Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
To remember what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both use this ( In order from CN I
to CN XII):
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter Most
Extraocularmotor muscles
LR6 (SO4) LR6: Lateral rectus --> VI abductens
SO4: Superior Oblique --> IV Trochlear
All other extraocularmotor muscles are CN III
Branches of the Facial Nerve
Ten Zebras Bought My Car
Ten Zebras Bit My Cock
Two Zulus Buggered My Cat
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Brachial plexus subunits"Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer": Roots Trunks Divisions Cords
Branches Alternatively: "Real Texans Drink Coors Beer".
Tarsal bones
Vagal nerve: path into thoraxVagus nerve, unlike phrenic, continues through diaphragm
with esophagus--it is "Not Left Behind": The left vagus is anterior, right is posterior
[behind].
Inguinal canal: walls"MALT: 2M, 2A, 2L, 2T":
Starting from superior, moving around in order to posterior: Superior wall (roof): 2
Muscles: internal oblique Muscle transverse abdominus Muscle Anterior wall: 2
Aponeuroses: Aponeurosis of external oblique Aponeurosis of internal oblique Lower
wall (floor): 2 Ligaments: inguinal Ligament lacunar Ligament Posterior wall: 2Ts:
Transversalis fascia conjoint Tendon
Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung
"A PALM Seed Makes Another Little Palm":
In order from superior to inferior: Apical Posterior Anterior Lateral Medial Superior
Medial basal Anterior basal Lateral basal Posterior basal
Tarsal bones
"Traverse City (is) Noted (for) MIchigan's Lovely Cherries": Talus Calcaneus (new row)
Navicular (new row) Medial Intermediate cuneiforms Lateral cuneiform Cuboid
Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. leftAorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the
right. Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left.
Hip: lateral rotators"Play Golf Or Go On Quaaludes": From top to bottom: Piriformis
Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Obturator externus Quadratus
femoris Alternatively: "P-GO-GO-Q".
Facial bones"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh!": Vomer Conchae Nasal Maxilla
Mandible Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal
Scalp layers
SCALP: From superficial to deep: Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose areolar
tissue Pericranium
Thoracoacromial artery branches"CAlifornia Police Department": Clavicular Acromial
Pectoral Deltoid
Ankle: anterior compartment of leg contents
"The Hamptons Are Never Dull Parties": From medial malleolus: Tibialis anterior
tendon (Extensor) Hallacus longus Artery (anterior tibial) Nerve (deep peroneal)
(Extensor) Digitorum Peroneus tertius
Erector spinae muscles
"I Love Sex":
From lateral to medial: Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
Alternatively:
ANATOMY
Muscles: potentially absent ones Muscles which may be absent but may be important: 5
P's: Palmaris longus [upper limb] Plantaris [lower limb] Peroneus tertius [lower limb]
Pyramidalis [anterior abdominal wall] Psoas minor [posterior abdominal wall]
Carpal bones"Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand": Proximal row,
lateral-to-medial: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Distal row, lateral-to-medial:
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Carpal bones"She Looks Too Pretty; Try To Catch Her": Proximal row then distal row,
both lateral-to-medial: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrium Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid
Capate Hamate Alternatively: "She Likes To Play; Try To Catch Her".
Flexor digitorum muscles: how they insert onto fingers A little rhyme: Superficialis
Splits in two, To Permit Profundus Passing through.
Scrotum layers
"Some Damn Englishman Called It The Testis":
From superficial to deep: Skin Dartos External spermatic fascia Cremaster Internal
spermatic fascia Tunica vaginalis Testis
Femoral triangle: contents NAVY:
In order from lateral to medial: Nerve Artery Vein Y of the groin Alternatively: Y = Y-
fronts [male underwear].
Vagus nerve: path into thorax"I Left my Aunt in Vegas": Left Vagus nerve goes Anterior
descending into the thorax.
Supine vs. prone body position Know SUPination is your hand while carrying a bowl of
SOUP. Your face follows where your palm is facing [i.e. up]. Put a handpuppet on your
hand while hand is in supination and the puppet will be the supine position. See
diagram.
"Suzy Thompkins Loves Sex, Alcohol, and Pot": From proximal to distal: Superior
thoracic Thoracacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Horner's syndrome componentsSPAM: Sunken eyeballs/ Symphathetic plexus (cervical)
affected Ptosis Anhydrosis Miosis
Voicebox: names of parts in sagittal cross-section
"There's 3 V's in your Voicebox": Vestibular fold Ventricle Vocal fold Note: Vestibular
and Vocal cord also known as false and true cords respectively.
Serratus anterior: innervation SALT: Serratus Anterior = Long Thoracic.
Hip: lateral rotators "Piece Goods Often Go On Quilts": Piriformis Gemellus superior
Obturator internus Gemellus inferior Obturator externus Quadratus femoris
ANATOMY
Aortic arch gives rise to: Brachiocephalic trunk left Common Carotid left Subclavian
Beware though trick question of 'What is first branch of aorta?' Technically, it's the
coronary arteries.
V3 innervated muscles (branchial arch 1 derivatives)
"M.D. My TV": Mastication [masseter, temporalis, pterygoids] Digastric [anterior belly]
Mylohyoid tensor Tympani tensor Veli palatini
Foramen ovale contents
MALE: Mandibular nerve Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve Emissary
veins
Head & Neck
CRANIAL NERVES: I-Optic, II-Olfactory, III-Oculomotor, IV-Trochlear, V-Trigeminal,
VI-Abducens, VII-Facial, VIII-Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear), IX-Glossophrayngeal, X-
Vagus, XI-Spinal Accessory, XII-Hypoglossal
On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops (older and
cleaner)
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hymen (newer and, well ...)
Which cranial nerve is Sensory, Motor, or Both- Some Say Marry Money, But My
Brother Says Big Breasts Matter More
BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
Ten Zebras Beat My Cock
Two Zulus buggered my cat (for the sicker, amongst you!)
You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II -- Optic)
Standing Room Only -Exit of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull S
V1 -Superior orbital fissure, V2 -foramen Rotundum, V3 -foramen Ovale
For the order of nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure:
"Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked in Anticipation."
(Lacrimal, Frontal, Trochlear, Lateral, Nosociliary, Internal,
Abducens)
2 Muscle of mastication- Lateral Lowers- lateral pterygoid is the one that opens the jaw
4 Muscles of Mastication MTPP( which could be read as "Empty Peepee") -masseter,
temporal, lateral and medial pterygoids --
Arteries as they come off the external carotid:
Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Post Auricular,
Superficial temporal, Maxillary
Some Anatomists Like makin loveg, Others Prefer S & M
ANATOMY
INNERVATION OF PENIS:
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out
Point , Shoot, Score! (erection, emmision ,ejaculation) Parasympathetic, Sympathetic ,
Somatomotor
"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor" Innervation of the penis by branches of the pudental
nerve, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4
Structures perforating the esophagus
ANATOMY
Levator Ani
Pelvic Splanchic-Parasympathetic
Sacral Splanchic-Sympathetic
Armies travel over bridges, the Navy travels under.
(Bridge is the ligament...reference to suprascapular artery and nerve.)
Pad, dab. Dorsal ABduct...Palmar ADduct...interosseous muscles of hand/foot.
Layers of the epidermis-Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum,
Corneum
Grandpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.
Limbic System- the 5 Fs- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight and makin loveg
The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal are APE OIL:
Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecum.
Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot pie. The branches of the Axillary Artery are:
Superior Thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral Thoracic, Subscapular, Anterior Circumflex
Humeral, Posterior Circumflex Humeral, and Profunda Brachii.
TIRE- four abdominal muscles -- transversus, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, and
external oblique
GFR -Layers of the adrenal:-- Glomerular, Fascicular, Reticular
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter
More (what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both)
BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal,
Masseteric, Cervical
Ten Zebras Bought My Car
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES:
"Look at how your jaw ends up when saying first syllable of 'Lateral' or 'Medial' ":
"La": your jaw is now open, so Lateral opens mouth.
"Me": your jaw is still closed, so medial closes the mandible.
Supine vs. prone body position"Supine is on your spine.
Therefore, prone's the "other" one. Also, prone to suffocate in prone position.
Meckel's diverticulum details
2 inches long. 2 feet from end of ileum. 2 times more common in men. 2% occurrence in
population. 2 types of tissues may be present. Note: "di-" means "two", so diverticulum
is the thing with all the twos.
Perineal vs. peroneal
Perineal is in between the legs. Peroneal is on the leg.
Anterior forearm muscles: superficial groupThere are five, like five digits of your hand.
Place your thumb into your palm, then lay that hand palm down on your other arm, as
shown in diagram. Your 4 fingers now show distribution: spells PFPF [pass/fail, pass/
fail]: Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Your thumb
below your 4 fingers shows the muscle which is deep to the other four: Flexor digitorum
superficialis.
Carpal tunnel syndrome causesMEDIAN TRAP: Myxoedema Edema premenstrually
Diabetes Idiopathic Agromegaly Neoplasm Trauma Rheumatoid arthritis Amyloidosis
Pregnancy Mnemonic fits nicely since median nerve is trapped.
Lumbar plexus "I, I Get Laid On Fridays":
Iliohypogastric [L1]
Ilioinguinal [L1]
Genitofemoral [L1, L2]
Lateral femoral cutaneous [L2, L3]
Obtruator [L2, L3, L4]
Femoral [L2, L3, L4]
ANATOMY
Alternatively: "I twice Get Laid On Fridays". Alternatively: "Interested In Getting Laid
On Fridays?"
Elbow: muscles that flex itThree B's Bend the elBow: Brachialis Biceps Brachioradialis
Cavernous sinus contents O TOM CAT:
O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior. CA are the
components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O
TOM. See diagram. Occulomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Ophthalmic nerve
(V1) Maxillary nerve (V2) Carotid artery Abducent nerve (VI) T: When written, connects
to the T of OTOM.
Bronchi: which one is more vertical"Inhale a bite, goes down the right": Inhaled objects
more likely to lodge in right bronchus, since it is the one that is more vertical
61
Carotid sheath contents "I See 10 CC's in the IV":
I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery
10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve)
CC = Common Carotid artery
IV = Internal Jugular Vein
Liver: side with ligamentum venosum/ caudate lobe vs. side with quadrate lobe/
ligamentum teres "VC goes with VC":
The Venosum and Caudate is on same side as Vena Cava [posterior]. Therefore, quadrate
and teres must be on anterior by default.
See inferior-view diagram.
71
Joints in the midline "SC":
In medial line, below Second Cervical, joints are Secondary Cartilaginous and usually
have a diSC.
Notes: secondary cartilaginous is also known as symphysis. The one that doesn't have a
disc is xiphi-sternal.
Anterior forearm muscles: superficial group "Pimps F*ck Prostitutes For Fun":
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longous
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
External carotid artery branches "Some Aggressive Lovers Find Odd Positions More
Stimulating":
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occiptal
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
External carotid artery branches "Sister Lucy's Powdered Face Often Attracts Silly
Medicos":
Before entering the parotid gland:
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Posterior auricular
Facial
Occipital
Ascending pharyngeal
Ends as:
Superficial temporal and
Maxillary bifurcating in the in the parotid gland
ANATOMY
Fibula vs. tibia: which is the bigger one People talk of telling just a "little white lie", or a
"little fib":
Therefore, the fibula is smaller.
Alternatively: TIBia is the Thicker Inner Bone.
Alternatively: "Little lat FIB, big fat TIB".
Interossei muscles: actions of dorsal vs. palmar in hand "PAd and DAb":
The Palmar Adduct and the Dorsal Abduct.
Use your hand to dab with a pad.
Thoracic duct: relation to azygous vein and esophagus "The duck between 2 gooses":
Thoracic duct (duck) is between 2 gooses, azygous and esophagus.
Pectoral nerves: path of lateral vs. medial "Lateral Less, Medial More":
Lateral pectoral nerve only goes through Pectoralis major, but
Medial pectoral nerve goes though both Pectoralis major and minor.
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal
Maxillary
Alternatively: As She Lay Flat, Oscar's Passion Slowly Mounted".
Abdominal muscles
"Spare TIRE around their abdomen":
Transversus abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Carpal bones
"Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle":
Proximal row then distal row, both lateral-to-medial:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capate
Hamate
Alternatively: "Scared Lovers..."
Alternatively: "Senior Lecturers...".
ANATOMY
External carotid artery branches "Some Aberdeen Ladies F#ck, Others Prefer Manual
Stimulation":
From inferior to superior:
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
ANATOMY
Liver inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions There's a Hepatic
"H" on inferior of liver. One vertical stick of the H is the dividing line for anatomical
right/left lobe and the other vertical stick is the divider for vascular halves. Stick that
divides the liver into vascular halves is the one with vena cava impression (since vena
cava carries blood, it's fortunate that it's the divider for blood halves).
Obturator canal: relations of structures "Who's flying in the top of Obturator canal?
Obviously Not A Vein!":
Obturator
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Kidney hilums at transpyloric plane [L1] L-1 goes through hilum of only 1 kidney, and
its the Left one.
Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through "Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked In
Anticipation Of Sex":
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
ANATOMY
Trochlear nerve
Lateral nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Internal nerve
Abducens nerve
Ophthalmic veins
Sympathetic nerves
Cranial bones"Fraternity Parties Occasionally Teach Spam Etiquette": The first two
letters of each bone: Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid
Internal iliac artery: posterior branchPILS: Posterior branch Iliolumbar Lateral sacral
Superior gluteal
Foramen ovale contentsOVALE: Otic ganglion (just inferior) V3 cranial nerve Accessory
meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve Emisary veins
Anatomical planes: coronal, horizontal, sagittal
Coronal: A classic painting/stained glass window of a saint/angel has a corona radiating
around the person's head. The plane of the glass/page is cutting their head in the coronal
plane. Horizontal: Someone coming over the horizon has their abdomen cut in the
horizontal plane. Sagittal: the remaining one by default.
Brachial plexus branches"My Aunt Raped My Uncle": From lateral to medial:
Musculocutaneous Axillary Radial Median Ulnar
Tibia vs. fibula: which is lateralThe FibuLA is LAteral.
Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through"Lonely Fat Teenage Virgins Rarely
Like Swallowing And Never Ingest": Lacrimal nerve Frontal nerve Trochlear nerve Vein:
ophthalmic Ring: tendinous From the ring, arises: Lateral rectus Superior division III
Abducent nerve Nasociliary nerve Inferior divison III
Brachial plexus: branches of posterior cordSTAR: Subscapular [upper and lower]
Thoracodorsal Axillary Radial
Dermatome C6 location
Stick arm out like crucifixion stance. Curl your thumb and forefinger into an "OK"
symbol while keeping your other fingers straight. Your hand should now look like a 6
shape. So C6 dermatome is your thumb and top of arm (reason for crucifix stance). See
diagram.
Heart valves
"Toilet Paper My A$$": From right to left: Tricuspid Pulmonic Mitral Aortic
121
ANATOMY
Interossei muscles: number of palmars vs. dorsals "3 on the P, 4 on the Dor":
There are 3 Palmar, and 4 Dorsal interossei.
Carpal bones: trapezium vs. trapezoid location Since there's two T's in carpal bone
mnemonic sentences, need to know which T is where:
TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapeziOID is inSIDE.
Alternatively, TrapeziUM is by the thUMB, TrapezOID is by its SIDE.
Soleus vs. gastrocnemius muscle function "Stand on your Soles. Explosive gas":
ANATOMY
Serratus anterior: innervation and action "C5-6-7 raise your arms up to heaven":
Long thoracic nerve roots (567) innervate Serratus anterior.
Test C567 roots clinically by ability to raise arm past 90 degrees.
Wrist: radial side vs. ulnar side Make a fist with your thumb up in the air and say "Rad!".
Your thumb is now pointing to your Radius.
Note: 'Rad!' was a late 80's catchphrase, short for 'Radical'. Things that were good were
called 'Rad'.
Medial malleolus:
order of tendons, artery, nerve behind it "Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry":
From anterior to posterior:
Tibialis
Digitorum
Artery
Nerve
Hallicus
Full names for these are: Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Posterior Tibial
Artery, Posterior Tibial Nerve, Flexor Hallicus Longus.
Alternatively: "Tom, Dick ANd Harry".
Alternatively: "Tom, Dick And Not Harry".
Hip posterior dislocation: most likely arrangement for one "Hitting the brake pedal before
the accident":
You are sitting, so hip is flexed, and adducted and medially rotated so can move your foot
away from the gas pedal over to the brake pedal.
Note: car accidents are
131
Diaphragm apertures "3 holes, each with 3 things going through it":
Aortic hiatus: aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein.
Esophageal hiatus: esophagus, vagal trunks, left gastric vessels.
Caval foramen: inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve, lymph nodes.
ANATOMY
Buttock quadrant safest for needle insertion "Shut up and butt out":
The Upper Outer quadrant of the Buttock safely avoids hitting sciatic nerve.
Popliteal fossa: muscles arrangement The two Semi's go together, Semimembranosus and
Semitendonosus.
The Membranosus is Medial and since the two semis go together, Semitendonosus is also
medial.
Therefore, Biceps Femoris has to be lateral.
Of the semi's, to remember which one is superficial: the Tendonosus is on Top.
Carpal bones
"Scottish Lads Take Prostitutes To The Caledonian Hotel":
Proximal row, then distal row:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capate
Hamate
Alternatively: "Students Like Taking Prostitutes To The Carelton Hotel".
Bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung "Astute Anatomists Share Inside Secrets
About Lungs":
Apicoposterior (S1+2)
Anterior (S3)
Superior (S4)
Inferior (S5)
ANATOMY
Superior (S6)
Anteromedial basal (S7+8)
Lateral basal (S9)
Extrinsic muscles of tongue [for pro soccer fans] "Paris St. Germain's Hour":
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
PSG is a French soccer team (foreign), hence extrinsic comes to mind.
Anteflexed vs. anteverted: what bodypart each describes "Anteflexed and Anteverted
both bend toward Anterior".
The "V" words go together: Verted is for the cerVix (therefore flexed must be uterus).
Lung lobe numbers: right vs. left Tricuspid heart valve and tri-lobed lung both on the
right side.
Bicuspid and bi-lobed lung both on the left side.
Foramen spinosum: location on base of skull Foramen spinosum is adjacent to the spine
of sphenoid.
ANATOMY
Palmaris longus: location, relative to wrist nerves "The Palmaris between two Palmars":
Palmaris longus is between the Palmar cutaneous branch of Ulnar nerve and Palmar
cutaneous branch of Median nerve.
Hyoid bone: muscle attachments "Christ, He Didn't Screw Girls Much. That's Obvious,
Stupid":
The first sentence is for 6 muscles attaching superiorly, the second sentence is for 3
muscles attaching inferiorly.
Both sentences are in order from lateral to medial:
Constricter (middle)
Hyoglossus
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Myloyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
151
Lung lobes: segments of right middle lobe "ML=ML":
Segments of Middle Lobe are Medial & Lateral.
Female pelvic organs' blood supply "3 organs, each get 2 blood supplies":
Uterus: uterine, vaginal.
Rectum: middle rectal, inferior rectal [inferior rectal is the end of pudendal].
Bladder: superior vesical, inferior vesical.
ANATOMY
Face muscles: large muscle groups' cranial innervation Mandibular nerve: Mastication.
Facial nerve: Facial expression.
Inversion vs. eversion direction in the foot Little INtroVERted boys roll their feet in
when talking to girls.
Also, can just watch which way the sole of the foot goes: does it face in or out?
See diagram.
Bowel components
"Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report": From proximal to distal:
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Appendix Colon Sigmoid Rectum Alternatively: to include
the cecum, "Dow Jones Industrial Climbing Average Closing Stock Report".
Ulnar nerve to ulnar artery and radial nerve to radial artery relationsThink "peripheral
nerves": The ulnar nerve is "ulnar" to the ulnar artery. Radial nerve is "radial" to the
radial artery.
Carpal bones
"Her C#nt's Too Tight So Lubricate The Penis": Anticlockwise: Hamate Capate
Trapezoid Trapezium Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform
Oblique muscles: direction of externals vs. internals
"Hands in your pockets": When put hands in your pockets, fingers now lie on top of
external obliques and fingers point their direction of fibers: down and towards midline.
Note: "oblique" tells that must be going at an angle. Internal obliques are at right angles
to external.
ANATOMY
Murphy's point organ [for Irish]"Murphy was an Irishman (and Murphy is a classic Irish
surname), and Ireland=green": Green organ in body is gallbladder, so Murphy's point is
the gall bladder.
Duodenum: lengths of parts"Counting 1 to 4 but staggered": 1st part: 2 inches 2nd part: 3
inches 3rd part: 4 inches 4th part: 1 inch
Elbow: which side has common flexor originFM (as in FM Radio): Flexor Medial, so
Common Flexor Origin is on the medial side.
Carpal bones
"She Licks Toms Prick; Her Cu*t's Too Tight": Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium
Supination vs. pronation: which is more powerfulScrews were designed to be tightened
well by majority of people. "Righty tighty": to tighten screws you turn to the right.
Majority of people are right-handed. Turning right-hand to the right is supination.
Median and ulnar nerves: common featuresEach supply 1/2 of flexor digitorum
profundus. Each supplies 2 lumbricals. Each has a palmar cutaneous nerve that pops off
prematurely. Each supplies an eminence group of muscles [ulnar: hypothenar. median:
thenar]. Each enters forearm through two heads [ulnar: heads of flexor carpi ulnaris.
median: heads of pronator teres]. Each has no branches in upper arm. Each makes two
fingers claw when cut at wrist. Each supplies a palmaris [median: palmaris longus. ulnar:
palmaris brevis].
171
Bowel components "Dublin Sisters Ceramic Red Colored Jewelry Apparently Illegal":
2-4 letters of each component:
Duodenum
Sigmoid
Cecum
Rectum
Colon
Jejunum
Appendix
Ileum
Thoracic duct: which half of upper body does it drain Know drains all of lower body, but
was it the right or the left part of the upper body?
Answer: its Lymph from the Left of the upper body.
Ulna bone: quick recognition in oral exam The Ulnar bone has a "U" at the end where it
goes over the trochlea.
Posterior auricular
Internal maxillary
Superficial temporal
Carpal bones "The boat sailed to the moon with 3 pEas in a rOw, at the wheel was
Captain Hook":
Carpal bones in order of occurrence:
Boat is scaphoid. Moon is lunate. 3 is triquetrum. Peas is pisiform (stressing the E sound
for trapezium). Row is trapezoid (stressing the O for trapezOid). Captain is capitate.
Hook is hamate (hamate has the hook).
Penis: spinal level innervation "S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor":
Alternatively: "S2, 3, 4 make a mess on the floor".
Penis innervated by pudendal nerve branches, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4.
181
Thoracic cage: relations to the important venous structures Behind the sternoclavicular
joints: the brachiocephalic veins begin.
Behind the 1st costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava begins.
Behind the 2nd costal cartilage on the right the azygos vein ends.
Behind the 3rd costal cartilage on the right the superior vena cava ends.
Saphenous veins: path of great vs. small at malleolus "MAGdelaine has varicose
veins" [The saphenous veins are important for varicose veins]:
Medial maleolus, Anterior to maleolus, and Great saphenous go together.
Then the opposites of these go together: Small saphenous is posterior to the lateral
maleolus.
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Pisiform
Triquital
Lunate
Scaphoid
Plantarflexion vs. dorsiflexion Plantar flexion occurs when you squish a Plant with your
foot.
Autonomics to the gut "The PARAsympathetics follow a rule of TWO" [pair = two]:
The vagus does the top, the sacral splanchnics the outflow tract.
"The sympathetics follow a rule of threes":
Greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves go to the celiac,superior and inferior mesenteric
ganglion.
191
Adductor magnus innervation "AM SO!":
Adductor Magnus innervated by Sciatic and Obturator.
Descending abdominal aorta: seven divisions "Sometimes Intestines Get Really Stretched
Causing Leakage":
ANATOMY
Suprarenals [paired]
Inferior mesenteric
Gonadal [paired]
Renals [paired]
Superior mesenteric
Celiac
Lumbar [paired]
Sperm: path through male reproductive system "My boyfriend's name is STEVE":
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Lower limb peripheral nerve injurys "Drop into a DEeP PIT and shuffle your way out":
Foot Drop results from Dorsiflexors and Evertors paralysis, due to common Peroneal
nerve lesion.
Plantarflexion and Inversion impairment due to Tibial nerve lesion, results in a shuffling
gait.
Supination vs. pronation "SOUPination": Supination is to turn your arm palm up, as if
you are holding a bowl of soup.
"POUR-nation": Pronation is to turn your arm with the palm down, as if you are pouring
out whatever is your bowl.
Alternatively, Pronation donation: Pronation is palm facing downward, as if making a
donation.
Subclavian artery branches "Very Tired Individuals Sip Strong Coffee Served Daily":
Vertebral artery
Thyrocervical trunk
---Inferior thyroid
---Superficial cervical
---Suprascapular
Costocervical
---Superior intercostal
---Deep cervical
Tibia: muscles of pes anserinus (the muscles attached to tibia's medial side) "A Girl
between Two Sargeants":
ANATOMY
Gracilus is between
Sartorius and
Semitendonosus
Rib costal groove: order of intercostal blood vessels and nerve VAN:
From superior to inferior:
Vein
Artery
Nerve
211
ANATOMY
Orbit: bones of medial wall "My Little Eye Sits in the orbit":
Maxilla (frontal process)
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid (body)
Cartilage derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch (mandibular) "I'M A Super Sexy Guy" (or
Girl):
Incus
Malleus
Anterior ligament of malleus
Spine of sphenoid
Sphenomandibular ligament
Genial tubercle of mandible
Facial nerve: branches after Stylomastoid foramen "Ten Zulus Buggered My Cat
(Painfully)":
From superior to inferior:
Temporal branch
ANATOMY
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
(Posterior auricular nerve)
Alternatively: "PAssing Through Zanzibar By Motor Car" (PA for Posterior Auricular).
Superior orbital fissure: structures passing through "Live Free To See Absolutely No
Insult":
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
Superior branch of oculomotor nerve
Abducent nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
Vertebrae: number of facets a typical thoracic has Typical Thoracic has Ten facets.
External carotid artery branches "So Long For Acting Old Parenting Means Stability":
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Ascending pharyngeal
Occiptal
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
Horner's is:
Ptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis
221
Superior mediastinum contents "BATS & TENT":
Brachiocephalic veins
Arch of aorta
Thymus
Superior vena cava
Trachea
Esophagus
Nerves (vagus & phrenic)
Thoracic duct
Scrotum layers "Some Days Eddie Can Irritate People Very Thourougly":
Skin
Dartos layer
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Parietal tunica vaginalis
Visceral tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
External carotid artery branches "Sally Ate Lots Of Fresh Produce March Through
September":
Superior thyroid
Ascending laryngeal
Lingual
Occipital (O before F is an extremely common variation)
Facial
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Transverse facial
Superficial temporal
ANATOMY
Cricoarytenoids: abductor vs. adductor When aliens abduct you, they Probe you.
Posterior cricoarytenoids abduct. Lateral therefore is adduct by default.
Extensor expansion location in the hand The eXtensor eXpansion is on the proXimal
phalynX.
Carpal bone having the hook The Hamate has the Hook.
External carotid artery branches "She Lay Flaccid As Olaf's Penis Slipped In":
From caudal to cephalad:
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Ascending pharyngeal
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal
(Internal) maxillary
231
Carpal bones (multangular names) "Never Lower Tillie's Pants. Mother May Come
Home.":
Navicular
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
greater Multangular (trapezium)
lesser Multangular (trapezoid)
Capitate
Hamate
BEHAVIORAL
MNEMONICS
Premature ejaculation: treatment 2 S's:
SSRIs [eg: fluoxitime]
Squeezing technique [glans pressure before climax]
More detail with 2 more S's:
Sensate-focus excercises [relieves anxiety]
Stop and start method [5-6 rehearsals of stopping stimulation before climax]
Depression: symptoms
BAD CRISES:
Behavioural change (slowing down or agitation)
ANATOMY
Impotence causes
PLANE:
Psychogenic: performance anxiety
Libido: decreased with androgen deficiency, drugs
Autonomic neuropathy: impede blood flow redirection
Nitric oxide deficiency: impaired synthesis, decreased blood pressure
Erectile reserve: can't maintain an erection
ANATOMY
REM: features
REM:
Rapid pulse/ Respiratory rate
Erection
Mental activity increase/ Muscle paralysis
BIOCHEMISTRY
MNEMONICS
Essential Amino Acids
PriVaTe TIM HALL
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys
Urea Cycle
Ordinarily, Careless Crappers, Are Also Frivolous About Urination.
Ornithine,
Carbamoyl, Citrulline, Arginosuccinate, Aspartate,
Fumarate, Arginine, Urea.
Cell division
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
"People Meet And Talk."
Psychologial abnormalities
Pink urine
Precipitated by drugs (eg barbiturates, oral contraceptives, sulpha drugs)
BUN:creatinine elevation: causes ABCD:
Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition)
G6PD: oxidant drugs inducing hemolytic anemia AAA: Antibiotic (eg: sufamethoxazole)
Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)
Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid, but not aspirin or acetaminophen)
Vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid) deficiency: pellagra
The 3 D's of pellagra: Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia
Note vitamin B3 is the 3 D's.
Tangier's disease: hallmark
"Tangierene tonsils":
Hallmark is large orange tonsils.
Important clinical note: there is no increased risk of atherosclerosis, just like eating
tangerenes.
Na+/K+ pump: movement of ions and quantity
K+ and in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are pumped in. Na+ and out each
consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are pumped out
ABCD:
Anderson's=Branching enzyme.
Cori's=Debranching enzyme.
Otherwise, can't really distinguish clinically.
Nitric oxide: amino acid precursor
When the dentist works on your teeth, you say, "AAArg! (Arginine)" before he
administers Nitric Oxide (NO) to take the pain away.
Other players necessary for NO synthesis: NO synthase, Ca++, NADPH.
Pompe's disease: type "Police = Po + lys":
ANATOMY
Temperature
G proteins for respective receptors
"QISS & QIQ" (Kiss and Kick):
G-proteins and their respective receptors (alphabetical order):
Q: alpha 1 I: alpha 2 S: beta 1 S: beta 2 &
Q: M1 I: M2 Q: M3
Adrenaline mechanism
"ABC of Adrenaline":
Adrenaline--> activates
Beta receptors--> increases
Cyclic AMP
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
Enzymes get reaction over the hill.
Insulin: function
INsulIN stimulates 2 things to go IN 2 cells: Potassium and Glucose.
Collagen concisely covered
COLLAGEN:
C-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Covalent Cross links/ C vitamin/ Connective tissue/
Cartilage/ Chondroblasts/ Copper Cofactor (Covalent Cross linking)
Outside the cell is where collagen normally functions/ Osteoblasts/ Osteogenesis
imperfecta
Lysyl hydroxylase/ Lysyl oxidase (oxidatively deaminates lysyl and hydroxylysyl
residues to form collagen cross links, last biosynthesis step)
Long triple helical fibers/ Ligaments
Alpha chains/ Attached by H bonds form triple helix/ Ascorbate for hydroxylation of
lysyl and prolyl residues of pro-Alpha chains (postranslational modification)
Gly in every third position/ Glycosylation of hydroxyl group of hydroxylysine with
Glucose and Galactose; GOlgi allows procollagen to GO outside of cell
Extracellular matrix/ Eye (cornea, sclera)/ Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
N-terminal propeptide (procollagen)/ Nonhelical terminal extensions
Note: Procollagen LEAVEs the cell to be cLEAVEd by procollagen peptidases
Essential amino acids
"PVT. TIM HALL always argues, never tires":
Phe Val Thr Trp Ile Met His Arg Lue Lys
Always argues: the A is for Arg, not Asp.
'Never tires': T is not Tyr, but is both Thr and Trp.
Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms
"Increased Vitamin A makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
ANATOMY
O
V
E
S
A
L
I
U
S
Osteomyelitis
Vertebral Fracture
Extraspinal Tumour
Spondylolisthesis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Lumbar Disk Increase
Intraspinal Tumour
Unhappiness
Stress
Cranial Bones
Annoying, aren't they? The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6...
P
E
S
T
O
F
Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
the six? the number of bones!
Try this one as well: Old People From Texas Eat Spiders.
Cranial Sutures
Sutures have CLASS...
C
L
A
S
S
Coronal
Lambdoid
and
Squamous
Sagittal
Facial Bones
ANATOMY
"Con Man Max and Pal Ziggy Lack Nasty Voices". Not the
most intuitive acrostic in the world, but it works...
Con
Man
Max
Pal
Ziggy
Lack
Nasty
Voices
Conchae
Mandible
Maxilla
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer
P
A
P
A
Posterior
Anterior
Posterio-Lateral
Anterio-Lateral
Fractures
Star Wars fans (hi, Inderpal!) use "Go C3PO" to recall the
seven types of bone fractures...
G
O
C
C
C
P
ANATOMY
O
Greenstick
Open
Complete
Closed
Comminuted
Partial
Other
Orbital Bones
This one's a bit silly. It relies on the belief that a species called
the FLEZMS are in ORBITaround the earth.
F
L
E
Z
M
S
Frontal
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Sphenoid
Two Zulu's Bruised My Cervix
This one is used to remember the branches of the facial
nerve...a (Sent to me by axe@iinet.net.au)
T emporal nerve
Z ygomatic nerve
B uccal nerve
M arginal mandibular nerve
C ervical nerve
To Zanzibar By Motorcar
ANATOMY
Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock "Heart
SAVER":
Symphatoadrenal system
Atrial natriuretic factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalis-like factor
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
In all 5, system is activated/factor is released
11
Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology MS is a female title (Ms.) and
it is female predominant.
MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant.
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes HOLT: Grab Harold Holt around the
neck and throw him in the ocean:
Heart failure
Obstruction of venea cava
Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular
Intra-Thoracic pressure increase
22
Murmur attributes "IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves):
Intensity
Location
Pitch
Quality
Radiation
Shape
Timing
33
Mitral regurgitation When you hear holosystolic murmurs, think "MR-THEM ARE
holosystolic murmurs".
Carditis
Arthritis
Nodules
Chorea
Erythema
Rheumatic anamnesis
Minor criteria: CAFE PAL:
CRP increased
Arthralgia
Fever
Elevated ESR
Prolonged PR interval
Anamnesis of rheumatism
Leucocytosis
41
Ischemia
Normality [esp. young, black]
Ventricular hypertrophy
Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]
RBBB, LBBB
Treatments [digoxin]
CLINICAL MNEMONICS
ANATOMY
! A-P-G-A-R:
A- appearance (color)
P- pulse (heart rate)
G - grimmace (reflex, irritability)
A- activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory effort
! Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: Each of the MENs is a disease of three or two letters
plus a feature.
MEN I is a disease of 3 P's (pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas)
plus adrenal cortex
MEN II is a disease of 2 C's(carcinoma of thyroid and
catacholamines [pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN
IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB(aka MEN III)
! Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria--PMN infiltrate
! Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes--Mononuclear infiltrate
! Takayasu's diz = pulseless diz, therefore when you have Takayasu's, I can't Tak'a yu
pulse.
! CAGE--alcohol use screening
Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your drinking?
Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your drinking?
Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the morning for an
EYE OPENER?
! P-Q-R-S-T--eliciting and HPI and exploring symptoms
P--palliative or provocative factors for the pain
Q--quality of pain(burning, stabbing, aching, etc.)
R--region of body affected
ANATOMY
C--character, quality
L--location
A--associated sx
S--setting
T--timing
note: ASCLAST means let the patient talk first, then ask him/her
specific questions
! Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil: Accommodation reflex present, Pupillary
reflex absent due to damage at pretectal area. Also called the "prostitute's
pupil" (accommodates but does not react).
! The five W's--post-operative fever
Wind--pneumonia, atelectasis
Wound--wound infections
Water--urinary tract infection
Walking--walking
can help reduce deep vein thromboses and
pulmonary embolus
Wonderdrugs--especially anesthesia
! Predisposing Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism: TOM SCHREPFER
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip
! ARTERIAL OCCLUSION:
pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresthesias
Type II Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III Immune-complex
Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity
! WBC Count: "Never Let Mom Eat Beans" and "60, 30, 6, 3, 1"
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1:
Hallmark Findings (and a few odd items mixed in) Adhesive arachnoiditis Caused by
bacterial meningitis, leads to obstructive hydrocephalus Albumino-Cytologic
Dissociation Guillain-Barre (markedly increased protein in CSF with only modest
increase in cell count) AFP increase Neural tube defects, hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk
ANATOMY
sac and embryonal carcinoma AFP decrease Downs Amnion nodosum Renal agenesis
Amyloid in thyroid Thyroid medullary carcinoma (calcitonin) Analgesic abuse Papillary
necrosis, esp. in diabetics Anasarca Minimal change disease Aneurysmal nodules
Polyarteritis nodosa Angiomyolipoma Tuberous sclerosis Anosmia Kallmans syndrome
Anterior vermian atrophy alcoholism Anti-centromere antibody Limited scleroderma
(CREST) Anti-DNA topoisomerase antibody Diffuse scleroderma Anti-endomysial
antibody Celiac sprue Anti-jo antibody polymositis Anti-mitochondrial antibody Primary
biliary cirrhosis Antiplatelet Antibodies idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Anti-
sacharommyces cervisiae antibody Crohns Anti-Smith antibodies Specific for SLE, anti-
ribonulceoprotein Anti-smooth muscle antibody Autoimmune hepatitis type I
Arachnodactyly Marfans Aschoff Bodies rheumatic fever Ashleaf spots (skin)
Tuberous sclerosis Atypical lymphocytes EBV Auer Rods acute promyelocytic
leukemia (AML type M3) Autosplenectomy sickle cell anemia Babinski UMN lesion
Bacterial conjuntivitis S. aureus, strep. pneumo, Hemophilus aegyptius Basophilic
Stippling of RBCs lead poisoning Bence Jones Protein multiple myeloma free light
chains (either kappa or lambda) Waldenstroms macroglobinemia Bilateral breast cancer
Lobular carcinoma Bilateral renal cell carcinoma Von Hippel-Lindau Birbeck Granules
histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) Bladder trabeculation BPH Bloody nipple
discharge Intraductal papilloma Blueberry muffin baby Rubella Blue Bloater Chronic
Bronchitis Blue Sclera Osteogenesis imperfecta Boot-Shaped Heart Tetralogy of Fallot
Bouchards Nodes osteoarthritis (PIP) Boutonnieres Deformity rheumatoid arthritis
Bronze Diabetes Hemochromatosis Brown Tumor hyperparathyroidism Brudzinski sign
meningitis Brushfield Spots Downs, on iris Call-Exner Bodies granulosa cell tumor
Carbon monoxide poisoning Hyperemia, edema and necrosis of globus Cardiomegaly
with Apical Atrophy Chagas Disease Central Nuclei in Muscle Muscular dystrophies
Chancre 1* Syphilis, painless firm ulcers
Chancroid Haemophilus ducreyi, painful soft ulcers Charcot Triad multiple sclerosis
(nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech) Charcot-Leyden Crystals bronchial
asthma Cherry-red spot on macula Tay-Sachs, 50% of Niemann-Pick Cheyne-Stokes
Breathing cerebral lesion Chocolate Cysts endometriosis Cholesterol clefts
atherosclerosis Chordae tendinae short and fused Rheumatic heart disease Chronic staph
infections Chronic granulomatous disease, a deficiency of NADPH oxidase, cant kill
catalase positive bugs Chvosteks Sign Hypocalcemia facial spasm in tetany Clear
nuclei Thyroid papillary carcinoma (Orphan Annies eyes) Clue Cells Gardnerella
vaginitis Codmans Triangle osteosarcoma Coin Lesions in Lung Pulmonary
Hamartoma Cold Agglutinins Mycoplasma pneumoniae infectious mononucleosis
Cold thyroid nodules Colloid cyst or thyroid adenoma Concentric laminar intimal fibrosis
of small arteries of lung Primary pulmonary hypertension Condyloma Lata 2* Syphilis
new coffee flavor at Bagel & Bagel Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis Polycystic Kidney
Disease, juvenile autosomal recessive form Contraction Band Necrosis MI Cotton Wool
Spots HTN Councilman Bodies dying hepatocytes Crescents In Bowmans Capsule
rapidly progressive (crescentic glomerulonephritis) Crushed ping pong balls
ANATOMY
Most Common 1 Tumor arising from bone in adults Multiple Myeloma Adrenal
Medullary Tumor Adults Pheochromocytoma Adrenal Medullary Tumor Children
Neuroblastoma Arteries of stroke Lateral striate Bacterial Meningitis adults Neisseria
meningitidis Bacterial Meningitis elderly Strep pneumoniae Bacterial Meningitis
newborns E. coli Bacterial Meningitis toddlers Hib B cell defect (genetic) Isolated
IgA deficiency Bone Tumors Metasteses from Breast & Prostate Brain Tumor Child
Medulloblastoma (cerebellum) Brain Tumor Adult Astrocytoma (including
Glioblastoma Multiforme) then: mets, meningioma, Schwannoma Breast Carcinoma
Invasive Duct Carcinoma Breast Mass Fibrocystic Change (Carcinoma is the most
common is post-menopausal women) Bug in Acute Endocarditis Staph aureus Bug in
debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia pt Klebsiella Bug in Epiglottitis Hib Bug in GI
Tract Bacteroides (2nd E. coli) Bug in IV drug user bacteremia / pneumonia Staph
aureus Bug in PID N. Gonnorrhoeae Bug in Subacute Endocarditis Strep Viridans
Cardiac 1 Tumor Adults Myxoma Ball Valve Cardiac 1 Tumor Child
Rhabdomyoma Cardiac Tumor Adults Metasteses Cardiomyopathy Dilated
(Congestive) Cardiomyopathy Carpal bone fractured scaphoid Cause of 2 HTN Renal
Disease Cause of Addisons Autoimmune (2nd infection) Cause of Congenital
Adrenal Hyperplasia 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (then, 11-) Cause of Cushings
Exogenous Steroid Therapy (then, 1 ACTH, Adrenal Adenoma, Ectopic ACTH) Cause
of death in Alzheimer pts Pneumonia Cause of death in amyloidosis Chronic renal
failure Cause of death in Diabetics MI Cause of Death in SLE pts. Lupus Nephropathy
Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative) Cause of Dementia Alzheimers Cause of Dementia
(2nd most common) Multi-Infarct Dementia Cause of food poisoning Staph aureus
Cause of mental retardation Downs Cause of mental retardation (2nd most common)
Fragile X Cause of preventable blindness Chlamydia Cause of Pulmonary HTN COPD
Cause of SIADH Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Chromosomal disorder Downs
Congenital cardiac anomaly VSD (membranous > muscular) Congenital early cyanosis
Tetralogy of Fallot Coronary Artery thrombosis LAD Demyelinating Disease
Multiple Sclerosis Dietary Deficiency Iron Disseminated opportunistic infection in
AIDS CMV (Pneumocystis carinii is most common overall) Esophageal cancer SCCA
Fatal genetic defect in Caucasians Cystic Fibrosis Female Tumor Leimyoma Form of
Amyloidosis Immunologic (Bence Jones protein in multiple myeloma is also called the
Amyloid Light Chain) Form of Tularemia Ulceroglandular Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial Carcinoma Heart Murmur Mitral Valve Prolapse Heart problem in AIDS
Pericarditis Heart tumor in adults myxoma Heart tumor in kids rhabdomyoma Heart
Valve in bacterial endocarditis Mitral Heart Valve in bacterial endocarditis in IV drug
users Tricuspid Heart Valve involved in Rheumatic Fever Mitral then Aortic
Hereditary Bleeding Disorder Von Willebrands Disease Liver 1 Tumor Hepatoma,
seen in women on oral contraceptives Liver Disease Alcoholic Liver Disease Location
of Adult brain tumors Above Tentorium Location of Childhood brain tumors Below
Tentorium Location of GI tuberculosis Ileocecal Lysosomal Storage Disease Gauchers
Motor Neuron Disease ALS Myocarditis cause Coxsackie B Neoplasm Child
Leukemia Neoplasm Child (2nd most common) Medulloblastoma of brain
ANATOMY
Timing of pain (after exercise, in evening, etc.) U: How does it affect 'U' in your daily
life?
May wish to expand to OPPQRRSTTUVW, with the extra letters representing:
Provocative factors Radiation (how does pain spread) Treatments tried Deja Vu: Has this
happened before? Worry: What do you think or fear that it is?
Pain history checklist "On Days Feeling Low Character, Run A Seven Pace Race":
Onset
Duration
Frequency
Location
Character
Radiation
Severity
Precipitating factors
Relieving factors
ANATOMY
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Infection
Neoplasm
Cardiac
Autoimmune
Neurological
Blood/ Bone
Endocrine
Disintegration/ Degeneration
Drugs
Iatrogenic/ Idiopathic
Psychological
Paediatric
Obstetric
Gynaecological
Sign vs. symptom Remember Ace of Base's song that goes like this: "I Saw the Sign, and
it opened up my eyes".
The physician sees the signs.
Abdomen assessment To assess abdomen, palpate all 4 quadrants for DR. GERM:
Distension: liver problems, bowel obstruction Rigidity (board like): bleeding Guarding:
muscular tension when touched Eviseration/ Ecchymosis Rebound tenderness: infection
Masses
Pathologic classification
NIT DIT FIT:
Neoplastic Infectious Traumatic Degenerative/ Drugs Immune Toxic Vascular
Inflammatory Totally obscure
Perception abnormalities
Cognition [time, place, age...]
Understanding of condition [ideas, expectations, concerns]
Type II - Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III - Immune-complex
Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity
WBC Count:
"Never Let Momma Eat Beans(60, 30, 6, 3, 1)
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%
A-P-G-A-R:
A - appearance (color)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimmace (reflex, irritability)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory effort
Predisposing Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism: TOM SCHREPFER
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
E--estrogen, pregnancy, post-partum
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip
The 4 P's of arterial Occlusion: pain pallor pulselessness paresthesias
The 4 T's of Anterior Mediastinal Mass:Thyroid tumor,Thymoma,Teratoma, Terrible
Lymphoma
ANATOMY
EMBRYOLOGY
MNEMONICS
Neuroectoderm derivatives
Neuroectoderm gives rise to:
Neurons
Neuroglia
Neurohypophysis
piNeurol (pineal) gland
Tetrology of Fallot
"IHOP-International House of Pancakes":
Interventricular septal defect
Hypotrophy of right ventricle
Overriding aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
Foregut derivatives
"Little Embryo People Do Like Swallowing, Producing Gas": Lungs Esophagus Pancreas
Duodenum (proximal) Liver Stomach Pancreas Gall bladder
EMERGENCY
MEDICINE
MNEMONICS
Emergency Medicine
ANATOMY
Vfib/Vtach drugs used according to ACLS "Every Little Boy Must Pray":
Epinephrine
Lidocaine
Bretylium
Magsulfate
Procainamide
Pyschosis episode
Stroke occurred
Decompression sickness
Boyle's law: volume of gas is inversely proportionate to its pressure. Therefore,
BOYLE:
Breathe (as you ascend) Or Your Lung Explodes Breathe as you ascend after scuba
diving, since the pressure decreases on surfacing, so the gas volume in lungs increases.
Onset Location Description (what does it feel like) Exacerbating factors Radiation
Severity Associated symptoms Alleviating factors Before (ever experience this before)
Asystole: treatment
"Have some asystole "TEA":
Transcutaneous pacing Epi Atropine
GASTROINTESTINAL
MNEMONICS
Bowel Segments
"Dow Jones Industrial Averages Closing Stock Report" is a
good one, even though it misses the Cecum...
Dow Duodenum
Jones Jejunum
Industrial Ileum
Averages Appendix
Closing Colon
Stock Sigmoid
Report Rectum
Liver Lobes
The four lobes of the liver: caudate, quadrate, left and right,
bring to mind the newspaper headline of the wheelchair bound
fellow who left a party right after his ugly girlfriend departed:
"QUAD LEFT RIGHT after COW-DATE"
Pertoneum Facts
The idea is to relate key letters of related parts...
stOMach and OMentum (which lays over the stomach)
The bacterium e. coLI is found in the Large Intestine
The OMentum covers the stOMach
The Lesser OMentum holds the Liver and stOMach
The Mesentery holds the sMall intestine
The mesoCOLON attaches the large intestine (COLON) to the
posterior abdominal wall.
The periTONEa, which prevents the intestines from kinking,
TONES the GI tract.
Sphincters of the Ailmentary Canal
APE OIL initials the five of them...
ANATOMY
A Anal
P Pyloric
E (Lower) Esophageal
O Oddi
I Ileocecum
L iLeocecum
Stomach Parts
"The CAR is FUN 'til the BODY PILES" relates the four parts
of the stomach: Cardiac, Fundus, Body, Pylorus. The pylorus
is where the food piles waiting for the sphincter to open.
Ulcerative colitis: definition of a severe attack A STATE:
Anemia less than 10g/dl
Stool frequency greater than 6 stools/day with blood
Temperature greater than 37.5
Albumin less than 30g/L
Tachycardia greater than 90bpm
ESR greater than 30mm/hr
Digestive disorders: pH level With vomiting both the pH and food come up.
With diarrhea both the pH and food go down.
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sclerosing pericholangitis
Toxic megacolon
Colon carcinoma
Pancreatitis: Ranson criteria for pancreatitis: initial 48 hours "C & HOBBS" (Calvin and
Hobbes):
Calcium < 8
Hct drop > 10%
Oxygen < 60 mm
BUN > 5
Base deficit > 4
Sequestration of fluid > 6L
Skip lesions
Transmural (all layers, may ulcerate)
Malabsorption
Abdominal pain
Submucosal fibrosis
GENETICS
MNEMONICS
Nucleotides: purines
AGUA PURa: Adenine and GUAnine are PURines.
Agua pura is spanish for pure water.
Pyrimidines nucleotides
CUT the PY (cut the pie):
Cytosine Uracil Thiamine are the PYrimidines
Cri-du-chat syndrome:
chromosomal deletion causing it is 5p(-)
What's another name for a cat that's five letters long and starts with a P? (Answer: kitty).
Why is the cat crying? Missing its P.
APKD: genetics
ADult Polycystic Kidney Disease is Autosomal Dominant
Also, Polycystic kidney has 16 letters and is due to a defect on chromosome 16.
Chromosome 15 diseases
Chromosome 15 has its own MAP:
Marfan syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Bartter syndrome: inheritance
BARtter syndrome is autosomal recessive (AR).
NEUROLOGY
MNEMONICS
DEMENTIA:
ANATOMY
Vertigo: differential
VOMITS:
Vestibulitis Ototoxic drugs Meniere's disease Injury Tumor Spin (benign positional
vertigo)
ANATOMY
Encephalitis: differential
HE'S LATIN AMERICAN:
Herpesviridae
Enteroviridae (esp. Polio)
Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions) Syphilis
Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis
Aspergillus
Toxoplasmosis
Intracranial pressure
Neisseria meningitidis
Arboviridae
Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor
E. coli
Rabies/ Rubella
Idiopathic
Cryptococcus/ Candida
Abscess
Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin
American immigrant patient unless proven otherwise.
PEDIATRICS
MNEMONICS
Guthrie card: diseases identified with it "Guthrie Cards Can Help Predict Bad
Metabolism":
Galactosaemia
ANATOMY
Cystic fibrosis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothyroidism
Phenylketonuria
Biotidinase deficiency
Maple syrup urine disease
Duodenal atresia vs. Pyloric stenosis: site of obstruction Duodenal Atresia: Distal to
Ampulla of vater.
Pyloric stenosis: Proximal to it.
Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition "Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make
Medicine":
1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years
Perez reflex Eliciting the PErEz reflex will make the baby PEE.
Wilm's tumor
Aniridia
Gential abnormalities
Mental retardation
Rubella: congenital signs "Rubber Ducky, I'm so blue!" (like the "Rubber Ducky" song):
Rubber: Rubella
Ducky: Patent Ductus Arteriosus, VSD and pulmonary artery stenosis.
I'm: Eyes (cataracts, retinopathy, micropthalmia, glaucoma).
Blue: "Blueberry Muffin" rash (extramedullary hematopoesis in skin +purpura)
Also, deafness, growth retardation, and some more.
PHYSIOLOGY
MNEMONICS
ANATOMY
Organs
Ape Oil
The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal spell APE OIL: Anal, Pyloric, Lower
Esophageal, Oddi, and Ileocecum. Also, try An Odd Pile Lowers the Ileocecum.
Cars, Piles, and the Bay of Fundy
"The CAR is FUN `til the BODY PILES" I remember the 5 layers of the GI stomach:
Cardiac, Fundus, Body, and Pylorus. The fundus looks like the Bay of Fundy (to me,
anyway), and the pylorus is where the food piles waiting for the sphincter to open.
Some are Ugly
The 4 lobes of the liver -- quadrate, left & right, caudate -- bring to mind the newspaper
headline of the wheelchair-bound fellow who left a party right after his ugly girlfriend
ANATOMY
RESPIRATORY
MNEMONICS
Airflow Passages
Airflows are prominent in Mouthy People who are Loud
Talkers.
Mouthy Mouth
People Pharynx
Loud Larynx
Talkers Trachea
Lung Lobes
The segments of the (right) Middle Lobe of the lung are
Medial and Lateral [ML=ML]
Nasal Cavity
Never Call Me Needle Nose helps remember the parts of the
nasal cavity: Nares (external), Conchae, Meatuses, Nares
(internal), Nasopharynx.
Respiratory Tract
It's a bit of an extended version of the Airflow Passage
mnemonic above. Movie Personality Lana Turner's Pretty
Sexy Thighs Turn Retinas All Around helps you recall the
order of the respiratory tract segments...
ANATOMY
Movie Mouth
Personality Pharynx
Lana Larynx
Turner's Trachea
Pretty Primary Bronchus
Sexy Secondary Bronchus
Thighs Teritary Bronchus
Turn Terminal Bronchiole
Retinas Respiratory Bronchiole
All Alveolar Duct
Around Alveolar Sac
Three Tonsils
People (or PPL, for short) have three tonsils: Pharyngeal,
Palatine, and Lingual.
SURGERY
MNEMONICS
Surgery Mnemonics
Adenosine
Read as:
Professor Quackers "dissed" - Lydia's penny Mexican tacos. - Feeling
profaned, - proper Bertha Butt - (amiable British socialite) - virtually
dismembered 'im.
or
Professor Quackers dissed Lydia's Penny Mexican Tacos. Feeling profaned,
proper Bertha Butt, (amiable British socialite), virtually dismembered 'im.
*Note: "Dissed" is used here as the slang term "dis" - from dismiss. I.e.,
"Don't 'dis' me, man!"
ANATOMY
M = morphine
O = oxygen
N = nitrates
Proven MI.. should be met by
A = aspirin
M.O.N.A.
Cardiology
Caveat: is suspected right ventricular MI
submitted by Chris
suspected .. hold the Nitrates.
_________________
ACLS (1997).
"ACID"
Classification of
hypersensitivity reactions Type I Anaphylaxis
Pathology Type II Cytotoxic - mediated
submitted by Jed. Type III Immune - complex
Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity
Remember the following mnemonic when
determining the possible cause(s) of fever
in a patient who has recently undergone a
surgical procedure: the 5 W's (or 6 W's)
As Easy as 'LMNOP'
S: Stone
T: Tumor
T: Tuberculosis
Remember the following mnemonic when
evaluating patients for hyperthyroidism:
S: Sweating
T: Tremor or Tachycardia
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Endocrine
Submitted by Jed I: Intolerance to heat, Irregular
menstruation, and Irritability
N: Nervousness
HEMATOLOGY
DATs Right! - the oxygen dissociation curve shifts RIGHT whenever there is an
INCREASE in any of the following: DPG, Acidity, Temperature (DAT)
NEUROANATOMY
HELM:
ANATOMY
H : hearing
E : emotion
L : learning
M : memory
PSYCHIATRY
Here's one from one of the psychiatrists on how to remember the symptoms of
depression. He said it was like writing a prescription for Energy Capsules.
SIG:ECAPS
S - Sleep
I - Interest
G - Guilt
: - (Colon can refer to bowel complaints as this is a
common presentation of depression, but not official)
E - Energy (decreased)
C - Concentration (difficult, decreased)
A - Appetite (decreased)
S - Suicidal ideation
RENAL
1. HUS/TTP
C : CNS symptoms
R : Renal failure
A : Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, "MAHA")
F : Fever
T : Thrombocytopenia
Y : no one knows "Y" it occurs
U : uterosigmoidostomy
S : saline administration (in the face of renal dysfunction)
E : endocrine (Addisons, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride,
primary hyperparathyroidism)
ANATOMY
D : diarrhea
M : methanol
U : uremia
D : diabetes
P : paraldehyde
I : idiopathic (lactic acidosis)
E : ethylene glycol
S : salicylates
D : diabetic ketoacidosis
U : uremia
L : lactic acidosis
S : salicylate poisoning
I : intoxicants (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol)
MISCELLANEOUS
N : neurogenic tumors
G : GI (cirrhosis, crohn's, UC)
also, Hyperplastic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy, which didn't fit in the mnemonic!