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TOXIC CHEMICALS?
BY ABSORPTION: contact with the skin> substances can enter through the
skin, cuts or abrasions and conjunctive of the skin.
1) Chemical may injected hypodermically on sharps etc e.g. broken glass cuts
the skin and transfers a biological agent.
2) Government bodies.
5) Trade associations.
6) Insurance companies.
10) Prohibit: eating, drinking and smoking in areas where toxic contamination
occurs.
11) Personnel hygiene: arrangement for personal care washing facility etc.
12) Barrier creams and suitable hand protections are important considerations
for chemical and biological areas.
13) PPE: suitable PPE for the discipline, ensure produces and rules are being
followed and taking actions against not compiling.
3) Harmful gas and corrosive acids > give off hydrogen gas while charging and
sulphuric acid while filling batteries.
3) Sulphuric acid: protective clothing, spillage procedure, clean water, first- aid
and topping up procedure.
3) Storage of materials and take it away from edges to protect excessive load.
2) Stabbing: injuries from the end of the bit. Contact with the drill bit (or) chuck
resulting in ablation.
3) Ejection (or) impact: by unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that
the work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit. Cutting hazards may
also be presented by metal.
3) Wear appropriate PPE, suitable competent person are allowed to work on such
equipments.
9) Fear of violence.
2) Electrical burns: electrical burns are deeper than other burns, resulting from
heating effect of the current which burns the body tissue.
4) Voltage.
Control measures: protection of openings by fire doors and the creation of fire
resistant of compartments in buildings.
Control measures: insulating the surface of a beam (or) pipe with heat resistant
materials.
1) Numbness of fingers
2) Blanching of fingers
4) Reduction in manual dexterity (things may fall from hands and fine
adjustment by hand cannot be achieved.
2) reduce the risk: to modify operating procedure so that the pressure upon the
tool. Required by operator is reduced.
2) The middle ear, the vibrations of the eardrum is transmitted through three
small bones (hammer, anvil and stirrup) to the inner ear.
3) The COCHIEA in the inner ear is filled with fluid and contains tiny ears
(nerves), which respond to the sound signals are then sent to the brain via
acoustic nerves.
1) Acute acoustic trauma: sudden damage of ear drum, due to intense noise
levels as in explosion.
1) Tinnitus: ringing in the ear, due to intense stimulation of auditory nerve over a
period of time.
2) Readily available.
4) Issue to visitors.
6) Noise reduction.
3) Silencers: pipe / boxes can be designed to reduce air /gas noise (e.g.) engine
exhaust silencers, duct silencers etc.
4) Isolation: positioning an elastic element (e.g.) rubber mount etc). in the path
of vibration can isolate a noise radiating area from a vibration input.
5) Insulation: imposing a barrier (e.g.) a brick wall lead sheet etc.,) between
the noise source and the receivers will provide noise insulation.
Q12d) out line factors that are likely to affect the performance
of personnel of hearing protection?
1) Long hair, spectacles earnings etc, may cause a poor seal to occur.
4) Hand held tools should have insulated grip. Do not use with damaged
insulation.
9) Appropriate guarding and shields may be used to protect against exposed live
parts.
11) Grounding is a safe path for the electric current to flow away from your body;
improper grounding of a tool could result in serious shock.
2) Naked flames.
5) Cocking.
7) Static electricity.
2) Impact: where the body impacted by moving parts (or) processed items.
3) Ejection: where the parts of the machine (or) materials being used fly out and
hit the body.
4) Friction and abrasion: friction burns and encountering rough surfaces moving
at high speed.
5) Cutting: saw blades, knives and even rough, edges especially, when moving
at high speed, can
Result in serious cuts and even amputation injuries. The dangerous part can
appear stationary.
6) Shear: when two (or) more machine parts move towards / past, one another a
trap is created. This can result in crash injury (or) even an amputation.
8) Crushing: caused when part of the body is caught between either two
moving parts of machinery (or) a moving part and a stationary object.
2) Dust lamps.
3) Ensure that reversing areas are well laid out, cleanly identified tor both
drivers and pedestrians have adequate markings, signage and aids to
increase visibility such as mirrors.
11) Fix guards, where required the rear wheels / hazardous vehicle access
points to prevent people from being under the vehicle.
12) Select conspicuous vehicle colors and marking to assist the vehicle in
standing out.
3) Where the size, surface texture (or) nature of a load makes it difficult to
grasp, consideration should be given to the provision of handles, hand
grips, indents etc, to improve to grasp.
5) Any loads to be handled should not have sharp comers, jagged edges,
rough, very hot (or) very cold surfaces and the like.
5) Never use a tower near a live overhead power lines (or) cables.
6) Before climbing a tower the wheels must be turned outwards the wheel
breaks on locked and kept locked.
2) Restrict the access from unauthorized people and define the reaffix
routes.
2) Monitoring the site by the use of security patrols and closed circuit
television.
4) Isolating the site and securing the tools, chemicals, equipments and
machinery
INTERLOCKING GUARDS:
An interlocking guard is similar to a fixed guard, but has a movable part, if
the movable part is in the open / lifted position the dangerous moving
part at the work point cannot operate.
This can be arranged, so that the act of closing the guard activates the
working part (e.g.) the front panel of a photo- copier interlocked guards
are useful if operators used. Regular to the danger area.
LIMITATIONS:
1) Have moving parts therefore need regular maintenance
3) If interlock is in the form of a gate, a person can step inside and close
gate behind them.
TRIP DIVICES: A sensitive rod cable (or) other mechanism which cause
the device to activate, a further mechanism which either stops (or)
reverses the machine. It is a sensitive rod cable (or) other mechanism
which cause the device to activate, a further mechanism which either
stops (or) reverses the machine. It is critical to note, that is not classed as
a guard. A guard is something that physically prevents access to the
hazard whereas a trip device detects the person in the danger zone and
responds to this (e.g.) pressure sensitive mats.
3) May cause production delays increase stress in users with false trips
1) Hepatitis
2) Wiles diseases.
3) Legionnaires disease.
4) Anthrax.
5) Tetanus.
5) The need to lift from and to return load to the ground level.
2) Beta particles: are much faster moving than alpha particles, they are
smaller in mass than alpha particles, but have longer range, so they can
damage and penetrate the skin, whist they have greater penetrating
power than alpha particles. Beta particles are less ionizing and take longer
to affect the same degree of damage.
4) x rays: are very similar in their effects to gamma rays, x rays are
produced by sudden acceleration (or) deceleration of a charged particle,
usually when high speed electrons strike a suitable target under
controlled condtions.the electrical potential required to accelerate
electrons to speeds when x ray production will occur is a minimum of
15,000 volts x rays and gamma rays have high energy and high
penetration power through fairly dense material. In low density,
substances include air they may the travel long distances.
7) Projecting nails in timber (or) broken glass may penetrate in the parts
of the body.
When workers are working below ground in excavations, the problems are
very similar to those faced when workers are working at a height falls
and falling objects. Particular problems arise, when: materials, including
spoil (ground which has been excavated) are stored too close to the edge
of the excavation.
2) Collapse of the excavation: often, the soil and earth that make
up the sides of the excavation cannot be relied upon to support their own
weight, leading to the possibility of collapse. The risk can be made worse
if,
2) Heavy plant (or) materials too closes to the edge of the excavation.
6) The ratio of the minimum base dimensions to the height should not
exceed 1:3 external use and 1:3:5 in internal use.
11) Ladder (or) stepladders should not be placed on the platform to gain
extra height for working.
12) Toe boards and guard rails to be prevent falls of workers and / or
materials.
13) Tie the mobile tower if, the scaffold is likely to be exposed to strong
winds, the tower base is too small for the height, the tower is to be used
for operate like,1) grid blasting,2) heavy drilling,3) water jetting.
14) On using a mobile tower, make sure the castors are locked.
15) Toe boards and guard rails are to be provided for a platform of more
than 2 meter height, the guard rails should be 3 feet above the platform.
16) Before moving, tower is sure no power lines obstructions holes in the
ground etc.
3) Clearly identify try color code the hoses for oxygen, acetylene,
propane.
4) Fit non return valves at blow pipe / torch inlet on both gas lines.
5) Fit flash back arrestors incorporating cut off valves and flame arrestors
fitted to outlet of both gas regulators.
7) Do not let oil (or) grease contaminate oxygen supply due to explosion
hazard.
8) Check equipments visually before use and check new connections with
soapy water leaks.
2) Files: these should have a proper handle, never use the as levers.
3) Screwdrivers: never use those chisels and never use the correct size
and type of screwdriver for the screw, split handle are dangerous.
4) Spanners: avoid spayed jaws, scrap any which show signs of slipping,
have enough spanners of the right size. Do not improve by using pipes
etc. as extensions to the handle.
2) Unauthorized alterations.
5) Muscular contractions.
6) Physical trauma.
9) Neurological effects.
Secondary effects:
1) Falls from height.
4) Loss of information.
5) Corporate reputation.
3) Assess the situation and any remaining danger to yourself (or) the
causality.
Action: if airway obstructed by teeth, food etc, remove if tongue tilt, head
back to clear and then provide cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). If
trained, place in the recovery position and / or apply resuscitation as
required, cool any burns with cold water, keep the causality under
observation for secondary effects until you hand over to a medically
qualified person.
Do not: do not go near the causality until the electrical supply is proven to
be off. This is especially critically with overhead high voltage lines; keep
you and others at least 18 meters away until the electricity supply,
company personnel advise- otherwise:
2) Sound the fire alarm system and order the evacuation of the floor.
5) Ensure that all occupants of the floor are aware that evacuation of the
floor is necessary and direct the occupants to the nearest accessible exit
(or) escape stairs through which they should proceed to the designated
assembly area.
9) Check fire doors to ensure that they are closed and post a watch so
that they are kept closed, except during the escape of occupants.
10) Provided it is safe to do so, make a thorough search of the whole floor
(or) area to ensure that no persons remain.
12) Assist the building warden in checking that all building occupants
have arrived at the assembly area.
2) The work platform is fitted with guard rails and toe boards.
3) It is used on suitable firm and level ground; the ground may have to be
prepared in advance.
8) All involved know, what to do if the machine fails with the platform, in
the raise and position.
2) Changes in level: caused by ramp, slops kerfs (or) steps not clearly
marked.
3) Slippery surfaces: cause by water, oils, fuel, site mud (or) mixed
compounds such as plaster.
4) Inappropriate footwear.
5) Rules not followed (e.g.) running (or) not taking care when walking.
2) Fragile roofs.
6) Epilepsy
7) Facial dermatitis.
8) Radiation.
Q40b) identify the features of a chair to ensure is suitable for use at DSE
workstation?
5) Swivel ability.
4) deal with the spillage according to its type (for example in liquid
spillage, use absorbent material)
5) Issue the appropriate PPE to those involved in dealing with the spillage.
6) Give appropriate first aid and medical treatment to any person who
might have been harmed by the initial spillage.
An accident is to identify the immediate and root causes, in order to prevent similar
accidents occurring in the future. In this respect, the main reasons for investigation
relate to the identification of possible weakness in risk assessment process and
other aspects of safety management systems , other relate to:
2) Mechanical failure.
2) Lack of supervision.
3) Absence of site rules (or) procedures for the control of reversing vehicles.
3) Workers working away from employers premises the nature of the work and its
risk will need to be considered.
4) Workers of more than one employer working together agreement can be made
to share adequate facilities, with one employer responsible for their provision.
6) Employers do not usually make first-aid provisions for any person other than their
own workers.
7) Having made this assessment, the employer will then be able out the number
and size of first aid boxes required.
2) PPE. May not provide adequate protection. Because of such factors as poor
selection, poor fit, incompatibility with other types PPE, contamination and misuse
of non- use by workers.
4) In certain circumstances, its use can actually create additional risks (for instance,
warning sounds, masked by hearing protection)
5) The introduction of PPE may bring another hazard such as impaired vision,
impaired movement (or) fatigue.
6) PPE may only be capable of minimizing injury rather than preventing it.
The extent and effectiveness of any H&S training given to employees and the
introduction of new equipment & processes.
1) Study of statics.
3) Safety rep.reports.
5) Effectiveness of training.
POLICY: health and safety aims and objectives of the organization and
management commitment.
2) Work involving harmful exposure to agents, which are toxic, carcinogenic (or)
may cause heritable genetic damage.
4) Work involving risk of accidents, which may not be recognized (or) avoided by
young persons owing to their insufficient attention.
5) Work in which there is a risk to health from extreme cold (or) heat, noise (or)
vibration.
2) Measures to provide suitable work equipment and the organization of work and
processes.
3) Adequate health and safety training and monitoring and/or supervision would aid.
3) The content and quality of the contractors health and safety policy and risk
assessments.
8) The detailed proposals. (E.g. method statement for the work to be carried out).
5) Tours: where unscheduled less formal workplace inspections are carried out to
check on issues such as housekeeping (or) the use of PPE.
As time passes the arrangements for control of health and safety are influenced
by workers finding different ways of doing the same thing, arrangements as
practiced can therefore differ greatly from the original way it was set out in the
policy.
Technological change is happening in the workplace all the time and this can
mean that, arrangements may be set out against circumstances that do not exist
anymore because equipment (or) substances have been altered, it might also be
that the organization has been able to take advantage of technological advantage
of technological advantages in something (e.g.) materials handling, yet the policy
refers to the earlier way of working.
This might be from enforcement action, professional advice such as an audit (or)
following an accident (or) incident investigation.
3) The health and safety executive will generally regulate your business with a
lighter touch if it is well managed.
4) If employees see that you are actively looking after their health and safety,
relations and morale will improve.
5) The public see that you are taking a responsible attitude towards your
employees; this improves your image and generates positive public realizations (PR)
for your business.
That you are controlling risk effectively, this may help lower your insurance
premiums.
Banks and investors will be more willing to finance your business if you can show
that it is well managed.
7) Business partners have more confidence in your business, large companies and
government agencies may only buy from business that can show effective
management systems.
2) The priority / sign fianc of the risk (the risk rating and control)
5) Based on the audit findings the organization takes action to feed the info the
safety system and implement the action required. The use of prioritized, timed and
allocated action plans will aid the process.
The above mentioned action plan motivate the workforce, there by resulting in>
1) Lost time of injured worker and any continued payments to worker (or) family
6) Court costs.
7) Fines.
Indirect costs:
1) lost time by workers, who stop work (or) reduce performance, (out of curiosity,
out of sympathy, weakened morale)
Hot work: typically involving welding operations, such as pipe work, where the
risk of sparks may ignite nearby flammable materials, elimination (or) protection of
such items will need to be considered. The provision of firefighting equipment and
trained personal to deal with ignition is also critical.
Q16) out line general content of the THREE section of a health and safety policy?
This section of the policy details the practical arrangements for, planning,
organizing and controlling hazards, as well as monitoring compliance with and
assessing the effectiveness of the arrangements.
General arrangements:
2) Planning.
3) Organizing.
5) Consultation.
6) Communication.
7) Competence.
9) Monitoring compliance.
Specific arrangements:
5) Acquire statistics.
The influence of induction training in decreasing the accidents rates are as follows:
1) To understand the safety policy clearly and aware about the safety rules and
requirements.
2) Be clear about the hazards and incidents relating to hazards, to take extra care to
avoid getting into hazardous situations.
4) To get trained in PPE. And their importance and use appropriately thus avoid
getting in to physical injuries.
5) To learn from line managers and supervisors and are up-t-date in knowledge,
regarding safety system and following it, it reflects in reduction of accidents.
2) identify the people who might be harmed and how, this includes our own workers
and others workers with special significahence being given to vulnerable employees
such as pregnant women, the public, young workers, etc.
6) The risk assessment must remain current for a period of time and ensures the
outcomes of the assessment.
2) Some items particularly those with a high-risk rating, may require a more
detailed explanation (or) there may be a series of alternative actions.
2) Organization: the formal systems and procedures to identify health and safety
responsibilities and reporting lines within the company. Responsibility of health and
safety should be identified for each level of managements from the top to individual
supervisors. (e.g.) works engineer, safety advisor, etc.
3) Arrangements: what has to be done to implement the policy set out detail the
specific and procedures for implementing the safety policy, it can be general (or)
specific. General: (e.g.) first aid, fire safety, welfare.etc. Specific: (e.g.) relating to
the work.
The 1. Fire and explosion,2) hazardous toxic gas release, 3) chemical spills, 4)
serious personal injuries, 5) folding and perhaps riots (or) terrorist activities.
4) For the vehicle, ergonomic factors would relate to the design and layout of the
cab but other features of the vehicle such as tail lifts, would be particularly
important.
5) Lastly candidates should consider aspects of the road in terms of its nature (e.g.)
hazardous, heavyset.) The means of handling materials and any emergency
equipment and procedures that are, should be in place.
4) Graphic communication: health and safety signs and other public signs rely
heavily on information graphics, such as stylized human figures and emblems to
represent concepts such as PPE must be worn and the direction of traffic flow on a
construction site.
Q26 b) identify how the effectiveness of notice boards as a
method of communicating health and safety information
can be increased?
A traditional communication technique is to display safety information on notice
boards. The advantage of this method is that the communication is available to
everyone in a particular work area.
Notice boards should only to make general statement (or) to keep workers aware of
current information (or) proposed developments.
Notice boards should not be used where the information must be up to date (or)
completeness of the information impacts on safety critical issues.
Notice boards information relies on peoples ability on read. Understand and apply
the information correctly.
a) Immediately after an accident:1) attend to the victim ,2)secure the scene of the
accident, 3)notify the next to kin, 4)report to enforcing authority if necessary.
3) The complexity.
6) Distractions.
7) Sensory impairment.
q32 b) outline the sources of information that might be useful when developing
SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK?