Florentinus Dika Octa Riswanto

Fakultas Farmasi
Universitas Sanata Dharma
Yogyakarta

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 The term titrimetric analysis refers to quantitative
chemical analysis carried out by determining the volume
of a solution of accurately known concentration which is
required to react quantitatively with a measured
volume of a solution of the substance to be determined

Jeffery, G.H., Bassett, J., Mendham, J., and Denney, R.C.,

1989, Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical
Analysis, Longman Scientific and Technical

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 The term volumetric analysis was
formerly used for this form of
quantitative determination but it has now
replaced by titrimetric analysis
In titrimetris analysis, the reagent of
known concentration is called the titrant
and the substance being titrated is
termed the titrand

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 There must be a simple reaction which can be expressed
by a chemical equation;
The reaction should be relatively fast
There must be an alteration in some physical or chemical
property of the solution at the equivalence point
An indicator should be available which, by a change in
physical properties should sharply define the end point of
the reaction

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Titration???
Burette???

End point of titration???

Equivalence point???
https://vinmetrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Vinmetrica-301.jpg
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beaker

volumetric flask

Graduated cylinders measuring pipet transfer pipet

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 Significant figures may be defined as
All digits that are certain plus one
which contains some uncertainty are
said to be significant figures

Burette reading?

Kar, 2005, Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis,

New Age International Publisher

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Burettes are mostly graduated with the smallest
graduation as 0.1 mL ; hence, while taking the
burette reading the figures 6.3 mL can be read
off with ample certainty.
However, the second place of the decimal is
normally estimated by arbitrarily sub-dividing
the smallest division into 10 equal parts.
Consequently, the final burette reading of 6.32
mL essentially contains three significant
figures, of which two are certain, and one
with some uncertainty.

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Measured Uncertainty

27.7 0.06 mL

Estimated

https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-50f244a0abb83e2d6548eda17d1e6872?convert_to_webp=true 11
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 Direct titration method
Residual/back titration method

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Direct titration titrant add to an analyte solution
and react with determined substrance

Requirements to reactions in direct titration

reaction involving the titrant and analyte must be of
known stoichiometry, quantitatively
the titration reaction must occur rapidly
a suitable method must be available for determining the
end point with an acceptable level of accuracy
Reactions should proceed by room temperature
Titration should not be accompanied by collateral
reactions which deform the results of the analysis
Reactions should be specific
a suitable indicator is available

+ = product
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Residual/back titration - A titration in which a reagent
is added to a solution containing the analyte, and the
excess reagent remaining after its reaction with the
analyte is determined by a titration.

This titration is used, when:

the titration reaction is too slow,
a suitable indicator is not available,
there is no useful direct titration reaction
the standard solution lacks of stability

+ excess = product1 + residue

residue + padding = product2

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 Neutralisation reactions (acidimetry and
alkalimetry) in which an acidic or basic
titrant reacts with an analyte that is a base or
an acid;
Complex formation reactions involving a
metalligand complexation reaction
Precipitation reactions in which the
analyte and titrant react to form a precipitate
Redox reactions where the titrant is an
oxidizing or reducing agent

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Titrations usually involve the
addition of controlled
volumes of a standard
solution, whose
concentration is known
accurately, to a solution of
reactant of unknown
concentration.

Kealey and Haines, 2002

Analytical Chemistry, the Instant
Note Series, Section C5
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 The word concentration is frequently
used as a general term referring to a
quantity of substance in a define volume
of solution
But for quantitative titrimetric analysis
the base unit of quantity employed
the mole

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 Standard solutions are now commonly
expressed in terms of molar
concentrations or molarity (M)

Jeffery, G.H., Bassett, J., Mendham, J., and Denney, R.C.,

1989, Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical
Analysis, Longman Scientific and Technical

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 Primary standard a compound of sufficient
purity from which a standard solution can be
prepared by direct weighing of a quantity of it,
followed by dilution to give a defined volume of
solution
Secondary standard a substance which may be
used for standardizations, and whose content of the
active substance has been found by comparison
against a primary standard

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A primary standard should satisfy the following
requirements:
It must be easy to obtain, to purify, to dry
It should not be hygroscopic, oxidized by air, or affected
by CO2.
The total amount of impurities should not, in general,
exceed 0.01-0.02 %.
It should have a high relative molecular mass so that the
weighing errors may be negligible.
The substance should be readily soluble under the
conditions in which it is employed.
The reaction should be stoichiometric and practically
instantaneous.
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 Indicator is a chemical substance
sensitive enough to display an apparent
change in colour very close to the point
in the ongoing titration process at which
equivalent quantities of analyte and
titrant have almost virtually reacted with
each other.

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octadika@yahoo.com dika_octa

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