Introduction To PIC16, Basic Concepts

Introduction to PIC16
Microcontroller Programming &

Interfacing
November 25-27, 2011

Engr. Franz Duran, MEP-ECE
OVERVIEW
DAY 1 (Morning)
Introduction to PIC Microcontroller
PICTrainer3 microcontroller
laboratory/training module
MPLAB IDE
Basic C Programming
25-Nov-2011 Franz Duran 2
OVERVIEW
DAY 1 (Afternoon)
Basic C Programming (cont.)
Intermediate C Programming
C Functions & Structured Programming
Modular Programming
Interfacing with 2x16 character LCD
Interfacing with 4x3 keypad
1
OVERVIEW
DAY 2 (Morning)
Basic of Interrupts
Interrupt sources
Interrupt service routine
RB0/INT interrupt
PORTB Interrupt on Change
OVERVIEW
DAY 2 (Afternoon)
PIC16 Timer module
TMR0 architecture
TMR0 as an interrupt source
Interfacing with 7-segment displays
OVERVIEW
DAY 3 (Morning)
Basic of Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Using the PIC16 A/D module
Interfacing LM35 temperature sensor
2
OVERVIEW
DAY 3 (Afternoon)
Basics of Serial Communication
PIC16 UART module
Basic string processing
MICROCONTROLLER
MCU, C
A single-chip computer
Invented in the 1970s
Used as embedded controller
MICROCONTROLLER
used as dedicated controllers
domestic appliances
consumer electronics
industrial equipments
automotive electronics
Naval/avionics/aerospace
3
MICROCONTROLLER
Why use?
Cheap
Flexible
Small outline & high integration
Low-power
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
PIC, PICMICRO
by MICROCHIP
Arizona, U.S.A.
1989 (offshoot of General Instrument)
http://www.microchip.com
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
Rank (8-bit microcontroller)

1990 20th
1993 8th
1996 - 5th
1997-2001 2nd
2002 Present 1st
4
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
Family
Popular among
PIC10, PIC12 students and hobbyists
PIC16
PIC17 / PIC18
PIC24 / DSPICs (16-bit)
PIC32(32-bit)
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator
Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

Timer, etc
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
5
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
CPU
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
FOSC = 20MHz max. speed
FOSC/4 instruction clock
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Program Data RAM
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Program Memory
hard drive where fixed program is stored
flash-based memory
reprogrammable at least 10,000x
6
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
File Registers
General Purpose Registers (GPRs)
Data RAM
Special Function Registers (SFRs)
control device operation
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Program Data RAM
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
7
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Data RAM Registers
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
8
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
General Purpose
Special Function
Registers
Registers
Data RAM
Program
Memory
Input/Output
CPU Ports
Power
Oscillator

Timer, etc
9
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Input/Output pins
Internal Peripherals/Modules
Timers
A/D converter module
UART
SPI / I2C
Comparator
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Features:
Watchdog Timer
SLEEP mode
Power On Reset, Brown-out Reset
CPU
RISC (reduced instruction set computer)
FOSC = 20Mhz typical
PIC16 ARCHITECTURE
Instruction set
35 instructions (PIC16)
Easy to memorize all instructions
75 instruction (PIC18)
10
PIC16F84A
8-bit microcontrolller
PIC16 family
F flash memory, i.e. reprogrammable
84 variant/model
A - revision
4Mhz (1MIPS), DIP18, +5V
PIC16F84A
Program Memory
1024 instruction words
1 word = 14 bit
File Registers (2 banks)
GPRs - 68 bytes RAM
SFRs 16 registers
Data EEPROM
64 bytes
PIC16F84A
13 I/O pins
PORTB 8 pins
PORTA 5 pins
2 power pins
VDD, VSS
2 oscillator pins
OSC1, OSC2
1 RESET pin
MCLR
11
PIC16F877A
20Mhz (5MIPS), DIP40, +5V
8192 instruction word
368 bytes Data RAM / GPRs
56 SFRs
256 bytes Data EEPROM
PIC16F877A
33 I/O pins
PORTA 6 pins
PORTB 8 pins
PORTC 8 pins
PORTD 8 pins
PORTE 3 pins
4 power pins
1 Reset, 2 Clock pins
PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD

Reset Button +5V supply
ICSP connector
SIL connectors
20Mhz Oscillator
PIC16F877A
12
PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD
10 LEDs
3 potentiometers
7-seg. display
keypad
4x3 or 4x4
4 pushbuttons
DS1307
real-time IC
serial EEPROM IC
serial comm. ckt.

LM35 temp. sensor
character LCD
PIC16F877A & eICD2
eICD2
Connect wires to build application circuit ICSP connector

MPLAB IDE 8.xx

integrated development environment (IDE)
for PIC
freely downloadable (~90MB)
assembler (MPASM)
HI-TECH C Compiler
45-day full version (full optimization)
Lite mode (no optimization)
direct support for ICD2/PICKIT2
programmer/debugger
eICD2, ePICKIT2
13
MPLAB IDE 8.xx
Download and Install MPLAB
http://www.microchip.com
Install HI-TECH Compiler
included in the MPLAB installer
or download separately from:
http://www.htsoft.com
HI-TECH Sofware
Brisbane, Australia
bought by Microchip (March 2009)
MPLAB IDE 8.53

Open MPLAB an example application
MPLAB IDE 8.53

To create new project:
Project > Project Wizard
14
MPLAB IDE 8.53
Step 1: Select Device
MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 2: Select Language
MPLAB IDE 8.53

Step 3: Select Project Name &
Directory
15
MPLAB IDE 8.53
Step 4: Add files
MPLAB IDE 8.53

Project Summary
MPLAB IDE 8.53

Empty Project
Project Window
Output Window
16
MPLAB IDE 8.53
Editor Window
Create source code
MPLAB IDE 8.53

#include <pic.h>
void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 1;
while(1)
{
}
}
MPLAB IDE 8.53

save as main.c in project
directory
17
MPLAB IDE 8.53
main.c
MPLAB IDE 8.53
Add
main.c
Build project
(F10)
MPLAB IDE 8.53
18
WHY C? (& not ASM?)
1. Easy to Use
Easy to read
C uses human readable syntax
Assembly uses mnemonics (cryptic!)
Shorter code
saves time & effort
easy math statements
2. Portable
code can run in other target device
no or few modifications, saves time and effort
WHY C? (& not ASM?)

3. Easy to manage large, complex
programs
code reuse of C modules (.h & .c)
Easy to implement state machines
Can use RTOS, not possible in ASM
4. Better performance
C can be as fast as ASM
well structured program
C codes can include ASM codes
WHY C? (& not ASM?)

5. C is a universal language (almost!)
Learning C will benefit the user down the
road
Can be used in other 8-bit/16-bit/32-bit MCU
implement USB, Ethernet & TCP-IP applications
DSP
Learn desktop programming
foundation for C++, Java, C#, etc..
19
BASIC PIC16F84A CKT.
PIC16F84A CIRCUIT
1. PIC16F84A
2. +5v supply
3. Oscillator circuit
4. Reset circuit
5. External peripherals
6. In-circuit serial
programming
connector

PIC16F84A w/ +5V supply circuit

PIC16F84A w/ +5V supply circuit & crystal
oscillator and loading capacitors
20
oscillator circuit
generate a pulse train signal; used to
synchronize MCU internal operations

Reset circuit

Interfacing external peripherals
21
PIC16F877A Trainer Board
IO INTERFACING: LED
LED at RB0
RB0 is output
22
LED
5mm LED
IF = 5 35 mA
VF = 2V
3mm LED
IF = 1 30 mA
VF = 2V
LED
IF
+ VR=3V -
+
VF =
2v
If IF = 10mA, -
R = 3V/10mA
R = 300
LED
R should not be too large
LED will not turn on
R should not be too small
IF < 30mA
PIC Output pin source
current < 25mA
23
BASIC I/O PROGRAM
Example I/O Program
#include <pic.h> preprocessor directive
void main() main() function

{
TRISB0 = 0; initialization
RB0 = 1;
while(1)
{ program loop
- infinite loop
} - super loop
}
IO PROGRAMMING
Input/Output port - group of 8 pins typical
PORTA 6 I/O pins
RA5, RA4, RA3, RA2, RA1, RA0
PORTA<5:0>
PORTB 8 I/O pins
RB7, RB6, RB5, RB4, RB3, RB2, RB1, RB0
PORTB<7:0>
IO PROGRAMMING
PORTC 8 I/O pins
RC7, RC6, RC5, RC4, RC3, RC2, RC1, RC0
PORTC<7:0>
PORTD 8 I/O pins
RD7, RD6, RD5, RD4, RD3, RD2, RD1, RD0
PORTD<7:0>
PORTE 3 I/O pins
RE2, RE1, RE0
PORTE<2:0>
24
IO PROGRAMMING
Special Function Registers for I/O

TRISA, PORTA
TRISB, PORTB
TRISC, PORTC
TRISD, PORTD
TRISE, PORTE
IO PROGRAMMING
Consider PORTB..
IO PROGRAMMING: SFRs
PORTB port
controlled by 2 special function registers
1. TRISB register
PORTB Data Direction Register
8-bit
2. PORTB register
PORTB Data Latch Register
8-bit
25
TRISB = XXXXXXXX 0 output
1 input
......... TRISB0
TRISB1
.
.
.
TRISB7
TRISB
X X X X X X X X
0
TRISB0
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is output
RB0 pin is an
output pin
PORTB = XXXXXXXX 0 Logic 0
1 Logic 1
......... RB0
RB1
.
.
.
RB7
26
PORTB
X X X X X X X X
1
RB0
RB0 = 1; //LED on
RB0 outputs a
Logic 1 signal;
~5V
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is output
RB0 = 1; //LED is on
TRISB X X X X X X X 0
PORTB X X X X X X X 1
IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE:
Create new project
Led_demo_2
Turn on LEDs connected to the ff. I/O pins:
RB0, RA1, RC3, RD7, RE2
27
IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE: (Solution)
TRISB0 = 0;
RB0 = 1; //LED1 on
TRISC3 = 0;
RC3 = 0; //LED2 on
TRISD7 = 0;
RD7 = 1; //LED3 on
ADCON1 = 0x06; //All PORTA & PORTE pins are digital I/O
TRISA1 = 0;
RA1 = 1; //LED4 on
TRISE2 = 0;
RE2 = 0; //LED5 on
IO PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE:
Turn on all 8 LEDs connected to PORTD
IO PROGRAMMING
SOLUTION:
TRISD = 0b00000000; //binary notation
PORTD = 0b11111111;
or
TRISD = 0x00; //hexadecimal notation
PORTD = 0xFF;
or
TRISD = 0; //decimal notation
PORTD = 255;
28
IO INTERFACING: Button
pushbutton
input device
Tack Switch
+5v
If button is not pressed
R
10k
RB2
RIN +
1M V = 5v x 1M / (R+1M)
V 5v (Logic 1)
-
If button is pressed
RB2
RIN +
~1M V = 0v (Logic 0)
-
29
void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is an output pin
RB0 = 0; //LED is off
TRISB2 = 1; //RB2 is an input pin
while(1)
{
if(RB2==0) //If button is pressed,
RB0 = 1; // LED is on,
else //else,
RB0 = 0; // LED is OFF.
}
}
R should be large enough to limit the
current
when button is
I
pressed
R should be large enough to limit the
current
when I/O pin is
configured as I < 25mA
output and at
Logic 0 (I/O pin
is internally
connected
to ground)
30
BASICS OF C: #defines
#include <pic.h>
__CONFIG(HS & WDTDIS & PWRTDIS & UNPROTECT & LVPDIS);
#define LED RB0

#define BUTTON RB2
#define ON 1
#define OFF 0
#define PRESSED 0
void main()
{
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 is an output pin
LED = OFF; //LED is initially off
TRISB2 = 1; //RB2 is an input pin
while(1)
{
if(BUTTON==PRESSED) //If pushbutton is pressed,
LED = ON; // turn on LED.
else //Else, LED is OFF.
LED = OFF;
}
}
BASICS OF C: Conditional
Statements
1. If()
If()-else()
If()-else-if()
2. switch()
BASICS OF C: IF Conditional
Statement
If()
Simplest conditional statement
if (condition)
statement1;
Ex.
if(var>99)
var=0;
31
Statement
If()
use else clause (optional)
if (condition)
statement1;
else
statement2;
Ex.
if(BUTTON==PRESSED)
LED=1;
else
LED=0;
Statement
If()-else-if()
if (condition1)
statement1;
else if (condition2)
statement2;
else if (condition3)
statement3;
else
statement4;
BASICS OF C: Switch()
switch()
Allow comparison of a single variable (or
expression) to multiple values
Code associate with the matching value is
executed
32
BASICS OF C: Switch()
var1 = get_input_from_user()
switch(var1)
{
case 0x00:
statement1;
break;
case 0x01:
statement2;
break;
case 0x02:
statement3;
break;
case 0x03:
statement4;
break;
default:
statement5;
break
}
BASICS OF C: Loops
Loops
used to repeatedly execute specific
statements
3 loop statements in C
1. for() loop
2. while() loop
3. do-while() loop
BASICS OF C: FOR Loop

void main()
{
unsigned int i; //a variable.
TRISB0 = 0; //RB0 pin is configured as an output
RB0 = 0; //LED is initially off
while(1)
{
RB0 = 1; //LED is ON
for(i=0;i<50000;i++) //delay
{
//empty body
}
RB0 = 0; //LED is OFF

for(i=0;i<50000;i++) //delay
{
//empty body
}
}
}
33
start
for(i=0;i<50000;i++)
{
...//code goes here i=0
}
FALSE
i++ i<50000?
TRUE
exit
//codes
i=0;
for( ;i<50000; )
{
//codes here
i++;
}
OR
for(i=50000;i>0;i--)
{
//codes here
}
BASICS OF C: WHILE Loop

while(condition)
start
{
...//code goes here
}
FALSE
condition?
TRUE
exit
//codes
34
BASICS OF C: WHILE Loop
EXERCISE:
Modify previous example to used while()
loop
BASICS OF C: DO-WHILE Loop

do
{ start
...//code goes here
}
while(condition);
//codes
FALSE
condition?
TRUE
exit
BASICS OF C: Loops
Which loop statements to use?

If number of iteration is controlled, use for()
loop
If a simple test of condition is used, use
while() loop
If a simple test of condition is used AND the
code block should be executed at least once,
use do-while() loop
35
BASICS OF C: Variables
Variables
program data that varies during run-time
temporary data
placed in volatile memory
General Purpose Registers (GPR)
PIC16F877A
368 Bytes GPR
unsigned char var1; //range of values: 0-255
var1 = 100; //OK
var1 = 500; //not OK!
var1 = -10; //not OK!
signed char var2; //range of values: -128 to 127

var2 = 100; //OK
var2 = -1000; //not OK!
var2 = 150; //not OK!
unsigned int temp = 100; // range of values: 0-65535

temp = 50000; //OK
temp = 100000; //not OK!
bit (1-bit) (0 1)
char (8-bit) (-128 127)
unsigned char (8-bit) (0 255)
short (16-bit) (-32768 32767)
unsigned short (16-bit) (0 65535)
int (16-bit) (-32768 32767)
unsigned int (16-bit) (0 65535)
short long (24-bit) (-8388608 8388607)
unsigned short long (24-bit) (0 16777215)
long (32-bit) (21474833648 2147483647)
unsigned long (32-bit) (0 4294967295)
float (24-bit) (1.17549435e-38 - 3.40277e+38)
double (24-bit) (1.17549435e-38 - 3.40277e+38 )
double (32-bit) (1.17549435e-38 - 3.40282347e+38 )
36
BASICS OF C: Operators
1. = (Assignment operator)
2. Mathematical operators
3. Relational operators
4. Logical operators
5. Bitwise operators
= (Assignment operator)
x = y; //assign the value of y
//to the variable x
Variable name = expression

Expression - anything that evaluates to
a number
i.e.
int sum;
sum = a + b; //a + b is an expression
Mathematical operators
1. + (addition) ex. x + y
2. - (subtraction) ex. x - y
3. * (multiplication) ex. x * y
4. / (division) ex. x / y
5. % (modulus) ex. x % y
6. ++ (increment) ex. x++, ++x
7. -- (decrement) ex. x--, --x
37
Relational Operators
1. == (equal to) ex. x==y
2. > (greater than) ex. x>y
3. >= (greater than or equal to) ex. x>=y
4. < (lesser than) ex. x<y
5. <= (lesser than or equal to) ex. x<=y
6. != (not equal to) ex. x!=y
Logical Operators
1. && (Logical AND)
2. || (Logical OR)
3. ! (Logical NOT)
EXERCISE:
Turn on LED1 if BUTTON1 or BUTTON2
is pressed
Modify:
Turn on LED1 if BUTTON1 and BUTTON2
are pressed
38
Bitwise Operators
1. & (Bitwise AND)
2. | (Bitwise OR)
3. ~ (Bitwise Complement)
4. ^ (Bitwise Exclusive-OR)
5. << (Leftshift)
6. >> (Rightshift)
BASICS OF C: & Operator

AND (&) operator truth table:
A B A& B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Bitwise-AND operator
Example:
RB0 = RB0 & 0; //clear RB0
Equivalent to:
RB0 = 0; //clear RB0
39
Example:
Clear PORTB<3:0> and RB6
Initial solution
RB0 = 0;
RB1 = 0;
RB2 = 0;
RB3 = 0;
RB6 = 0;
Alternative (better solution):
PORTB = PORTB & 0b10110000;
PORTB &= 0b10110000;
PORTB &= ~0x4F;
BASICS OF C: | Operator
OR (|) operator truth table:
A B A| B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
BASICS OF C: | Operator
Bitwise-OR operator
Example:
RB0 = RB0 | 1; //set RB0
Equivalent to:
RB0 = 1; //set RB0
40
Example:
Configure PORTD<6:5> and PORTD<2:1> as
input:
Initial solution
TRISD6=1;
TRISD5=1;
TRISD2=1;
TRISD1=1;
Alternative (better solution):
TRISD = TRISD | 0b01100110;
TRISD |= 0x66;
Masking technique
To clear a bit (or bits), AND this bit with 0
To set a bit (or bits), OR this bit with 1
Ex:
PORTB &= 0b10110000;
TRISD |= 0x66;
Mask values
BASICS OF C: ^ Operator
XOR (^) operator truth table:
A B A| B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
41
Bitwise-XOR operator
Toggle operator
Example:
RB0 = RB0 ^ 1; //toggle RB0
Equivalent to:
RB0 = ~RB0; //toggle RB0
PORTB ^= 0b00000011;
EXERCISE:
Create a LED blinker application using ^
operator
Toggle two LEDs alternately
BASICS OF C: << and >>

Operators
<< (shift left)
>> (shift right)
Ex:
unsigned char var1 = 0b00000001;
PORTB = var1 << 2; //PORTB = 0b00000100
42
END
43

Introduction To PIC16, Basic Concepts

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Introduction to PIC16

Microcontroller Programming &

November 25-27, 2011

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Rank (8-bit microcontroller)

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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Reset, Watchdog Internal Peripherals

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PIC16F877A TRAINER BOARD

serial comm. ckt.

PIC16F877A & eICD2

Connect wires to build application circuit ICSP connector

MPLAB IDE 8.xx

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

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MPLAB IDE 8.53

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