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Specification no.
DMES T/0025/DMRC-E-TR-EARTH-01
Issued on:
Date Stage
28 May 2016
th
Draft - 1
25th July 2016 Draft - 2
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DMRC Electrical Standards & Design Wing DMES-T/0025
Stage Date
Draft -1 28/05/2016
Draft- 2 25/07/2016
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DMRC Electrical Standards & Design Wing DMES-T/0025
Contents
1. EARTH MESH DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 4
1.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF EARTH MAT.................................. 5
1.3 SHORT CIRCUIT LEVEL .............................................................................................. 5
1.4 SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT ........................................................................................ 5
1.5 DURATION OF FAULT CURRENT ............................................................................. 5
1.6 DETERMINING THE MAX GRID CURRENT (IG)...................................................... 5
1.7 EXOTHERMIC WELDING ............................................................................................ 6
2. LIST OF REFERENCE STANDARDS ................................................................................. 7
3. EARTH MESH CHARACTERISTICS.................................................................................. 7
3.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 PARTICULAR ARRANGEMENT TO MINIMIZE VOLTAGE RISE ......................... 7
4. EQUIPMENT CONNECTING MODE TO EARTH MESH ................................................. 8
4.1 PRINCIPLES ................................................................................................................... 8
4.2 EARTH CABLE FIXATIONS ALONG THE STRUCTURES ...................................... 8
4.3 EQUIPMENT CONNECTION ........................................................................................ 8
4.3.1 MEASURING TRANSFORMERS .......................................................................... 8
4.3.2 CIRCUIT BREAKERS ............................................................................................. 9
4.3.3 POWER TRANSFORMERS .................................................................................... 9
4.3.4 NEUTRALS.............................................................................................................. 9
4.3.5 ISOLATORS............................................................................................................. 9
4.3.6 LIGHTNING ARRESTERS ..................................................................................... 9
4.3.7 EARTH GANTRY ARRANGEMENT .................................................................... 9
4.3.8 LIGHTNING GUARD LINE EARTHING ............................................................ 10
4.3.9 TRACTION RETURN CURRENT EARTHING .................................................. 10
5. AMS & CONTROL ROOM BUILDING EARTHING ....................................................... 12
6. GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR (GIS) .......................................................................... 12
7. BOUNDARY WALL EARTHING ...................................................................................... 12
8. SOLAR PANEL EARTHING .............................................................................................. 13
9. LIGHTNING PROTECTION ............................................................................................... 13
10. SIZE OF EARTH MAT CONDUCTOR: .......................................................................... 14
11. TESTING OF EARTHING SYSTEM / PITS ................................................................... 14
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IG = CP. Df . Ig
Where,
IG = Maximum grid current in Amperes
CP= Corrective projection factor
Df= Decrement factor
Ig= Symmetrical grid current (RMS) in A
Ig= Sf (3IO)
Where,
IO= Zero Sequence fault current
Sf= Current division factor (which relates to the magnitude of the portion of
fault current to that of its portion flowing between the earth mat and
surrounding earth, to the total fault current)
The calculation of Sf is done by deriving an equivalent representation of the
overheard ground wires, neutrals etc, connected to the Earth mat and then
solving the equivalent circuits to determine the fraction of the total fault currents
which flow between the mat and the earth and through the ground wire or
neutrals. In practice, at the design stage, it will be fairly accurate to adopt a value
of 0.5 for Sf to determine the fault current that flows through the grid to earth.
Hence, the values of maximum grid current IG to be considered for design of
Earth mat for Substations of different voltage levels, may be taken as follows:
For 220 kV 0.5 x 40 = 20kA
132/110 kV 0.5 x 31.5 = 15.75 kA 16 kA
66 kV 0.5 x 31.5 = 15.75 kA 16 kA
Important Note: The above values of max grid current are applicable only for
determining the estimated values of Step and Mesh potentials. For determining
the cross-sectional area of the Earth mat conductor, full fault current should be
considered.
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The earth conductors may be buried as far as possible under the LV cable
routing. The distance between LV cables and earth conductors shall be 0.30 m.
at minimum to avoid any impact on LV cables in case of earth conductor
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overheating. The earth mesh density shall be increased around circuit breaker
and power transformer cells.
3. EQUIPMENT CONNECTING MODE TO EARTH MESH
3.1 PRINCIPLES
Copper conductors/strips of suitable size joined by exothermic welding
technique form the Main Earth mesh. Main gantries, frames, equipment bodies
or tank and all metallic structures are to be connected minimum two locations on
an uninterruptible loop of the earth mesh.
The earth electrode (with chamber) shall be 40 mm dia copper perforated pipe of
3m length shall be provided with proper size of earth chamber not less than
450mm x 450mm x450mm, salt & charcoal and test link to measure the value of
electrode as per IS 3043 for connection of various equipments as specified in the
specification.
A clamp makes the connection point with bi-metallic sheet plate located close to
the soil from which aerial earth cables linking the equipment will be connected
and crimped on earth mesh. When one clamp is not enough, it could be provided
a copper connecting strip on which several clamps could be installed.
All of conductors linking an equipment to the earth and liable to support the short
circuit current shall have the same cross section as the earth mesh conductors.
When the equipment connection is only made for equipotential purpose, the
cable cross section could be less than earth mesh conductor with a minimum of
25 mm.
3.2 EARTH CABLE FIXATIONS ALONG THE STRUCTURES
All cables should be fixed all along the masts and beams as follows:
- Bare cables should keep distance from the metallic supporting
structure to avoid any electrolytic corrosion and should be fixed via
metallic (i.e. bronze or copper alloy) bolted clamp with bi-metallic sheet
plate.
- Insulated cables shall be fixed to the structure in the same manner as
above when earth connection with the structure is necessary, or by
collars mainly used on catenary masts.
3.3 EQUIPMENT CONNECTION
3.3.1 Measuring transformers
Voltage transformers:
To reduce high frequency interference transmission at the secondary side; the P2
terminal (cold point) of primary winding, located inside the transformer connection
box is connected to the earth mesh at the general earth connection level.
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Current transformers
The S2 terminal of secondary winding should be connected to the earth mesh,
with a connection as short as possible.
3.3.2 Circuit breakers
Earthing of CB could be ensured through the supporting frame, itself connected
to the earth, except when one part of the equipment is painted. In this case it is
necessary to install an earth cable. In the first case a copper cable shall jump the
mechanical connection between the CB and the frame.
For circuit breakers two earth clamps on each side of the frame base and linked
to the earth mesh should be implemented
3.3.3 Power transformers
Each file of running rails (if any) and rollers shall be earthed directly. The tank
insulated from the rails is earthed using a low insulated cable via the protection
current transformer The S2 current transformer terminal and metallic base shall
be earthed via a separated connection. The power transformers earth cable
should be as shorter as possible.
The each of four panel of auxiliary transformer cover shall be connected to the
earthing system at minimum two locations by cu strip of 25 x 5 sq. mm. / GI strip
of 50 x 5 sq.mm.
3.3.4 Neutrals
Two separate and distinct earth pits with chambers and connected to main earth
mat shall be provided for all the transformer neutrals.
3.3.5 Isolators
Incoming isolators earth blades should be linked to the isolator base by copper
braid, the base being directly connected to the mesh. Electrical control boxes
should be earthed directly. On hand operated isolators a copper braid should link
the control box with the transmission axle, the control box being directly
connected to the mesh. In both control modes; a metallic duck board should be
installed in front of the control device, linked to the control boxes and the mesh
via a direct connection fixed on the frame.
3.3.6 Lightning arresters
The lightning arrester earth terminal shall be directly connected to an earth
electrode formed from a separated earth pit (with chamber) and also connected
to the earth mesh.
3.3.7 Earth gantry arrangement
In case of gantry arrangement with tower and beam, An ACSR conductor of
suitable size (min. 93.3 sq.mm.) will run continuously through each beam and
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towers clamped at suitable interval and earthed to the general mesh by mean of
bimetallic connection.
3.3.8 Lightning guard line earthing
Lightning guard line if provided shall be earthed through 93.3mm steel bare
cable to a specific earth Electrode located at the bottom of each guard line
supporting structure, these earth Electrode being connected to the general earth
mesh at the RSS-cum-TSS.
The connection of panels containing low voltage electronic equipments like SAS,
Relays, PC etc. to be done suitably as per recommendations of manufacturers of
these items with a confirmation from them that such earthing connection will not
interface in the proper functioning of these devices. If required by manufacturers
of these items, a separate earthing system to be installed by separate earth
electrodes for these devices, panels etc.
3.3.9 Traction return current earthing
Traction Return current cables shall be connected to 2Nos, Copper strip size of
100mm x10mm , 12 meter long and 2Nos,100mm x10mm, 0.5meter long formed
a rectangle and connected with earth mat at four locations with copper earth
strip size decided based on earth mat design as per given below diagram:
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Fig-1
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well as on lightning ground flash density in the region where the structure and the
services are located.
The entire Substation shall be protected against lightning by providing either
earth screen conductors on tower peaks, or by means of Lightning Protection
masts suitably spaced to cover the entire area and assessment of risk etc. shall
be carried out using IS/IEC 62305 or latest.
9. SIZE OF EARTH MAT CONDUCTOR:
The tentative min. size of copper earth mat shall be as follows:
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