Bi dch
Education in America
American schools, both public and private, consist of 12
years of grades basically 8 year of elementary school
and 4 years of secondary or high school, although grades
7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a
middle school or junior hight school. In addition, the
elementary school offers five-year-olds a year of
kindergarten, usually half-day sessions, before they have
formal instruction in reading and writing in the first grade.
In a few states, two years of junior college (the first two
years of higher education) or a vocational school are part
of the public school system. Schooling is compulsory in
most states to the age of 16.
The public schools are administered by local school
boards groups of people elected by the voters. The
board appoints the superintendent and sometimes
participates in choosing the teachers, decides how school
funds are to be allocated, and has some voice in
establishing the curriculum. Local funds for the schools
come largely from property taxes paid by residents of the
local school districts. Thus the people of the entire
community, not just the parents of the children who
attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to
everyone.
In elementary school, all children in a given grade study
the same thing. In junior high school, the student may
have a limited choice of subjects. In high school the
choice is wider. While some subjects are required of
everyone, some high school students, in addition, take
vocational classes, and other study subjects that will
prepare them for college. Students from both groups
study under the same roof, each selecting courses
according to his or her needs and interests. High school
students commonly study four to five basic subjects per
semester, each for approximately an hour a day.
Gio dc M
Cc trng hc ca M, c trng cng ln trng t, gm c
12 cp lp v c bn l 8 nm trng tiu hc v 4 nm
trng trung hc, mc d lp 7 v lp 8 hay lp 7, 8 v 9 c
th c xp cng nhau trong trng trung hc c s. Ngoi
ra, trng tiu hc cn dy tr em 5 tui mt nm mu gio,
thng l cc bui hc na ngy, trc khi chng c dy
c v vit chnh thc lp mt. mt s tiu bang, hai nm
cao ng (hai nm u ca h thng gio dc bc cao hn)
hoc mt trng hng nghip l mt phn ca h thng
trng cng. phn ln cc tiu bang, vic i hc l bt buc
cho n tui 16.
Trng cng c qun l bi cc y ban gio dc a
phng nhng nhm ngi do c tri bu ra. y ban b
nhim hiu trng v i khi tham gia vo vic chn gio vin,
quyt nh ngn qu trng phi c phn phi nh th no,
v c ting ni trong vic thit lp chng trnh hc. Ngn qu
a phng dnh cho trng hc phn ln c ly t thu
nh vo ti sn do c dn cc qun ni c trng hc
ng. V vy, ngi dn c cng ng, khng ch ph huynh
ca hc sinh ang i hc, u phi tr tin cho trng cng,
loi trng n nhn mi ngi vo hc min ph.
trng tiu hc, tt c hc sinh trong mt lp c th hc
chng trnh ging nhau. trng trung hc c s, hc sinh
c s la chn gii hn cc mn hc. trng trung hc th
s la chn rng ri hn. Mc d mt s mn hc l bt buc
vi mi ngi, nhng mt s hc sinh trung hc cn hc cc
lp hc hng nghip, v nhng hc sinh khc th hc cc
mn hc s gip h chun b vo trng i hc. Hc sinh ca
c hai nhm u hc cng mt trng, mi hc sinh chn cc
lp theo nhu cu v s thch ca mnh. Hc sinh trung hc
thng hc bn n nm mn c bn mi hc k, mi mn
hc khong mt ting mi ngy. Cc mn hc b sung nh l
Additional courses, such as physical education, art, or
music, may meet twice a week.
After high school a person may prepare for a particular
vocation or occupation by attending vocational courses
either in a junior college or in a privately supported
training school such as secretarial or industrial school. Or
a person may attend a college or university. The term
college refers to an undergraduate institution that
confers a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science
degree after four years of study. A university generally is
a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose: a
college of liberal arts, a college of business, a college of
education, and the like. In addition, universities offer
graduate programs. The Master of Arts degree
occasionally may be obtained after one year of additional
specialized study, although some institutions require
longer study. The Doctor of Philosophy is the highest
degree in the area of the sciences and humanities.
Professional degrees in such fields as medicine and law
are part of the program of graduate education.
Many colleges and universities are privately supported.
Many have church affiliations. In each state, however,
there is at least one university and often several colleges
that receive support from state funds. Students in these
schools, however, as well as those in private colleges,
must pay tuition, but the state schools are much less
expensive than private ones, particularly for students who
are residents of the state.
gio dc th cht, ngh thut hay m nhc, c th hc hai
ting mt tun.
Sau khi hc xong trung hc, hc sinh c th chun b cho mt
ngh nghip c th bng cch theo hc cc lp hc hng
nghip hoc trng cao ng hoc trng o to t thc
nh trng th k hay trng cng nghip. Hoc hc sinh c
th theo hc i hc hoc i hc tng hp. Thut ng
college ch mt c s o to sinh vin i hc cp bng C
nhn khoa hc x hi hoc bng C nhn Khoa hc sau bn
nm hc tp. Trng i hc tng hp thng l mt nhm
cc trng i hc , mi trng phc v mt mc ch c
bit: trng i hc khoa hc x hi, trng i hc thng
mi, trng i hc s phm, v i loi nh vy. Ngoi ra,
cc trng i hc tng hp cn c cc chng trnh sau i
hc. i khi ngi ta c th ly c bng thc s khoa hc x
hi sau mt nm nghin cu chuyn su, mc d mt s c
s i hi thi gian hc tp lu hn. Tin s l bng cp cao
nht trong lnh vc khoa hc v khoa hc nhn vn. Cc bng
cp chuyn mn trong cc lnh vc nh y dc v lut l mt
phn ca chng trnh gio dc sau i hc.
Nhiu trng i hc v i hc tng hp l cc trng t.
Nhiu trng c mi lin h vi cc nh th. Tuy nhin, mi
tiu bang u c t nht mt trng i hc tng hp v
thng c vi trng i hc nhn ti tr t ngn qu tiu
bang. Tuy nhin, sinh vin cc trng ny, cng nh sinh
vin cc trng i hc t, phi ng hc ph, nhng hc
ph cc trng cng th r hn nhiu so vi hc ph cc
trng t, c bit i vi cc sinh vin l c dn ca tiu
bang.
 * T v thnh ng (Words and Expressions)

elementary school : trng tiu hc

secondary school: trng trung hc

high school: trng trung hc

junior high school: trng trung hc c s

junior college: trng trung cp

vocational school: trng hng nghip

schooling (n) : vic i hc, s gio dc

compulsory (adj): bt buc

administer (v): qun l

school board: y ban / hi ng gio dc

superintendent (n) : hiu trng

curriculum (n) : chng trnh hc

school district: qun ni c trng hc

semester (n): hc k

vocation (n): ngh nghip

undergraduate ( n & adj) : sinh vin cha tt nghip/ cha tt nghip

Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) : C nhn Khoa hc x hi

Bachelor of Science (B.S.) : C nhn Khoa hc

liberal arts : khoa hc x hi, khoa hc nhn vn

Master of Arts (M.A.) : Thc s Khoa hc x hi

 Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) : Tin s

(academic) degree: hc v

humanities : khoa hc nhn vn

* Ghi ch v gii thch (Notes and Explanations)

1) American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades basically 8
years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school, although grades 7
and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school.

M, secondary school or high school u ch trng trung hc, middle school or

junior high school u ch cp hc tng ng trng trung hc c s nc ta. iu
cn lu l M, high school cn c dng ch trng trung hc ph thng, tc
l senior high schol, khc vi middle school or junior high school.
2) In addition, the elemantary school offers five-year-olds a year of kindergarten,
Five-year-olds y c ngha l five-year-old children tr em 5 tui. Mt s cch ni
tng t: a three-year-oldmt a tr 3 tui, a class of eight-year-olds mt lp hc cho
hc sinh 8 tui.
3) The board appoints the superintendent , and has some voice in establishing the
curriculum.
Trong cu ny, voice ch quyn by t kin (the right to express ones opinion). to have
some (little, no, a) voice in the matter c ngha l c (t, khng c, mt) ting ni trong vn
. Xem cch dch ca voice trong v d sau:
The trade union representative wants a voice in management decisions.
i din cng on mun c ting ni trong cc quyt nh v qun l.
4) While, some subjects are required of everyone, some high school students, in addition,
take vocational classes, and other study subjects that will prepare them for college.

Trong cu ny while l lin t dng ni mnh trng ng ch s nhng b, c ngha

l mc d. V d:
While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they can not be solved.
Mc d ti tha nhn l c vn , nhng ti khng ng rng chng khng th gii
quyt c.
5) Students from both groups study under the same roof, each selecting courses
according to his or her needs and interests.
Under the same roof y ng ngha vi in the same school cng mt trng. Xem
cch dch ca roof trong cc v d sau:
The two families share the same roof ( = live in the same house).
Hai gia nh chung mt nh
The school library and auditorium are both under one roof ( = in the same building).
C th vin ln hi trng u trong cng mt ta nh.
His or her l cch dng in hnh trong ting Anh M, nhm trnh s k th gii tnh
trong ngn ng.
6) Additional courses, such as physical education, art, or music, may meet twice a week.
Meet y c ngha l tp trung v mt mc ch c th (assemble for a particular
purpose). V d:
The committee meets on Mondays.
y ban hp vo cc ngy th hai.
The whole class met to discuss the issue.
Ton th lp hp tho lun v vn .
7) and others study subjects that will prepare them for college.
After high school a person may prepare for a particular vocation or occupation by
attending vocational courses
Trong 2 cu ny, prepare trong cu trc l ngoi ng t, c ngha l get or make
somebody ready lm cho ai sn sng, cn prepare trong cu sau l ni ng t, c
ngha l get ready for something sn sng lm g.
Xem cch dch khc nhau ca prepare v prepare for trong cc v d sau:
The teacher prepared his students for the college entrance examination.
Gio vin gip sinh vin chun b cho k thi tuyn sinh i hc.
The students are preparing for the examination
Sinh vin ang chun b cho k thi
8) A university generally is a group of colleges, each serving a special purpose: a college
of liberal arts, a college of business, a college of education, and the like.
And the like c t sau cc s vt c lit k, c ngha l similar things; and so on v
i loi vy; v vn vn. V d:
He is interested in jazz, rock and the like.
Anh y thch nhc jazz, nhc rock v i loi vy.