferences on Internet of Things,
and Cyber, Physical and Social Computing IEEE, 453-457, 2011
[8] Labellapansa, A., Hartati, S., Proceedings International Conference and
Workshops on Basic and Applied Sciences, Surabaya, Indonesia, 2015
[9] Razzouk, D., Mari, J.J., Shirakawa. I., Wainer, J., dan Sigulem, D.,
Decision Support System for The Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Disorders,
Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol.39, 119-128,
2006
[10] Seetha, M., Sunitha, K.V.N., dan Devi, M., 2012, Performance
Assessment of Neural Network and K-Nearest Neighbour Classification
with Random Subwindows, International Journal of Machine Learning
and Computing, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp 844-847.
[11] Bin Lukman, Khairul Umam Syaliman, and Ause Labellapansa.
"Analisa Nilai Lamda Model Jarak Minkowsky Untuk Penentuan
Jurusan SMA (Studi Kasus di SMA Negeri 2 Tualang)." Jurnal Teknik
Informatika dan Sistem Informasi 1.2 (2015).
[12] Begum , S. M. U. , Ahmed , U. M. , and Funk , P., Case-Based Systems
in Health Sciences - A Case Study in the Field of Stress Management,
Wseas Transactions on Systems , Vol.8, 344-354, 2009
[13] Ahmed , U. M. , Begum , S. , Funk , P. , Xiong , N. , and Scheele , V. ,
B. , Case-Based Reasoning for Diagnosis of Stress Using Enhanced
Cosine and Fuzzy Similarity , Transactions on Case - Based Reasoning
for Multimedia Data , Vol.1 , 3-19, 2008
[14] Coyle, D., dan Doherty, G., Towards Ontologies for Technology in
Mental Health Interventions, First International Workshop on
Ontologies in Interactive Systems, Vol 1, 18-26, 2008
[15] Tomar, S. P. P., Singh, R., Saxena, K. P., dan Sharma, J., Case Based
Medical Diagnosis of Occupational Chronic Lung Diseases From Their
Symptoms and Signs, International Journal of Biometrics and
Bioinformatics (IJBB), Vol.5 , 216-224, 2011
[16] Gu, D., Liang C. Y., Li, X. G., Yang, S., Zhang, P., Intelligent
Technique for Knowledge Reuse of Dental Medical Records Based on
Case-Based Reasoning. Journal Med. Syst, Vol.34, 213-222, 2010