Ph.D.

Qualifying Exam, Real Analysis

Spring 2008, part I

Do all five problems. Write your solution for each problem in a separate blue book.

1 Let s > 2, and let As be the set of x [0, 1] with the property that there exist infinitely many
positive integers q such that for some integer p [0, q], |x pq | < q1s . Show that (As ) = 0, where
is the Lebesgue measure.

2 Let s(Z) denote the vector space of rapidly decreasing bi-infinite complex-valued sequences, i.e.
sequences a = {an }nZ : Z C such that k ({an }) = sup |nk an | < for all k 0 integers,
and let T be the weakest topology on s(Z) in which the functions
fk,b (a) = k (a b) : s(Z) [0, ),
k 0, b s(Z), are continuous.
a. Show that T is metrizable, and give an explicit metric giving rise to the topology T .
b. Let s0 (Z) be the set of polynomially increasing sequences, i.e. sequences {bn }nZ such that
|bn | C(1 + |n|NP) for some C, N . Show that each element of s0 (Z) defines an element of s(Z)
by {bn }({an }) = bn an , and this gives a bijection between s0 (Z) and s(Z) .

3 Let (X, B, ) be a finite measure space, fn L2 (X, B, ), kfn kL2 1 for all n, and fn f in
measure, i.e. for all  > 0, {x : |fn (x) f (x)| > } 0 as n .
a. Prove that f L2 (X, B, ) and fn f in the Lp norm for every p [1, 2).
b. Prove that fn f weakly in L2 .
c. Prove that kfn f kL2 0 if and only if kfn kL2 kf kL2 , and give an example showing that
fn need not converge to f in L2 .

4 Suppose X is a vector space over C, and let F be a vector space of linear maps from X to C.
Endow X with the weakest topology T so that every element of F is continuous.
a. Show that if f : X C is linear and continuous, then f F.
b. Show that if (X, T ) is metrizable then there exist fj , j N, such that every f F is a finite
linear combination of the fj . (Hint: consider a local base for the topology at 0.)

5 Suppose H is a Hilbert space. Recall that U L(H) is unitary if U U = I = U U .

a. Show that if U is unitary then Ran(I U ) Ker(I U ) = H (orthogonal direct sum).
Pn1 j
b. Let P be orthogonal projection to Ker(I U ). Let Sn = n1 j=0 U . Show that Sn P in
the strong operator topology (i.e. Sn f P f in H for all f H). (This is the von Neumann, or
mean ergodic theorem.)
c. Give an example of a unitary operator U on `2 such that Sn does not converge to P in norm.
 Ph.D. Qualifying Exam, Real Analysis
Spring 2008, part II
Do all five problems. Write your solution for each problem in a separate blue book.

1 Suppose that f Lp (R) with 1 p < . Let fh (x) = f (x + h). Prove that fh f in Lp (R) as
h 0.
2 Let T = R/Z, and let be the Lebesgue measure on it. For A T and y T write A + y =
{x + y T : x A}. Suppose A T is measurable, and for each n N+ , A + 2n = A (i.e. A
is invariant under dyadic translations). Show that either (A) = 0 or (A) = 1.
3 Suppose that X is a Banach space, and let B = {x X : kxkX 1} be the unit ball in X.
a. Suppose Z is a finite dimensional subspace of X. Show that there exists a closed subspace W
of X such that X = Z W (direct sum).
b. If X is infinite dimensional, show that B is not compact in the norm topology.
c. Suppose that X, Y are Banach spaces, X Y with the inclusion map : X Y continuous
and compact. Let T L(X, Y ), and suppose that for all x X, kxkX C(kT xkY + kxkY ).
Show that KerT is finite dimensional, RanT is closed, and the induced map X/KerT RanT is
invertible as a bounded linear map.
4 L(H) is normal if A A =P
Suppose H is a complex Hilbert space, and recall that A P AA . For A
L(H), let (A) denote the spectrum of A, and if P (z) = k=0 ak z then P (A) = m
m k k
k=0 ak A .
a. Show that if A is normal and P is a polynomial, then kP (A)kL(H) = sup(A) |P ()|.
b. Show that if A is normal and z / (A) then
k(zI A)1 k (inf{|z | : (A)})1 .
c. Show that if H is infinite dimensional then for all N there exists A L(H) such that (A) =
{0} but k(zI A)1 k |z|N for z 6= 0. (Hint: consider A nilpotent.)
5 Let T = R/(2Z), with the Lebesgue measure dx, and R let F : L2 (T) `2 (Z) be the unitary
Fourier series map normalized by (Ff )(n) = (2)1/2 T einx f (x) dx.
a. Suppose that (X, A, ) and (Y, B, ) are -finite measure spaces, and K L2 (X Y ). Show
that the integral operator A : L2 (Y ) L2 (X) defined by
Z
Af (x) = K(x, y) f (y) d(y)

is well-defined and bounded, and its norm is bounded by kKkL2 (XY ) .

b. Suppose that K P L2 (T T), and let A be as in part (a). Let A = FAF 1 . Find k `2 (Z2 )

such that (Ag)(n) = mZ k(n, m)g(m).
c. Show that A is compact on L2 (T).