MULTICELLULAR
ORGANIZATION
Multicellular Level
Tissue - A group of cells that have
similar structure and function
Organ - It is made up of tissues
group together into a structural
and functional unit.
System - A group of interacting
organs that have a common
function.
TISSUE
1.1 Plant Tissues
Meristematic Tissues - Tissues
that are found in regions of active
cell division that are made of
immature cells.
Permanent Tissues - Plant
tissues that are more mature and
differentiated cells.
1.1.1 Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristems can be found
at the growing tips of roots and
stems. They are responsible for
increase in plant length.
Lateral Meristems those found
at the periphery roots and stems.
They responsible for increase in
plant girth.
1.1.2 Permanent Tissue
Surface Tissue - They are
protective outer covering of the
plant body.
Fundamental Tissue - This type
of tissue is neither surface nor
vascular tissue.
Vascular Tissue - Higher plants
have a distinctive vascular, or
conductive tissue.
1.1.2.1 Surface Tissue
Epidermis - It is the principal
surface tissue or roots, stems and
leaves.
It is thicker in plants living in dry
habitats and protects the plants
against excessive water loss.
Epidermal cells are mostly flat and
with little intercellular space
between cells.
A waxy, water-resistant cuticle is
often secreted by epidermal cells
on the aerial parts of the plant.
Periderm - It constitutes the
corky outer bark of old trees.
Functional cork cells are dead; the
waterproofed cell walls of the
periderm functions as protective
outer covering.
1.1.2.2 Fundamental Tissue
A. Parenchyma - Tissue occurs in
roots, stems and leaves.
They are unspecialized vegetative
cells similar to those of lower
plants.
They may be meristematic and
may sometimes undergo further
specialization.
The cells have thin primary walls
and no secondary walls.
Most of the chloroplasts of leaves
are in the cells of parenchyma
tissue, and it is here that
photosynthesis occurs.
Stems and roots have parenchyma
that function for storage of
nutrients and water.
B. Collenchyma - It is a simple
tissue with cells that remain alive
during most of their functional
existence.
The cells are more elongated and
the primary walls are irregular
thickened.
Collenchyma tissue functions for
support.
C. Schlerenchyma -
Schlerenchyma cells which also
functions for support are divided
into fibers and sclereids.
Fibers are long cells with
tapered ends. They are tough
and strong, but flexible.
Commercial flax and hemp
are derived from standards of
schlerenchyma.
Sclereids are irregular in
shape. The simpler,
unbranced sclereids, called
 stone cells, are found in
nutshells and hard parts of
seeds.
D. Endodermis
Occurs as a layer surrounding the
vascular-tissue core of roots.
The cells occur in a single layer and
are compactly arranged without
intercellular spaces.
1.1.2.3 Vascular Tissue
It incorporates cells that function as
tubes or ducts through which water and
numerous substances in solution move
from one part of the plant body to
another.
A.Xylem
When water and minerals are
absorbed by the roots of a plant,
these substances must be
transported up to the plants stems
and leaves through the xylem.
There are 2 kinds of conducting
cells present in xylem:
1. Tracheids - They are long
narrow, cells of xylem with
thin separation between
them.
2. Vessel Elements - They are
short wide cells of xylem with
no end walls.
Both kinds of cells do not conduct
water until they are dead and
empty of cytoplasm.
B.Phloem
Phloem tissue conducts sugar
upward and downward in a plant.
Two kinds of cells are present in
phloem: sieve tube elements and
companion cells.
Unlike cells in xylem, phloem cells
are alive when they are
functioning.
Sieve tube elements transport sap,
while companion cells assist them.
The partnership between sieve
tube elements and companion cells
is vital; neither cells can live
without the other.
1.2 Animal Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
The covering or lining of all free
body surfaces, both external and
internal, is made up of epithelial
tissue.
The tissue is found on the outer
portion of the skin, the linings of
the digestive tract, lungs, blood
vessels, ducts and body cavity.
According to thickness, epithelial
tissue may be simple, if it is only
one cell thick, or stratified, if it is
two or more cells thick. A
pseudostratified epithelium looks
stratified, but actually is not.
Epithelial tissues are separated
from the underlying tissue by an
extracellular fibrous basement
membrane.
Some epithelial tissues may be
specialized to secrete certain
substances, in which case it is
called a glandular epithelium.
Some type, such as the inner lining
of ovary and tubules of the testis
are specialized to produce gametes
or sex cells.
A. Squamos - have the
appearance of thin, flat
plates.
B. Cuboidal -They are cube-
like cells
C. Columnar - They appear
rectangular in vertical
section.
Connective Tissue
They have extensive intercellular matrix
which may be liquid, semisolid, or solid.
A. Blood and Lymph, or Vascular
Tissue - They are non typical
connective tissues with liquid
matrices.
B. Connective tissue proper - This
type of tissue have cells and fibers
embedded in a ground substance
consisting of two mixture of water,
protein, carbohydrates, and lipids.
1. Loose Connective Tissue - It
supports, surrounds, and
connects the elements of the
other tissues.
 2. Dense Connective Tissue -
They have fibers that are
irregularly arranged in
interlacing network as in the
dermis of the skin, or they
maybe arranged in a definite
pattern to withstand tension
from one direction, as in
tendons connecting muscle
to bone, or ligaments
connecting bone to bone
C. Cartilage - Cartilage is found in the
nose and ears, larynx, trachea,
intervertebral discs, surfaces of
skeletal joints, and ends of ribs.
D. Bone -The matrix of bone is hard
and relatively rigid. It contains
numerous collagen fibers, large
amount of water and is
impregnated with inorganic salts
such as calcium carbonate and
calcium phosphate.
1.2.3 Muscle Tissue
Muscles function for movement.
Individual muscle cells are usually
elongated and are bounds together
into sheets or bundles by
connective tissue.
Muscle Tissue
There are three (3) type of muscle in
vertebrates:
A. Skeletal or striated voluntary
muscle which is responsible for
most voluntary movement.
B. Smooth muscles which is involve
in most involuntary movements of
internal organs.
C. Cardiac muscle the tissue of
which the heart is composed.
1.2.4 Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue is specialized in its
ability to respond to stimuli, the
property called irritability.
1.2.4 Nervous Tissue
Nerve cells are easily stimulated
and can transmit impulses very
rapidly.
Each cell is made up of a cell body,
and one or more long thin
extensions called fibers. Nerve
fibers bound together by
connective tissue is called a nerve.
ORGANS & ORGAN
SYSTEMS
2.1 Plant Organ and Organ System
2 Major Parts in the Body of Higher Plants
1. Root
2. Shoot consists of the stem and
appendages of the stem,
particularly the foliage leaves and
the reproductive organs
Functions of Roots
For procurement of inorganic
nutrients such as minerals and
water
For transport
For nutrient storage
For anchoring the plant to the
substrate
Functions of Shoots
The functions of the stem are for
support and for internal transport.
The leaves are organs in which
photosynthesis takes place.
Integumentary System - for
covering and protection.
Muscular System - for movement
Respiratory System - for exchange
of gases.
Excretory System - for the removal
of certain metabolic wastes and for
regulating the chemical make up of
body fluids.
Nervous System - for coordinating
the various functions of the body.