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ABE 70
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

The tape is not necessarily limited to

the measurement of distances

Determine an unknown length

Layout a required/specified length

Situations where it would be necessary to erect on

the ground a perpendicular to an established line
erecting perpendicular to a line
measuring angles Laying out floor dimensions
laying off angles Laying out road intersection
determining obstructed distances Constructing new road perpendicular to the existing
locating irregular boundaries
determining areas of different shapes

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1. Swing Offset Method

select convenient length as radius
METHODS describe arc that produces only 1 point
of contact with the line
Swing Offset Method
(Good for short distances only)

Chord Bisection Method

3 4 5 Method

2. Chord Bisection Procedure (Option 1)

select convenient length as radius
A chord on a circle is a line segment that
describe arc on the line
connects two points that are on the outside
find the midpoint
edge (circumference) of the circle.

Procedure (Option 2) 3. 3-4-5 Method

measure two equal length on each side of a
point (e.g. pt X) The lengths of the sides can be common multiples of
this ratio
select convenient radius (same length) and
make an arc of a circle 3:4:5

locate the intersection of the two arcs 6:8:10

draw the line from the intersection of the arcs 9:12:15

and the point (e.g. pt X) 12:16:20

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accomplished by the application of very basic

geometric and trigonometric principles employs simple principle of trigonometry

the accuracy of measuring angles with tape the accuracy depends on the care taken in
depends on the care taken in laying out laying out lengths and in establishing the
lengths and in establishing the needed points needed points on the ground
on the ground

angle angle

uses basic geometric and trigonometric

principles

Pythagorean Theorem
Sine Law
Cosine law B
Similar triangles
A

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the exercise, the students should be able
to:
a. To determine the different field methods of
constructing offsets (perpendicular lines) using
taping equipment only
b. To learn the various methods of measuring
obstructed distances
c. To learn how to measure horizontal angles with a
tape
d. To determine the area of a rectilinear field with
tape
e. To compute the most probable values of
measured quantities

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EXPECTED OUTPUT
Exercise No.
Title of the Exercise 1. Sketch
Date and Time Weather condition
2. Tabulations
Name and Designation Signature

3. Computations
Objective of the exercise

4. Results and Discussion

List of Equipments

5. Summary and Conclusions