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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & LIFE SCIENCES

DIPLOMA CIVIL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY REPORT

COURSE CODE : KAD 2231 (LABORATORY 1)


EXPERIMENT : FLUID PROPERTIES
LECTURER : MDM NOORA SAMSINA JOHARI
DIVISION : CIVIL ENGINEERING

: MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN IBRAHIM


NAME
: 3153008811
MATRICS NO

DATE OF
:
EXPERIMENT

SUBMISSION
:
DATE

This assessment measures the student's ability for the following outcomes:

CONFIDENTIAL
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME(CLO) MARKS
Apply the concept of hydraulics, environmental engineering and
CLO 1 civil engineering materials (C4) /21
Demonstrate the principle of hydraulics, environmental engineering
CLO 2 and civil engineering materials and to develop a proficiency in the /3
use of laboratory equipments. (C4)
Interpret results, assessment of margins of error & have confident /9
in observations and conclusions, and develop report writing skills.
CLO 3 (P2)

CLO 4 Work effectively as part of a team /3


TOTAL / 36

CONFIDENTIAL
OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the viscosity of various liquid at atmosphere pressure and temperature

2. To measure the capillarity elevation produced by various sizes of capillary tubes

SUMMARY OF THEORY

Fluid mechanics, the branch of science that deals with the study of fluids (liquids and
gases) in a state of rest or motion is an important subject of Civil, Mechanical and
Chemical Engineering. Its various branches are fluid statics, fluid kinematics and fluid
dynamics.

A susbstance that flows is called as fluid. All liquid and gaseous substances are
considered to be fluids. Water, oil, and others are very important in our day-to-day life as
they are used for various applications. For instance water is used for generation of
electricity in hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants, water is also used as
the coolant in nuclear power plants, oil is used for the lubrication of automobiles etc.

Fluid Mechanics is the branch of science that studies the behavior of fluids when they are
in state of motion or rest. Whether the fluid is at rest or motion, it is subjected to different
forces and different climatic conditions and it behaves in these conditions as per its
physical properties. Fluid mechanics deals with three aspects of the fluid: static,
kinematics, and dynamics aspects:

1) Fluid statics: The fluid which is in state of rest is called as static fluid and its study is
called as fluid statics.

2) Fluid kinematics: The fluid which is in state of motion is called as moving fluid. The
study of moving fluid without considering the effect of external pressures is called as
fluid kinematics.

3) Fluid dynamics: The branch of science which studies the effect of all pressures
including the external pressures on the moving fluid is called as fluid dynamics.

DENSITY

Density is derived as amount of mass of substance contained per unit volume.It can be
expressed as mass density , relative density , specific weight or specific volume. Mass
density , is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Units in the SI are
kg/m3.
Density , = Mass (m) = kg
Volume (v) m3

CONFIDENTIAL
VISCOSITY

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear


stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness";
for example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water.

Viscosity is a property of the fluid which opposes the relative motion between the two
surfaces of the fluid in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. When the fluid is
forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid generally move more
quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly near its walls; therefore some stress (such as
a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube) is needed to overcome the friction
between particle layers to keep the fluid moving. For a given velocity pattern, the stress
required is proportional to the fluid's viscosity.

There are 2 related measures of fluid viscosity , dynamic or (absolute) viscosity and
kinematic viscosity.

Dynamic or (absolute) viscosity of a fluid is a measure of the resistance to flow of a


fluid under an applied force when maintaining a unit distance apart in the fluid.

Isaac Newton expressed the viscous forces by the differential equation:

= du -(1)
dy
Where
=shearing stress (N/m2)
=dynamic viscosity (N s/m2)
du=unit velocity (m/s)
dy=unit distance between layers(m)

Kinematic viscosity (also called "momentum diffusivity") is the ratio of the dynamic
viscosity to the density of the fluid . It is usually denoted by the Greek letter nu ().
= -(2)

Where :
= kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
=dynamic viscosity (N s/m2)
=density (kg/m3)

CONFIDENTIAL
CAPILLARITY

Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, or wicking) is the ability of a


liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to,
external forces like gravity. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between
the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube, in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in
some non-porous materials such as sand and liquefied carbon fiber, or in a cell. It occurs
because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the
diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which
is caused by cohesion within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and
container wall act to propel the liquid.

CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 1

From Figure 1, vertical equilibrium can be expressed as follows:

cos d=g (/4) d2 H


H=4 cos / (gd)

CONFIDENTIAL
APPARATUS/EXPERIMENT SET UP

Experiment 2(a):Viscosity

1) The Falling Sphere Ball Viscometer


2) Stopwatch
3) Hydrometer

CONFIDENTIAL
Figure 1 : Falling Sphere Viscometer

CONFIDENTIAL
PROCEDURE
1) Different types of liquid (engine oil-Castrol XXL, glycerol, castor oil) is filled in the
3 tubes until level just below the top of the tube.

2) Specific gravity for each liquid is obtained by using the hydrometer.

3) 3 stainless steel ball with different diametes (5.59mm, 2.38mm, 3.175mm) was used
for each liquid

4) The starting line and ending line were already assigned on the cylinder before the
experiment started.1 stainless steel ball was dropped into the liquid and the time was
measured from the starting line until the ending line using the stopwatch.

5) The time is recorded between starting line and ending line , repeat this step 3 time to
get the average time . The time is used to determine the terminal velocity of the
falling sphere by the assigned distance by the average time. The velocity is used to
determine the drag force.

6) The calculated terminal velocity is used, which is the respective densities of the fluid
and sphere, radius of the sphere and gravitational acceleration in Equation 2. The
algebraic expression is rearranged to solve the viscosity , .

Experiment 2(b): Capillarity

1. Capillary Tube apparatus


2. A set of different diameter of ID tubes

CONFIDENTIAL
PROCEDURE
1) The capillary tubes are cleaned thoroughly .

2) Water is filled into the bottom of support plate until level, and the capillary tubes is
inserted.

3) The height of the capillary elevation in each tubes is mark on the white paper behind
the tubes.

4) The capillary rise h is measured for each tube

5) Water tension is given , =0.074 N/m

6) The rise is calculated.

CONFIDENTIAL

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