Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1975

8*29258.25,6775((*$

$QWXQ%LOL mag. iur.*

8'.
 ,]YRUQL]QDQVWYHQLUDG
 3ULPOMHQROLSDQM

2YDM UDG EDYL VH XJRYRULPD X NRULVW WUHHJD L QMLKRYLP RELOMHMLPD NRMD LK
UD]OLNXMX RG WLSLQLK GYRVWUDQLK XJRYRUQLK RGQRVD 3RVHEQRVW WDNYLK XJRYRUD
MHVWXWRPHGDVSRPRXQMLK]DKWMHYVWMHHWUHDRVREDNRMDQLMHRLWRYDODVYRM
SULKYDW L NRMD QDMHwH VD VDPLP XJRYRURP QHPD QLNDNYH YH]H 7DNDY QDLQ
VWMHFDQMDSUDYDRVRELWRMHYDDQMHURGXGDUDRGXRELDMHQRJSUDYLODSRNRMHPMH
]DKWMHY L] XJRYRUD L]UDYQD SRVOMHGLFD QHLMHJ RLWRYDQMD YROMH 6 RE]LURP QD WR
GDMHULMHRGUXNLMHPQDLQXVWMHFDQMD]DKWMHYDSRVOMHGLFHVXYLGOMLYHLXUHLPX
SUHVWDQNDSUDYD1DPMHUDRYRJUDGDMHVWSURXLWLXSUDYRWHSRVHEQRVWLXJRYRUDX
NRULVWWUHHJDXRGQRVXQDVWDQGDUGQHXJRYRUHNRMLSURL]YRGHXLQNHVDPRPHX
XJRYRUQLPVWUDQDPD7DNRHUXUDGXVHQDYRGHPQRJHSUHVXGHKUYDWVNLKVXGRYD
LSRNXwDYDVHLQDSUDNWLQRPSROMXXWYUGLWLNRMLMHVPMHURGDEUDORKUYDWVNRSUDYR
.OMXQH ULMHL ]DVQLYDQMH SUDYD WUHHJD SULKYDW SUDYD RSR]LYRVW SUDYD
XJRYRUVD]DwWLWQLPGMHORYDQMHPXNRULVWWUHHJD

1. UVOD

*ODYQDMHVSHFLILQRVWLQVWLWXWDXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDGDVWYDUDSUDYDL]D
WUHXRVREXNRMDVYRMRPYROMRPQLMHVXGMHORYDODXQDVWDQNXXJRYRUD8SUDYR
]ERJWRJDwWRMHSRVHEQRVWXRGQRVXQDXRELDMHQHRGQRVHREYH]QRJSUDYD
NRGXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDMDYOMDMXVHGYDRVQRYQDSUREOHPD3UYLRGQMLK
RGQRVLVHQDSLWDQMHwWRMHWRwWRQDGRPMHwWDRLWRYDQMHYROMHWUHHRVREHSUL
QDVWDQNXQMH]LQLKSUDYD6RE]LURPQDWRGDWUHDRVREDQHVXGMHOXMHSRGUD-
]XPLMHYD VH GD VYRMX YROMX PRUDMX RLWRYDWL RULJLQDOQL XJRYDUDWHOM L GXQLN
DOL XSLWQR MH NDNDY PRUD ELWL VDGUDM QMLKRYH YROMH L PRUDMX OL ELWL LVSXQMHQH
MRw QHNH SUHWSRVWDYNH 'UXJL SUREOHP RGQRVL VH QD RSR]LYRVW SUDYD WUHHJD


*
$QWXQ%LOLPDJLXUDVLVWHQW3UDYQRJIDNXOWHWD6YHXLOLwWDX=DJUHEX7UJPDUwDOD
7LWD=DJUHE
1976 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

RGQRVQRPRHOLWUHDRVREDQDLVWLQDLQQDNRMLMHVWHNODSUDYDL]XJRYRUD
QDWHPHOMXWXHYROMHWDSUDYDLL]JXELWL'UXJLPULMHLPDPRJXOLXJRYDUD-
WHOMLGXQLNRSR]YDWLNRULVW]DWUHHJDEH]QMHJRYDSULVWDQNDLLJUDOLQMHJRY
HYHQWXDOQLSULKYDWWHNRULVWLLNDNYXXORJX2EDQDYHGHQDSUREOHPDSRYH]DQD
VXWROLNRwWRSUYL]QDLQDVWDQDNDGUXJLSUHVWDQDNSUDYDWUHHRVREHVYHEH]
RLWRYDQMDQMH]LQHYROMH
2VLP WLK GYDMX X SUDNVL VH MDYOMD L WUHL SUREOHP NDR SRVOMHGLFD RELOMHMD
XJRYRUD X NRULVW WUHHJD D RGQRVL VH QD SROMH SULPMHQH WRJ LQVWLWXWD jLULQD
SROMDSULPMHQHSUDNWLQLMHRGUD]WHRULMVNLKSUREOHPDMHUNRMLHVHVYHXJRYRUL
VPDWUDWLXJRYRULPDXNRULVWWUHHJDXSUYRPUHGXRYLVLR]DKWMHYLPD]D]DVQL-
YDQMHSUDYDWUHHRVREH2VRELWRMH]DQLPOMLYRXVWDQRYLWLXNRMLPVHWLSLQLP
VLWXDFLMDPDQDMHwHXJRYDUDXNRULVWWUHLKRVREDNDRLSRVWRMHOLYUVWHQRPL-
QDWQLKXJRYRUDNRMLVXYHSRVDPRP]DNRQXXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD
2YDMMHUDGRJUDQLHQQDSRNXwDMGDYDQMDRGJRYRUDQDSRVWDYOMHQDSLWDQMD
1DNRQXYRGDSUYLMHGLRUDGDSRVYHHQRGUHHQMXXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
NDRLWULPDVNXSLQDPDRGQRVDNRMLQDVWDMXL]PHXWUHHRVREHLVYDNHRGXJR-
YRUQLK VWUDQD 6UHGLwQML GLR UDGD SUHGVWDYOMD DQDOL]X ]DVQLYDQMD L RSR]LYRVWL
SUDYDWUHLKRVRED2VLPKUYDWVNRJDXRE]LUVHX]LPDMXLNRPSDUDWLYQDUMHwH-
QMDLXVSRUHXMXVHQMLKRYLUD]OLLWLSULVWXSLLVWLPSUREOHPLPD=DGQMHSRJODYOMH
UD]PDWUDSROMHSULPMHQHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDLSURQDOD]LWLSLQHVLWXDFLMHX
NRMLPDVHWDMXJRYRUMDYOMD3ROMHSULPMHQHSURPDWUDVHNUR]SUHVXGHKUYDWVNLK
VXGRYDD]DWLPVHSRYODLSDUDOHODVSROMHPSULPMHQHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
XQMHPDNRPSUDYX6RE]LURPQDPQRJREURMQRVWSUHVXGDLNYDOLWHWXVLVWHPD-
WL]DFLMHQMHPDNDSUDNVDPRHSRVOXLWLNDRSULPMHUKUYDWVNLPVXGRYLPDSUL
GDOMQMHPUD]YRMXWRJLQVWLWXWD

32-$08*2925$8.25,6775((*$

2VQRYQRMHQDHORREYH]QRJSUDYDGDXJRYRUVWYDUDSUDYDLREYH]H
VDPR]DXJRYRUQHVWUDQH7DNYRVHGMHORYDQMHQD]LYDUHODWLYQRVWREYH-
]QLKRGQRVD18JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDL]QLPNDMHRGUHODWLYQRVWLXJRYRUQRJ


1
1MHP5HODWLYLWWGHV6FKXOGYHUKOWQLVVHVHQJSULYLW\RIWKHFRQWUDFW8SUDYRMHUHODWLYQRVW
WD NRMD XJRYRUH UD]OLNXMH RG L]YDQXJRYRUQLK RGQRVD 'RN XJRYRU GMHOXMH VDPR
SUHPD XQDSULMHG RGUHHQRP NUXJX RVRED NRMH VX SRVWLJOH VXJODVQRVW YROMH NRG
L]YDQXJRYRUQHRGJRYRUQRVWLQHSRVWRMLWDNYRSUHWKRGQRRJUDQLHQMH=ERJWRJDVH
NDHGDXJRYRULGMHOXMXinter partesDL]YDQXJRYRUQDRGJRYRUQRVWSRVWRMLerga omnes
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1977

GMHORYDQMDMHUWUHLVWMHHSUDYRL]XJRYRUDLDNRQLMHRLWRYDRVYRMXYROMXLQLMH
SRVWDR XJRYRUQRP VWUDQRP3 'D MH XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHLK VYRMHYUVQD L]QLP-
ND RG RSHJ SUDYLOD MDVQR VH YLGL L] QMHJRYD SRORDMD X =DNRQX R REYH]QLP
RGQRVLPD'RNOXSUYRPVWDYNXRGUHXMHNDNRpXJRYRUVWYDUDSUDYD
L REYH]H ]D XJRYRUQH VWUDQHq X WUHHP VWDYNX QDMDYOMXMH L PRJXQRVW GD VH
pXJRYRURPPRHXVWDQRYLWLSUDYRXNRULVWWUHHRVREHq
=22 WHPHOMQX GHILQLFLMX XJRYRUD X NRULVW WUHHJD GRQRVL X O  p
.DGQHWNRXJRYRULXVYRMHLPHWUDELQXXNRULVWWUHHJDWUHLVWMHHYODVWLWRL
QHSRVUHGQRSUDYRSUHPDGXQLNXDNRQLMHwWRGUXJRXJRYRUHQRLOLQHSURL]OD-
]LL]RNROQRVWLSRVOD8JRYDUDWHOMLPDSUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLGDGXQLNLVSXQL
SUHPDWUHHPXRQRwWRMHXJRYRUHQRXNRULVWWHWUHHRVREHq8JRYRUXNRULVW
WUHHJDWDNDYMHGDNOHXJRYRUNRMLPVHMHGQDXJRYRUQDVWUDQDSURPLWHQWGX-
QLN5REYH]XMHGUXJRMVWUDQLVWLSXODQWSURPLVDUXJRYDUDWHOM6LVSXQLWLRGUH-
HQXLQLGEXWUHRMRVRELNRULVQLNEHQHILFLMDU7VWDNYLPSUDYQLPXLQNRP
GDWUHDRVREDLVSXQMHQMHLQLGEHPRH]DKWLMHYDWLVDPRVWDOQRLQHSRVUHGQRRG
SURPLWHQWDLDNRQLMHVXGMHORYDODSULVNODSDQMXXJRYRUD8
2GPDKQDSRHWNXYDOMDQDSRPHQXWLGDVHWDNDYXJRYRUMRwQD]LYDpSUD-
YLPXJRYRURPXNRULVWWUHHJDq3UDYQDOLWHUDWXUDSR]QDMHLpQHSUDYLXJRYRU
X NRULVW WUHHJDq X NRMHPX VH LQLGED WDNRHU LPD L]YUwLWL WUHHPX DOL GD
WUHDRVREDQHVWMHHSUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMHWHLQLGEH,QHSUDYLXJRYRU
XNRULVWWUHHJDLPDVYRMWHPHOMX=22XNRMLXOVWSURSLVXMHNDNR
VHXJRYRURVLPYMHURYQLNXPRHLVSXQLWLLELORNRMRMRVRELNRMXYMHURYQLNL
GXQLNRGUHGHXJRYRURPLOLRVRELNRMXYMHURYQLNMHGQRVWUDQRRGUHGL,]WRJD
QHSURL]OD]LWRGDMHWUHDRVREDVWHNODQHSRVUHGQRSUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMH


 *RUHQF9JOXUet alKomentar Zakona o obveznim odnosima55L)SOXV=DJUHE
VWUL.ODUL39HGULw0*UDDQVNRSUDYR1DURGQHQRYLQH=DJUHE
VWU
3
 7DNYDRVRELWRVWRYRJLQVWLWXWDXQMHPDNRPSUDYXRPRJXDYDPXSULPMHQXLQD
SRGUXMXWLSLQRL]YDQXJRYRUQLKRGQRVD'HWDOMQLMHvide infra 4. 2.

 =DNRQRREYH]QLPRGQRVLPD1DURGQHQRYLQHEUGDOMHXWHN-
VWX=22
5
 1MHP9HUVSUHFKHQGHHQJSURPLVRU
6
 1MHP9HUVSUHFKHQHPSIQJHUHQJSURPLVHH
7
 1MHPDritte, eng. beneficiary. 'DOMHXWHNVWXELWHNRULwWHQLQD]LYLSURPLWHQWVWLSX-
ODQWLNRULVQLN.RULwWHQMHWLKQD]LYDRSUDYGDYDWRwWRVXXSUDYRRQLQDMHwHXSRWUH-
EOMDYDQLXSUDYQRMOLWHUDWXULNDRLWRGDLKMHYL]XDOQRL]YXQRQDMODNwHSUHSR]QDWL
NDRNDUDNWHULVWLQH]DRGUHHQXSR]LFLMXL]XJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD1D]LYLNRMHNR-
ULVWL]DNRQsGXQLNLXJRYDUDWHOMsXJODYQRPVXSUHRSHQLWLLELWHNRULwWHQLXGUXN-
LMHPNRQWHNVWXQSUNDGMHSRWUHEQRQDJODVLWLSR]LFLMXSURPLWHQWDNDRGXQLND
8
 *RUHQF et al., op. cit. XELOMVWU
1978 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

RGGXQLND7DNDYXJRYRULGDOMHSURL]YRGLXLQNHLVNOMXLYRL]PHXVWUDQDV
UD]OLNRP GD VH GXQLN VYRMH LQLGEH RVOREDD LVSXQMHQMHP WUHHPX 3UHGPHW
RYRJDUDGDLVNOMXLYRMHSUDYLXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDDRQHSUDYRPHELWLJR-
YRUDVDPRDNRMHSRWUHEQRUD]JUDQLLWLWHGYLMHYUVWHXJRYRUD9
7UHEDLVWDNQXWLGDXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDQLMHQHNDSRVHEQDYUVWDXJRYRUD
NRMLELNDRWDNDYNRQNXULUDRLPHQRYDQLPXJRYRULPDNDRwWRVXSURGDMD]DMDP
LOLXJRYRURQDORJX1DSURWLYXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDMHVWXJRYRUQDNODX]XOD
NRMD VH PRH GRGDWL ELOR NRMHP RG SRVWRMHLK XJRYRUD L QD WDM QDLQ QMHJRY
XLQDNXVPMHULWLSUHPDWUHHPXXPMHVWRQHNRMRGXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD.ODX]XOD
XNRULVWWUHHJDWDGDSRVWDMHLQWHJUDOQLPGLMHORPXJRYRUDX]NRMLVHXJRYDUDWH
NDRDNFHVRUQLSUDYQLSRVDRGLMHOLQMHJRYXVXGELQX11
8 VYUKX XRDYDQMD WDNYRJ NDUDNWHUD LQVWLWXWD RG  QMHJRYR LPH SR
=22XYLwHQLMHpXJRYRUqQHJRpXJRYDUDQMHqXNRULVWWUHHJD,DNRMHQRYLQD]LY
SUHFL]QLML]ERJXQLYHU]DOQHSULKYDHQRVWLVWDURJQD]LYDX]QDQRVWLLXGUXJLP
SUDYQLPVXVWDYLPD13XRYRPVHUDGXSUHGPHWQLLQVWLWXWLGDOMHQD]LYDXJRYR-
URPXNRULVWWUHHJD
.DR wWR MH YH UHHQR XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD SRGUD]XPLMHYD GD RVLP
GXQLNDSURPLWHQWDLYMHURYQLNDVWLSXODQWDSRVWRMLLWUHLNRULVQLNNRML
UDVSRODH VDPRVWDOQLP ]DKWMHYRP L] XJRYRUD 1D WDM QDLQ MDVQR VH XVSR-
VWDYOMDMXWULRGQRVD

9
 2QMLKRYXUD]JUDQLHQMXLUD]OLNRYDQMXRVRELWRHELWLJRYRUDSRG

 *RUHQFop. cit. u bilj. 2, str 498.
11
 .ODUL9HGULwop. cit. XELOMVWUNDRL.DHU+5DGRORYL$6ODNRSHU=
=DNRQRREYH]QLPRGQRVLPDVNRPHQWDURP3RVORYQL]ERUQLN=DJUHEVWU

 6HVVDX%DUEL-et al., 1RYL]DNRQRREYH]QLPRGQRVLPD]ERUQLNUDGRYD
=DJUHEVWU*RUHQFet al., op. cit. XELOMVWU.ODUL9HGULw, op. cit.
XELOMVWU
13
 1MHP9HUWUDJ]XJXQVWHQ'ULWWHU%*%DHQJFRQWUDFWIRUWKHEHQHILWRIWKHWKLUG
SDUW\&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FW

 8JRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD UD]OLNXMH VH RG XJRYRUD VNORSOMHQRJ SXWHP ]DVWXSQLND MHU
VWLSXODQWVNODSDXJRYRUpXVYRMHLPHqOVW=22D]DUD]OLNXRG]DVWXSQLND
NRMLXJRYRUVNODSDLXLPHL]DUDXQWUHHRVREHO=22D6OLQXRGUHGEX
OVW=22DVDGUDYDLOwYLFDUVNRJ25Dp+DWVLFKMHPDQGGHUDXI
HLJHQHQ1DPHQKDQGHOWeq,EH]WDNYHL]ULLWH]DNRQVNHRGUHGEHMDVQRMHGDVWLSX-
ODQWVNODSDXJRYRUXVYRMHLPHMHULRQLPDSUDYRWUDLWLQMHJRYRLVSXQMHQMH,DNRVH
NUR]SRYLMHVWUD]YRM]DVWXSVWYDLXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDHVWRSUHNODSDRjPDOFHOM
8JRYRULXNRULVWWUHHJD=DJUHEVWUWDNRHU+DOOHEHHN- Contracts for a
7KLUG3DUW\%HQHILFLDU\D%ULHI6NHWFKIURP&RUSXV,XULVWR3UHVHQW'D\&LYLO/DZKWWS
GDUHXEYXYXQOELWVWUHDP)XQGDPLQD)LQDO+DOOHEHHN
1RYSGINRORYR]DSDVVGDQDVVXWRVDVYLPRGYRMHQLLQVWLWXWL
,SDNXSUDNVLVHMRwXYLMHNPRHSRVWDYLWLSLWDQMHMHOLQHNDRVREDGMHORYDODNDRVWLSX-
ODQWLOLNDR]DVWXSQLNRUMHwDYDQMXWRJSLWDQMDYLGLjPDOFHOM op. cit.,VWULGDOMH
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1979

D2GQRVL]PHXVWLSXODQWDLSURPLWHQWDQD]LYDVHLRGQRVRPSRNUL-
D'HFNXQJVYHUKOWQLVV157RMHWHPHOMQLRGQRVMHUSURL]OD]LL]RVQRYQRJXJR-
YRUDNRMHPXVHGRGDMHNODX]XODXNRULVWWUHHJD16'DQHPDWHNODX]XOHELOD
ELULMHRNODVLQRPXJRYRUXREYH]QRJSUDYDXNRMHPMHMHGQDVWUDQDGXQLN
DGUXJDYMHURYQLN
,QDNRQXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJDSURPLWHQWXLVWLSXODQWXRVWDMXVYDSUD-
YDLREYH]HL]JODYQRJXJRYRUDXNOMXXMXLLVYHPHXVREQHSULJRYRUH5D]OLND
MH X WRPH wWR VWLSXODQW NDR YMHURYQLN VDGD PRH WUDLWL GD VH XJRYRU LVSXQL
LVNOMXLYRXNRULVWWUHHJD=22OVW1REXGXLGDMHLNRULVQLN
SRVWDR YMHURYQLNRP SRVWRML XVSRUHGQL ]DKWMHY NRULVQLND L VWLSXODQWD SUHPD
SURPLWHQWX,SDNREYH]DQHSRVWDMHDOWHUQDWLYQDMHUVHSURPLWHQWPRHRVOR-
ERGLWLVDPRLVSXQMHQMHPNRULVQLNX17
E2GQRVL]PHXVWLSXODQWDLNRULVQLNDQD]LYDVHSRWSRUQLLOLYDOXWQL
RGQRV=XZHQGXQJVRGHU9DOXWDYHUKOWQLVVDULMHMHLVNOMXLYRRLQWHUQRPRG-
QRVXNRMLREMDwQMDYD]DwWRMHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDVNORSOMHQ183REXGDPRH
ELWL UD]OLLWD D QDMHwH LVSODWD GXJD solvendi causa), davanje zajma (credendi
causa) ili darivanje (donandi causa).19
7DMRGQRVQHSURL]OD]LL]XJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDQHJRPXSUHWKRGLL]ERJ
WRJDQLMHUHJXOLUDQRGUHGEDPDNRMHXUHXMXWDMXJRYRU2GQRVVWLSXODQWDLNR-
ULVQLNDPRJDRELXWMHFDWLQDXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDMHGLQRNDGELELODULMHR
QHGRSXwWHQRMSREXGLNRMDXWMHHQDYDOMDQRVWXJRYRUD=22O
'DELVWLSXODQWPRJDRXJRYRULWLNRULVW]DWUHHJDGRYROMQRMHGDWUHLLPD
SUDYQX VSRVREQRVW 6 RE]LURP QD WR GD VH QH WUDL SULVWDQDN NRULVQLND QLWL
PXVHPRJXQDPHWDWLLNDNYHREYH]HQLMHQXQRGDNRULVQLNLPDLSRVORYQX
VSRVREQRVW'DELVH]DGRYROMLRNULWHULMRGUHGLYRVWLLQLGEH=22OVW
NRULVQLNPRUDELWLRGUHHQDLOLEDUHPRGUHGLYDRVRED

15
 1D]LYLX]DJUDGDPDVXQDQMHPDNRPMHUMHLRYDVLVWHPDWL]DFLMDXWULVNXSLQHRG-
QRVDSUHX]HWDL]QMHPDNHOLWHUDWXUHcf. Bayer, W., Der Vertrag zugunsten Dritter,-
&%0RKU3DXO6LHEHFN7ELQJHQVWU
16
 *RUHQF et al., op. cit. XELOMVWU
17
,ELGVWU6HVVDRSFLWXELOMVWU
18
 *RUHQF et al., op. cit. XELOMVWU
19
 .ODUL9HGULwop. cit. XELOMVWUjPDOFHOM op. cit. XELOMVWU

 6HVVDop. cit.XELOMVWU8VOXDMXGDNRULVQLNQHPDSRVORYQXVSRVREQRVW
VYRMDELSUDYDQDUDYQRPRJDRRVWYDULYDWLLVNOMXLYRSXWHPRVREHNRMX]DNRQSUHG-
YLD]DWDNYHVOXDMHYH,SDNSRVWRMDQMHWDNYHRVREHQXQRMHVDPR]DRVWYDULYDQMH
QHL]DQDVWDQDNSUDYDL]XJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD

 .ODUL9HGULwop. cit.XELOMVWU6HVVD op. cit. XELOMVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

F2GQRVL]PHXSURPLWHQWDLNRULVQLNDMHVWRGQRVLVSXQMHQMDLOLRGQRV
SUHPD WUHHPX (9ROO]XJV RGHU 'ULWWYHUKOWQLVV 8 WUHQXWNX VNODSDQMD XJRYRUD
L]PHXSURPLWHQWDLVWLSXODQWDWUHLVWMHHpYODVWLWRLQHSRVUHGQRqSUDYR]DKWL-
MHYDWLLVSXQMHQMHLQLGEHRGSURPLWHQWD1DWDMQDLQLEH]RLWRYDQMDYODVWLWH
YROMHNRULVQLN ipso iure SRVWDMHYMHURYQLNRPL]XJRYRUD9ODVWLWRLQHSRVUHGQR
SUDYR NRULVQLND ]QDL GD WR SUDYR QLMH L]YHGHQR L] SUDYD QHNH GUXJH RVREH
QHJRGDQDVWDMHL]YRUQR3RWRPHVHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHLKUD]OLNXMHRGFHVLMHX
NRMRMFHVLRQDUQLMHRULJLQDUQLQHJRGHULYDWLYQLYMHURYQLN
,DNRNRULVQLNLPDYODVWLWRLQHSRVUHGQRSUDYRWUDLWLLVSXQMHQMHRGSURPL-
WHQWDVDGUDMQMLKRYDSUDYQRJRGQRVDLGDOMHRVWDMHRGUHHQXJRYRURPNRMLVX
VNORSLOLSURPLWHQWLVWLSXODQW2WRPHMHYHELORJRYRUDNDGMHXRGQRVXQD
JODYQL XJRYRU XWYUHQD DNFHVRUQD QDUDY NODX]XOH X NRULVW WUHHJD 7R ]QDL
GD L]PHX SURPLWHQWD L NRULVQLND QH QDVWDMH VDGUDMQR QRYL SUDYQL RGQRV
QHJRNRULVQLNSRVWDMHYMHURYQLNRPL]SUDYQRJRGQRVDSURPLWHQWsVWLSXODQW
7RMHYLGOMLYRLSRWRPXwWRXVSUNRVGYRVWUXNRP]DKWMHYXSURPLWHQWLGDOMH
GXJXMHVDPRMHGQXREYH]X'DVHREYH]HSURPLWHQWDQHSRYHDYDMXMDVQRMHL
L]O=22DNRMLSURSLVXMHGDpGXQLNPRHLVWLFDWLSUHPDWUHHPXVYH
SULJRYRUHNRMHLPDSUHPDXJRYDUDWHOMXSRRVQRYLXJRYRUDNRMLPMHXJRYRUHQD
NRULVW]DWUHHJDq
7UHEDQDSRPHQXWLGDLDNRSRVWDMHYMHURYQLNRPNRULVQLNVHQHVPDWUDXJR-
YRUQRPVWUDQRP7XSR]LFLMX]DGUDYDMXLVNOMXLYRSURPLWHQWLVWLSXODQWL-
MLPMHRLWRYDQMHPYROMHXJRYRULQDVWDRLQMHQLFDGDNRULVQLNQLMHXJRYRUQD
VWUDQDLPDSUDNWLQR]QDHQMHXWRMPMHULwWRNRULVQLNQHPDSUDYRUDVNLQXWL
XJRYRU7RSRWYUXMHLVXGVNDSUDNVDXSDQLMVNLVXGX5LMHFLQDNRQwWR
MH ]DNOMXLR GD MH WXLWHOMLFD NRULVQLN XJRYRUD X NRULVW WUHLK QDVWDYOMD pe
WXLWHOMLFD QH PRH WUDLWLUDVNLG XJRYRUD MHU QLMH XJRYRUQD VWUDQND YH LPD
QHSRVUHGQRSUDYRWUDLWLLVSXQMHQMHXJRYRUDSUHPDWXHQLPDq


 .DHU5DGRORYL6ODNRSHUop. cit. XELOMVWU

 .DRwWRQSUQDVWDMHL]PHXXSXHQLNDLSULPDWHOMDXSXWHNRGDVLJQDFLMH

,ELGVWU

 7RMHMHGQRRGRVQRYQLKRELOMHMDXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDNRMHSR]QDMXLVYLRVWDOL
SUDYQL VXVWDYL 1SU   %*%D ]D QMHPDNR SUDYR LOL    $%*%D ]D
DXVWULMVNRSUDYR

 6HVVDop. cit. XELOMVWU

 *RUHQF et al., op. cit. XELOMVWU

65L*3UHVXGHNRULwWHQH]DSRWUHEHRYRJUDGDQDOD]HVHQDVWUDQLFDPD
9UKRYQRJ VXGD KWWSVXGVNDSUDNVDYVUKKUVXSUD  VYLEQMD  9LVRNRJ
WUJRYDNRJVXGDKWWSZZZYWVUKKUVYLEQMDL6XGDNHPUHHKWWS
ZZZVXGDFNDPUH]DKUVYLEQMD
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1981

,DNRVXGDNOHVDPRVWLSXODQWLSURPLWHQWRYODwWHQLUDVNLQXWLXJRYRUDNRMH
NRULVQLNSULKYDWLRNRULVWL]XJRYRUDVWLSXODQWPRHUDVNLQXWLXJRYRULOLWUDLWL
VPDQMHQMH VYRMH LQLGEH VDPR X VSRUD]XPX V NRULVQLNRP 8 VXSURWQRP EL
VWLSXODQWMHGQRVWUDQRUDVSRODJDRVNRULVQLNRYLPSUDYRPQDwWRQDNRQSULKYD-
WDQLMHRYODwWHQ7DNYRVWDMDOLwWH]DX]LPDMXLVXGRYL313URPLWHQWELQDUDYQR
PRJDRMHGQRVWUDQRUDVNLQXWLXJRYRUMHUSUHPDNRULVQLNXPRHLVWLFDWLVYHSUL-
JRYRUHNRMHPRHLSUHPDVWLSXODQWX
=ERJWRJDwWRQLMHXJRYRUHQDVWUDQDNRULVQLNQLMHRYODwWHQQLQDXWYUHQMH
QLwWHWQRVWL LOL SRELMDQMH XJRYRUD 1D WR VX RYODwWHQL VWLSXODQW L SURPLWHQW L
EH]VWLSXODQWRYDSULVWDQNDMHUVXQLwWHWQRVWLSRERMQRVWSRVOMHGLFHQHYDOMDQRVWL
XJRYRUDDDNRXJRYRUQLMHYDOMDQNRULVQLNQLMHQLVWHNDRSUDYRLOLJDMHVWHNDR
QDSRERMDQQDLQ6GUXJHVWUDQHNRULVQLNMHRYODwWHQVDPRVWDOQRWUDLWLVYH
RQR wWR SUHGVWDYOMD PRGLILNDFLMX QMHJRYH WUDELQH RGQRVQR VWXSD QD PMHVWR
SUYRELWQRJSUHGPHWDWHWUDELQH7DNRPXSULSDGD]DKWMHY]DQDNQDGXwWHWH
UDGLSURPLWHQWRYDQHLVSXQMHQMDGMHORPLQRJLVSXQMHQMDLOL]DNDwQMHQMDNDRL
]DKWMHYQDXNODQMDQMHQHGRVWDWDND33
7DNRHUL]WRJDwWRQLMHXJRYRUQDVWUDQDVOLMHGLLGDNRULVQLNPRHRGYMH-
URYQLND]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMHVDPRRQRJDwWRMHXJRYRUHQRXQMHJRYXNRULVW
DQHLFLMHORJWHPHOMQRJXJRYRUD0RJXHMHQDLPHGDVWUDQHXJRYRUHNDNR
VDPRGLRGXQLNRYLKREYH]DLGHXNRULVWWUHHJD8WRPVOXDMXVWLSXODQWMH
LVNOMXLYLYMHURYQLN]DVYHRVWDOHREYH]H1DGDOMH]DUD]OLNXRGXJRYRUQLKVWUD-
QDNRMHVXQRVLWHOMLLSUDYDLREYH]DWUHHPXVHQHPRJXQDPHWQXWLQLNDNYH
REYH]H35


 jPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWU.ROLNRMHSLWDQMHRYODwWHQMDQDUDVNLGXJRYRUDL
VOLQLKSUDYDRVMHWOMLYRLNROLNRVHSDOMLYRPRUDMXL]EDODQVLUDWLLQWHUHVLVWLSXODQWD
L WUHHJD YLGOMLYR MH L] UD]QROLNLK PLwOMHQMD R WRM WHPL X QMHPDNRP L DXVWULMVNRP
SUDYX*RWRYRMHVYLPD]DMHGQLNRWRGDYRGHUDXQDRWRPHRGNRMHJVHWUHQXWND
WUHL PRH SRX]GDWL X UDVSRODJDQMH YODVWLWLP SUDYRP 3DUDSDWLWV F., Der Vertrag
zugunsten Dritter, 0DQ]:LHQVWUs

 OVW=22DGHWDOMQLMHSRG
31
 7UJRYDNLVXGX5LMHFL3VYLEQMD.DRGRGDWQLUD]ORJ]DwWR
QLMH WXLWHOMX VWLSXODQWX GR]YROLR UDVNLG XJRYRUD VXG QDYRGL GD MH ELOD ULMH R
XJRYRUXXNRULVWWUHHJDSDVHWUHEDYRGLWLUDXQDLRLQWHUHVLPDWUHLK,]WRJDEL
VOLMHGLORGDMHLYROMDNRULVQLNDUHOHYDQWQDSULRGOXLYDQMXRUDVNLGXRGQRVQRGDVH
QDPRHUDVNLQXWLEH]QMHJRYDSULVWDQND

 jPDOFHOMop. cit.XELOMVWU
33
,ELGVWU

 *RUHQFet al., op. cit. XELOMVWU
35
,ELGVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

=$61,9$1-(,232=,926735$9$75((*$

9HMHQDJODwHQDSRVHEQRVWXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDNDRLQVWLWXWDXJRYRU-
QRJ SUDYD X NRMHPX NRULVQLN VWMHH SUDYR D GD QLMH RLWRYDR YODVWLWX YROMX
6DGDYDOMDSURPRWULWLNRMHVXQDMYDQLMHSRVOMHGLFHWDNYHSUDYQHSULURGHLNRMD
VHJODYQDSLWDQMDSULWRPHMDYOMDMX
3RVWDYOMD VH WHPHOMQR SLWDQMH wWR MH WR wWR RPRJXXMH WUHHPX GD VWHNQH
L]UDYDQ ]DKWMHY L] XJRYRUD LDNR QLMH QL QD NRML QDLQ VXGMHORYDR X QMHJRYX
VNODSDQMX1DUDYQRSRGUD]XPLMHYDVHGDMHQXQRRLWRYDQMHYROMHXJRYRUQLK
VWUDQDVWLSXODQWDLSURPLWHQWDDOLMHXSLWQRMHOLWDYROMDGRYROMQDLOLVHWUDL
MRwLQHNDNYDGRGDWQDREMHNWLYQDSUHWSRVWDYND6RE]LURPQDWRGDMHNRULVQLN
SRVYHLVNOMXHQL]QDVWDQNDXJRYRUDPRUDOLRQVQMLPLVQMHJRYLPVWUDQDPD
ELWLSRYH]DQQDQHNLREMHNWLYQRSUHSR]QDWOMLYQDLQLOLVWLSXODQWLSURPLWHQW
PRJXVWYRULWLSUDYR]DNRMXJRGRVREXSRHOH"'UXJLPULMHLPDMHOLGRYROMQD
SXND YROMD XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD LOL VH ]DKWLMHYD QHNDNYD LQWHUHVQD SRYH]DQRVW V
NRULVQLNRP QMLKRYD XJRYRUD" 1D SRVWDYOMHQL SUREOHP UD]OLLWL SUDYQL VXVWDYL
GDMXUD]OLLWHRGJRYRUH
'UXJRSLWDQMHNRMHSURL]OD]LL]RGVXVWYDNRULVQLNRYHYROMHRGQRVLVHQDRSR-
]LYRVWSUDYDNRMHMHNRULVQLNVWHNDR2SHMHSUDYLORGDVHXJRYRUQRSUDYRQHNH
RVREH QH PRH RSR]YDWL EH] QMH]LQD SULVWDQND 0HXWLP WR SUDYLOR YULMHGL
]DRVREHNRMHVXL]UDDYDQMHPVYRMHVXJODVQRVWLSRVWDOHXJRYRUQLPVWUDQDPD
SDLPQLMHPRJXHEH]QMLKRYHSRQRYQHVXJODVQRVWLWXSR]LFLMXLRGX]HWL8
VOXDMXNDGSUDYRWUHHRVREHRYLVLLVNOMXLYRRVWLSXODQWXLSURPLWHQWXQLMHOL
LVSUDYQRLRSR]LYRVWWRJSUDYDYH]DWLX]QMLKRYXYROMX"1DWRVHQDVWDYOMDMRw
QL]GUXJLKSLWDQMDRWUHQXWNXGRNRMHJELELORPRJXHRSR]YDWLSUDYRWUHHJD
RPRJXHPNRULVQLNRYRPSULKYDWXRRVREDPDRYODwWHQLPQDWDNDYRSR]LYLWG
'DELVHWDSLWDQMDVDJOHGDODXSRWSXQRVWLQHHELWLL]ORHQDVDPRVSR]LFLMD
KUYDWVNRJ SUDYD QHJR H VH NRPSDUDWLYQR SULND]DWL L SUDYQD XUHHQMD GUX-
JLKGUDYD8UD]PDWUDQMHHELWLX]HWDUMHwHQMDQDFLRQDOQLKSUDYD1MHPDNH
(QJOHVNH 6$'D )UDQFXVNH 1L]R]HPVNH ,WDOLMH $XVWULMH L jYLFDUVNH NDR L
QDGQDFLRQDOQLK81,'52,7RYLK1DHODPHXQDURGQLKWUJRYDNLKXJRYRUD36
GDOMH X WHNVWX 81,'52,7 1DHOD L 1DHOD HXURSVNRJ XJRYRUQRJ SUDYD37
GDOMHXWHNVWX3(&/38

36
 81,'52,73ULQFLSOHVRI,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPHUFLDO&RQWUDFWV
37
 3ULQFLSOHVRI(XURSHDQ&RQWUDFW/DZ
38
 8YULMHHQDNUDWLFDRULJLQDOQRJQD]LYDQDHQJOHVNRP
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1983

=DVQLYDQMHSUDYDWUHHJD

8WYULYDQMHNRQVWLWXWLYQRJHOHPHQWD]D]DVQLYDQMHSUDYDWUHHRVREHPRH
VHSULND]DWLXGYDGLMHOD8SUYRPHELWLUD]PRWUHQRMHOLGDELQDVWDRXJRYRU
XNRULVWWUHHJDGRYROMQDYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDLOLMHSRWUHEQRLVSXQLWLLQHNH
REMHNWLYQHNULWHULMH$NRMHGRYROMQDVWLSXODQWRYDLSURPLWHQWRYDYROMDXGUX-
JRPGLMHOXVHL]ODHNDNDYPRUDELWLVDGUDMWHYROMH
3RGVMHDMXLQDSULMHQDYHGHQXUD]OLNXL]PHXSUDYLKLQHSUDYLKXJRYRUD
X NRULVW WUHHJD39 WUHED QDJODVLWL GD VH ]DVQLYDQMH SUDYD WUHH RVREH RGQRVL
LVNOMXLYRQDQDVWDQDNSUDYRJXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD7RMH]ERJWRJDwWRX
VOXDMXQHSUDYRJXJRYRUDWUHDRVREDLQHVWMHHQLNDNYRSUDYR8NRQWHNVWX
RYRJSRJODYOMDQHSUDYLXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDIXQNFLRQLUDWHNDRVYRMHYUVQD
RSR]LFLMDDNRQLMHQDVWDRSUDYLQDMHwHMHULMHRQHSUDYRPXJRYRUXXNRULVW
WUHHJD3UHPDWRPHREMHNWLYQLLVXEMHNWLYQLNULWHULMLNRMLPDVHRYRSRJODYOMH
EDYLVOXHSUYHQVWYHQRUD]JUDQLHQMXWLKGYLMXNDWHJRULMDXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUH-
HJD

3.1.1. Volja ugovornih strana ili njihov interes

6 RE]LURP QD WR GD WUHL QH VXGMHOXMH SUL VNODSDQMX XJRYRUD MDVQR MH GD
GROD]LGRRLWRYDQMDYROMHLVNOMXLYRXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDSURPLWHQWDLVWLSXODQWD
.RPSDUDWLYQRSURPDWUDQRQDMYHHQHVODJDQMHSRVWRMLRNRWRJDMHOLWRRLWR-
YDQMH XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD VDPR SR VHEL GRYROMQR GD VWYRUL SUDYR ]D WUHHJD LOL
VHWUDLLGDVWLSXODQWLPDXWRPHQHNLHNRQRPVNLLQWHUHV5LMHMHXVWYDULR
VXNREXL]PHXVXEMHNWLYQRJYROMDLREMHNWLYQRJNULWHULMDRVLPYROMHQXDQMH
LLQWHUHV8PMHVWRVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVDSRQHNDGVHMDYOMDMXLQHNLGUXJLREMHN-
WLYQLNULWHULMLNRMLQDGRSXQMXMXNULWHULMYROMHjWRHSUHYDJQXWLRYLVLXYHOLNHL
RSRYLMHVQRPUD]YRMXLQVWLWXWDXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDNRMLVHNUHWDRRGSR-
HWQHQXQRVWLREMHNWLYQLKHOHPHQDWDSUHPDVYHYHRMYDQRVWLYROMHVWUDQDND
5LPVNRSUDYRQLMHGRSXwWDORXJRYDUDQMHXNRULVWWUHLKL]UDHQRSUDYLORP
alteri stipulari nemo potest.,SDNSRVWRMDORMHQHNROLNRL]QLPNL0RJXHMHELOR
XJRYDUDWL X NRULVW WUHHJD NDGD EL L VWLSXODQW X WRPH LPDR QHNL HNRQRPVNL
LQWHUHVNDRLXVOXDMXGRQDWLRVXEPRGRsVWLSXODQWRYDGDURYDQMDSURPLWHQWX

 9LGLSRJODYOMH
39

 +DOOHEHHNop. cit. XELOMVWU%D\HUop. cit. XELOMVWU3DUDSDWLWVop. cit.



XELOMVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

SRGXYMHWRPGDRQQHwWRLVSXQLXNRULVWWUHHJD,]WRJDSURL]OD]LGDVXPR-
JXQRVWL XJRYDUDQMD X NRULVW WUHHJD X ULPVNRP SUDYX ELOH RJUDQLHQH MDVQR
RGUHHQLPREMHNWLYQLPXYMHWLPD
jNRODSULURGQRJSUDYDXSUYRPUHGX+XJR*URWLXVSUYDMHQDMDYLODXYRH-
QMHVXEMHNWLYQRJNULWHULMDLQ]LVWLUDQMHPGDELXLQFLXJRYRUDWUHEDOLSURL]OD]LWLL]
YROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDSDDNRVXVWUDQHKWMHOHGDWUHLL]UDYQRVWHNQHSUDYRL]
XJRYRUDQHPDUD]ORJDGDVHWRRQHPRJXL8QDWRWRPHULPVNRMHSUDYRLPDOR
XWMHFDMDQDSUYHNRGLILNDFLMHNRMHVXVHUDGLMHYMHURYDOHSURYMHUHQLPREMHNWLYQLP
NULWHULMLPDQHJRpQDMOLEHUDOQLMLPqWHRULMDPDRNRQVWLWXWLYQRVWLVWUDQDNHYROMH

D)UDQFXVND

)UDQFXVNL&RGHFLYLOQDSUYLSRJOHGRVWDMHSULULPVNRPSUDYLOXalteri sti-
SXODULXOSURSLVXMHNDNRVYDWNRPRHREYH]DWLVDPRVHEHLXJRYRULWL
VDPRXVYRMXNRULVW,SDNXOQDOD]HVHGYLMHL]QLPNHRGWRJSUDYLOD
6WLSXODQWPRHXJRYRULWLNRULVW]DWUHHJDDNRMHX]WRXJRYRULRQHNXNRULVWL
]DVHEHLOLDNRMHX]WRXJRYRULRGDU]DSURPLWHQWD
8WRPVHYUORMDVQRSUHSR]QDMXGYLMHL]QLPNHULPVNRJSUDYD8JRYRUX
NRULVWWUHHJDYDOMDQMHDNRVWLSXODQWLPDQHNLLQWHUHVLOLDNRMHNRULVW]DWUHHJD
SRVWDYOMHQDNDRXYMHWXGRQDWLRVXEPRGR7DNYHIRUPXODFLMHSRND]DOHVXVHSUH-
UHVWULNWLYQLPD]DEU]RUD]YLMDMXHHNRQRPVNHRGQRVHXYULMHPHLQGXVWULMVNHUH-
YROXFLMH,PLPR]DNRQVNRJXUHHQMDSRHORVHUD]YLMDWLSUDYRRVLJXUDQMDNRMH

 .W]+)OHVVQHU$(XURSHDQ&RQWUDFW/DZ9ROXPH2QH)RUPDWLRQ9DOLGLW\DQG
&RQWHQW RI &RQWUDFWV &RQWUDFWV DQG 7KLUG 3DUWLHV 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 2[IRUG
VWU+DOOHEHHN op. cit. XELOMVWU3DUDSDWLWV op. cit. XELOM
VWU

 .W])OHVVQHUop. cit. XELOMVWU%D\HU op. cit.XELOMVWU3DUDSDWLWV,
op. cit. XELOMVWU,SDNYHLQDSUHGVWDYQLNDSULURGQHwNROH*URWLXV9LQQLXV
9DQGHU.HHVVHOVWMHFDQMHSUDYDWUHHJDXYMHWXMXQMHJRYLPSULKYDWRP+DOOHEHHN
RSFLWXELOMVWU3RGQMLKRYLPMHXWMHFDMHPLMHGQDRGQDMVWDULMLKNRGLIL-
NDFLMDSUXVNL$/5X]DKWLMHYDRSULKYDWNDRQXDQ6RE]LURPQD
WRGDVXRQLYHLQRP1L]R]HPFL]DQLPOMLYRMHSULPLMHWLWLGDMHLGDQDVQL]R]HPVNR
SUDYRMHGLQRNRMH]DKWLMHYDSULKYDWWUHHJD

 3RVWRMHLPLwOMHQMDGDULPVNRSUDYRXSUDYR]ERJWRJDwWRQLMHSR]QDYDORWDMLQVWLWXW
QLMHXWMHFDORQDUD]YRMXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDQHJRGDMHRQXFLMHORVWLSURL]DwDR
L]JHUPDQVNRJSUDYDjPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWU'DWRQLMHXSRWSXQRVWL
WRQRYLGLELOM

 &RGHFLYLOL]

 &RGHFLYLOQDVWDRMHSRG]QDWQLPXWMHFDMHP5REHUW-RVHSKD3RWKLHUDLQMHJRYDGMHOD
7UDLWGHV2EOLJWLRQVL]NRMHVHXPQRJRPHWHPHOMLQDUMHwHQMLPDULPVNRJSUDYD
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1985

SRGUD]XPLMHYD PRJXQRVW GD XSUDYR NRULVQLN RVLJXUDQMD VDPRVWDOQR PRH

]DKWLMHYDWLNRULVW8VXSURWQRPSRJRWRYXXVOXDMXLYRWQRJRVLJXUDQMDNR-
ULVQLNELVHPRUDRSRX]GDWLXVXUDGQMXXJRYDUDWHOMHYLKQDVOMHGQLND
'DELSUDYRRVWDORXNRUDNVHNRQRPVNLPRGQRVLPDNOMXQXMHXORJXSUH-
X]HORVXGVWYRSRVHELFH&RXUGH&DVVDWLRQNDGDMHSURWXPDLRGDXYMHW
pGDUDqL]OPRH]QDLWLSODDQMHLSUHPLMHRVLJXUDQMDLRSHQLWRELOR
NDNYHHNRQRPVNHNRULVWLNRMXVWLSXODQWREHDSURPLWHQWX7DNRHUMHLSUYL
XYMHW VWLSXODQWRYH NRULVWL SURWXPDHQ wLURNR WDNR GD PRH XNOMXLYDWL L QH-
PDWHULMDOQLprofit moral.7DNYRWXPDHQMHWROLNRMHHNVWHQ]LYQRXRGQRVXQD
]DNRQVNLWHNVWGDQHNLDXWRULVPDWUDMXNDNRVXIUDQFXVNLVXGRYLVWYRULOLQRYL
LQVWLWXWcontra legem..DNRELORGDELORRVWDMHLQMHQLFDGDMHWDNYLPWXPD-
HQMHP IUDQFXVNR SUDYR JRWRYR SRVYH QDSXVWLOR REMHNWLYQL NULWHULM LQWHUHV X
NRULVW NRQVWLWXWLYQRVWL VWUDQDNH YROMH ,SDN LQL VH GD SRVWRML MRw PDOL EURM
VOXDMHYDJGMHWUHLQHVWMHHSUDYRL]UDYQR51

E1MHPDND

8QMHPDNRPSUDYXSRVWRMLXQLYHU]DOQRVODJDQMHGDVWMHFDQMHSUDYDWUH-
HJDRYLVLLVNOMXLYRRYROMLXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD7RMHMDVQRYLGOMLYRYHL]
VDPRJ%*%DLMHVXRGUHGEHVDVWDYOMHQHLPDMXLQDXPXSUYHQVWYHQRXJRYRUH


 jPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWU'DVHXDXVWULMVNRPSUDYXUD]YRMRGYLMDRVOLQR
IUDQFXVNRP SUDYX YLGL VWU  ELOM  ,SDN ]D UD]OLNX RG IUDQFXVNRJ SUDYD X
DXVWULMVNRXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDQLMHXYHGHQLQWHUYHQFLMRPVXGRYDQHJR,,,GMHOR-
PLQRPQRYHORP$%*%D,ELGVWUWDNRHULXsH,WDOLMD1L]R]HPVND
jYLFDUVND$XVWULMD

 +DOOHEHHNop. cit. XELOMVWU

 , QHNROLNR JRGLQD SULMH &RXU GH &DVVDWLRQ XVWDQRYLR MH SUDYR L] RVLJXUDQMD NRMH
SULSDGDVXSUX]LLGMHFLRVLJXUDQRJ0DUNHVLQLV%68QEHUDWK+-RKQVWRQ$
7KH *HUPDQ /DZ RI &RQWUDFW $ &RPSDUDWLYH 7UHDWLVH +DUW 3XEOLVKLQJ 2[IRUG DQG
3RUWODQGVWU

 .W])OHVVQHUop. cit. XELOMVWUWDPRLSUHVXGD&DVVFLYVUSQMD
EU5HSXNRMRMVHREMDwQMDYDGDVWLSXODQWRYLQWHUHV]QDLLPH-
UDPHQWHPRUDOH+DOOHEHHN op. cit. XELOMVWUjPDOFHOM op. cit. XELOM
VWU

 -QJHU).$PHULFDQDQG(XURSHDQ&RQIOLFWV/DZ7KH$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI&RPSD-
UDWLYH/DZYROEUVWU
51
 +DOOHEHHNop. cit. XELOMVWU

 3DUDSDWLWVop. cit. XELOMVWU0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQ op. cit. u
ELOMVWU
1986 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

RRVLJXUDQMX538SUHGYLHQRMHGDVHPRHXJRYRULWLWDNYDNRULVW]D
WUHHJDGDRQVWHNQHL]UDYQRSUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMHDXGDH
VHDNRQLMHXJRYRUHQRGUXNLMHL]RNROQRVWLLSRVHEQRL]VYUKHXJRYRUDRGUH-
GLWLVWMHHOLWUHLSUDYRVWMHHOLJDRGPDKLOLWHNQDNRQLVSXQMHQMDRGUHHQLK
XYMHWD L ]DGUDYDMX OL XJRYRUQH VWUDQH SUDYR RSR]YDWL LOL L]PLMHQLWL NRULVW ]D
WUHHJD EH] QMHJRYD RGREUHQMD 3UYHQVWYR YROMH XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD YLGL VH SR
WRPHwWRSUDYRWUHHJDSURQDOD]LXpRNROQRVWLPDqLpVYUVLXJRYRUDqNDRLSR
WRPHGDWRYULMHGLVDPRpDNRQLMHXJRYRUHQRGUXNLMHq
,DNRVHQDWDMQDLQQMHPDNRSUDYRVYUVWDYDQDVWUDQXRQLKNRMHSUDYRWUHH-
JDL]YRGHL]VXEMHNWLYQRJNULWHULMDVWUDQDNHYROMH55%*%]DGUDYDQHNROLNRVXS-
VLGLMDUQLKREMHNWLYQLKNULWHULMDQDWHPHOMXNRMLKVHXVOXDMXVXPQMHSUHVXPLUD
YROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD7DNRSURSLVXMHGDNDGMHGQDXJRYRUQDVWUDQDSUL-
VWDQHQDPLULWLYMHURYQLNDGUXJHVWUDQHDGDQLMHSUHX]HODGXJXVOXDMXVXPQMH
WDMYMHURYQLNQHVWMHHL]UDYQRSUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMH8QMHPDNRPSUDYX
QDWRMVHRGUHGELWHPHOMLLQVWLWXWSUHX]LPDQMDLVSXQMHQMD(UIOOXQJVEHUQDKPH56
SRNRMHPVHQHWNRWUHLREYH]XMHGXQLNXGDHLVSXQLWLQMHJRYXREYH]XSUHPD
YMHURYQLNXDOLL]WRJXJRYRUDYMHURYQLNQHVWMHHQLNDNYDSUDYD6RE]LURPQD
SRVWRMDQMHWRJNULWHULMDDNRXJRYRUQHVWUDQHHOHGDVWLSXODQWRYYMHURYQLNVWHNQH
VDPRVWDOQR SUDYR SUHPD SURPLWHQWX PRUDMX WR L]ULLWR XJRYRULWL57 =D UD]OLNX
53
 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU,DNRMHQMHPDNDKLVWR-
ULMVND wNROD QDXDYDOD ULPVNR SUDYLOR GD WUHL QH PRH VWHL SUDYR DNR VWLSXODQW
QHPD LQWHUHVD X WRPH X QDVWDQNX %*%D RGOXXMXX MH XORJX LPDOR PLwOMHQMH
%HUQGKDUGD :LQGVFKHLGD NRML MH X VYRMRM NQML]L /HKUEXFK GHV 3DQGHNWHQUHFKW SUDYR
WUHHJD YH]DR LVNOMXLYR X] YROMX VWUDQDND +DOOHEHHN op. cit. X ELOM  VWU 
7DNRHUMHSUHYODGDOR:LQGVFKHLGRYRPLwOMHQMHLRWRPHGDQLMHSRWUHEDQSULKYDW
WUHHJDGDELVWHNDRSUDYR.W])OHVVQHU op. cit. XELOMVWU

 2VOLQRVWLPDVKUYDWVNLPSUDYRPNRMHWDNRHUXOVW=22DVSRPLQMH
RNROQRVWLSRVODYLGLGHWDOMQRSRGsE+UYDWVND
55
 ,SDNDNLXWDNRQHGYRVPLVOHQRPXUHHQMXSRQHNDGVH]QDORRSHULUDWLVSRMPRP
VWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVDjPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWUELOM.
56
 %D\HU op. cit. X ELOM  VWU  2VLP ]D SUHX]LPDQMH LVSXQMHQMD X QMHPDNRP
SUDYXRGUHGEH%*%DRXJRYRUXXNRULVWWUHHJDLQHWHPHOML]DLQVWLWXWSULVWXSDQMD
GXJX6FKXOGEHLWULWW=DUD]OLNXRGKUYDWVNRJSUDYDQMHPDNRSUDYRWDMLQVWLWXWQH
XUHXMH]DNRQRP=ERJWRJDQMHPDNDSUDYQD]QDQRVWSULVWXSDQMHGXJXL]YRGLL]
GYDMXUD]OLLWLKLQVWLWXWD3UYRL]SUHX]LPDQMDGXJD6FKXOGEHUQDKPHDQDORJLMRP
  SUHPD NRMHP VH GXJ PRH SUHX]HWL XJRYRURP SUHX]LPDWHOMD L YMHURYQLND
$NRVHGXJPRHSUHX]HWLQHPDUD]ORJD]DwWRPXVHQDLVWLQDLQQHELPRJORL
SULVWXSLWLwWRGRYRGLGRVROLGDUQHRGJRYRUQRVWSULVWXSDWHOMDLGXQLND7RRGJRYDUD
SULVWXSDQMXGXJXNDNYRJDSR]QDMH=22XO'UXJLREOLNSULVWXSDQMDGXJX
XSUDYRMHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD7DGDGRSULVWXSDQMDGXJXGROD]LXJRYRURPL]-
PHXGXQLNDVWLSXODQWDLSULVWXSDWHOMDSURPLWHQWDD]DYMHURYQLNDMHNRQDQL
UH]XOWDWLVWLMHURSHWPRHSRWUDLYDWLLVSXQMHQMHGXJDRGGYLMXRVREDsRULJLQDOQRJ
GXQLNDLRQRJDWNRMHSULVWXSLRGXJX
57
 %D\HUop. cit. XELOMVWU
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1987

RGWHpQHJDWLYQHSUHVXPSFLMHqL]QRVLQHNROLNRpSR]LWLYQLKSUHVXPSFLMDq
.DGD VH X XJRYRUX R GRLYRWQRM UHQWL XJRYRUL SODDQMH GRLYRWQH UHQWH WUHRM
RVRELXVOXDMXVXPQMHSUHWSRVWDYOMDVHGDWUHDRVREDVWMHHL]UDYQRSUDYRWUDLWL
LVSXQMHQMH7RWDNRHUYULMHGLLXVOXDMXGDURYDQMDDNRMHGDUSUHQHVHQX]XYMHW
LVSXQMHQMDWUHHPXwWRRSHWSRGVMHDQDULPVNLLQVWLWXWdonatio sub modo58NDRL
XVOXDMXNDGXJRYRUQDVWUDQDQDNRMXMHSUHQHVHQDVYDQHLMDLPRYLQDREHDLVSX-
QLWLWUHHPXQDLPHGXJRYDSUHQRVLWHOMD1HNDGDMHREXKYDDRLXJRYRUHR
LYRWQRPRVLJXUDQMXXNRMLPDWDNRHUSRVWRMLSUHVXPSFLMDGDNRULVQLNRVLJXUDQMD
VWMHH L]UDYQR SUDYR SUHPD RVLJXUDWHOMX DOL RG  WR MH QD VDGUDMQR VOLDQ
QDLQXUHHQR99*592VLPWLK]DNRQVNLRGUHGELVXGVNDSUDNVDLSUDYQD
]QDQRVWXVWDQRYLOHVXVLWXDFLMHXNRMLPDVHVPDWUDGDMHVYUKDXJRYRUDWDNYDGD
WUHLVWHNQHVDPRVWDODQ]DKWMHY8SUYRPUHGXWRMHXVLWXDFLMDPDXNRMLPDWUHL
LPDQHNDNDYLQWHUHVQDLVSXQMHQMHLQLGEH,QWHUHVVHWXPDLWDNRGDQHREXKYDD
LVSXQMHQMHVWLSXODQWRYDGXJDSUHPDWUHHPXMHUMHXWLPVLWXDFLMDPDNDRwWRMH
YHUHHQR]DNRQVNDSUHVXPSFLMDGDWUHLQLMHVWHNDRVDPRVWDOQRSUDYR8WRP
VPLVOXWUHLLPDLQWHUHVVDPRRQGDNDGXYDOXWQRPRGQRVXQHSUHGOHLQLNDNYD
REYH]D7DNYRRNUHWDQMHRGULPVNRSUDYQRJNULWHULMDVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVDSUH-
PD NRULVQLNRYRP LQWHUHVX SRWDNQXWR MH SRWUHERP GD VH RYODVWL QD VDPRVWDODQ
]DKWMHYXSUDYRRQRJD]DNRJDMHQDMYMHURMDWQLMHGDHWDNDY]DKWMHYLLVNRULVWLWL
,]WRJDMHYLGOMLYRGDQMHPDNRSUDYRVMHGQHVWUDQHXWHPHOMXMHSUDYRWUH-
HJDQDYROMLXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDDVGUXJHXWRQRRGUHHQLPVOXDMHYLPDSUH-
VXPSFLMDPD ]DPMHQMXMH VWYDUQX YROMX QHNLP REMHNWLYQLP NULWHULMLPD 7L NUL-
WHULMLSRQHNDGRJUDQLDYDMXVWMHFDQMHSUDYDWUHHJDSUHVXPSFLMDGDYMHURYQLN
MHGQHVWUDQHQHVWMHHVDPRVWDOQRSUDYRSUHPDGUXJRMVWUDQLNRMDVHREYH]DOD
LVSXQLWLGXJLOLSDNRGUDDYDMXQHNDVWDULMDSUDYQDVKYDDQMDdonatio sub modo,
XJRYRURRVLJXUDQMX7DNDYSULVWXSNRMLEDODQVLUDL]PHXPDNVLPDOQHQHRGUH-
HQRVWLpRNROQRVWLqLpVYUKDXJRYRUDqLSUHFL]QLKUMHwHQMD]DSRMHGLQHVLWX-
DFLMHSRND]DRVHYUORXVSMHwQLPMHUMHVYRMRPIOHNVLELOQRwXRVWDYLRGRYROMQR
SURVWRUDVXGRYLPDGDUD]YLMXWDMLQVWLWXWXVNODGXVNRQNUHWQLPSRWUHEDPD61
3RVOMHGLQRQMHPDNLMHSULPMHUSRVOXLRNDRPRGHOPQRJLPGUXJLPD

58
 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU
59
9HUVLFKHUXQJVYHUWUDJVJHVHW]

 %D\HUop. cit. XELOMVWURVRELWRELOM
61
,ELGVWU

 1SUDXVWULMVNRPSUDYXjPDOFHOMop. cit.XELOMVWULLL]UDHOVNRPSUDYX
0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQ op. cit. XELOMVWUDNLX]HPOMDPDLMH
]DNRQVNHIRUPXODFLMHQHVOLHRQLPDL]%*%DNDRQSUX+UYDWVNRMQMHPDNDMH
SUDYQDVLVWHPDWLNDXYHOLNHSRPRJODSULUD]PDWUDQMXXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
1988 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

F(QJOHVND

2GUD]PDWUDQLKSUDYQLKSRUHGDND(QJOHVNDMHSRVOMHGQMDSUL]QDODWUHLPD
SUDYDL]XJRYRUD,PDMXLQDXPXNDNRVXIUDQFXVNLVXGRYLNUHDWLYQR]DRELwOL
]DNRQPRHVHLQLWLXGQLPGDHQJOHVNLVXGRYLQLVXXLQLOLLVWRSRJRWRYXMHU
X(QJOHVNRMQLMHSRVWRMDR]DNRQNRMLELL]ULLWRVSUHDYDRVWMHFDQMHSUDYDWUH-
LK3UREOHPMHPHXWLPELRXHQJOHVNRMGRNWULQLprivity of contract i NRQFHSWX
consideration.63 ,DNR privity of contract RGJRYDUD VYXJGMH SR]QDWRP UHODWLYQRP
GMHORYDQMXREYH]QLKXJRYRUDWRMHSUDYLORXHQJOHVNRPSUDYXMRwSRORYLFRP
GHYHWQDHVWRJ VWROMHD X]GLJQXWR GR YUKRYQRJ SULQFLSD XJRYRUQRJ SUDYD NRML
QHGRSXwWDQLNDNYHL]QLPND Consideration SUHGVWDYOMDELORNDNYXHNRQRPVNX
YULMHGQRVWNRMXREMHVWUDQHPRUDMXREHDWLGDELVHXJRYRUVPDWUDRVNORSOMH-
QLPDVRE]LURPQDWRGDWUHLQHGDMHQLNDNDY consideration, QLMHPRJDRVWHL
SUDYRL]XJRYRUD,DNRVXVHWDNYDUMHwHQMDSRND]DODSUHYLwHIRUPDOLVWLQLPD
SDVXLKNULWL]LUDOLVDPLHQJOHVNLVXGRYLDL]DNRQRGDYQRVX]DRELHQDPQRJLP
L]QLPNDPD65X(QJOHVNRMQLMHSRVWRMDRXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDVYHGRL
XVYDMDQMD&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FW66
7DNYRNDVQR]DNRQRGDYQRXYRHQMHLPDORMHVYRMLKSUHGQRVWLMHUMHRPRJX-
LORXVYDMDQMHSUDYQRWHKQLNLXVDYUwHQHGRYROMQRDSVWUDNWQHIRUPXODFLMHNRMD
REXKYDD VYH PRJXQRVWL XJRYDUDQMD X NRULVW WUHHJD 1DVSUDP WDNYRJ XUH-
HQMDIUDQFXVNLSDLQMHPDNLWHNVW]DNRQDLQLVHQH]JUDSQLPRVWDYOMHQLP
QD PLORVW L QHPLORVW VXGVNRJ WXPDHQMD 6XYUHPHQLSULVWXS HQJOHVNRJ SUDYD
SRGUD]XPLMHYDLSRWSXQRRSUHGMHOMLYDQMH]DNRQVWLWXWLYQRVWVWUDQDNHYROMHL
]DQHPDULYDQMHNULWHULMDVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVD1DVDPRPSRHWNXX
&RQWUDFWV 5LJKWV RI 7KLUG 3DUWLHV $FW  SURSLVXMH NDNR L WUHD RVRED
PRHLPDWL]DKWMHYL]XJRYRUDDNRDVDPXJRYRUWRL]ULLWRRGUHXMHLOLE
DNRL]XJRYRUDSURL]OD]LGDWUHLVWMHHQHNDNYXNRULVW8]RJUDQLHQMHGDVH
63
 8SUDYRWRGYRMHQDYHRMH/RUG+DOGDQHXSR]QDWRPVOXDMX'XQORS3QHXPDWLF7\UH
&R/WGY6HOIULGJH &R/WG[1915] AC 847, 853 NDRUD]ORJH]DwWRFRPPRQODZQH
SR]QDMHXJRYDUDQMHXNRULVWWUHHJD

 1DMSR]QDWLMHXSUHGPHWX7ZHHGDOHY$WNLQVRQ% 6(5
65
 9H RG  NDG MH GRQHVHQ 0DUULHG :RPHQoV 3URSHUW\ $FW NRML MH GR]YROLR
VXSUX]LXJRYDUDWHOMDRVLJXUDQMDELWLNRULVQLNRPRVLJXUDQMD-HGDQRGQDMHwLKNULWL-
DUDWDNRVKYDHQRJNRQFHSWDprivity of contract ELRMH/RUG'HQQLQJWDNRHUL/RUG
'LSORFNX6ZDLQY/DZ6RFLHW\[1983]$&WH6WH\Q/-X'DUOLQJWRQ%&
Y:LOWVKLHU1RUWKHUQ/WG[1995]:/5
66
 7DMMH]DNRQGRQHVHQQDNRQwWRMH/DZ&RPLVVLRQX5HSRUWQRXYUOR
GHWDOMQRMDQDOL]LL]QLRVYHQHGRVWDWNHSRVWRMHHJVWDQMDLL]ORLRVYHSUHGQRVWLNRMH
ELVHWDNYLP]DNRQRPSRVWLJOH
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1989

   E QH SULPMHQMXMH DNR L] SUDYLOQH NRQVWUXNFLMH XJRYRUD SURL]OD]L GD

XJRYRUQHVWUDQHQLVXQDPMHUDYDOHGDWUHLVWHNQH]DKWMHYL]XJRYRUD,]WRJDVX
YLGOMLYHGYLMHpOLEHUDOQHqWHQGHQFLMHHQJOHVNRJSUDYD3UYRGDMHVYHSUHSXwWHQR
YROMLXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDMHUDNRRQHXJRYRUHGDWUHLVWMHH]DKWMHYL]XJRYRUD
QHSRVWRMLQLNDNDYGRGDWQLNULWHULMNRMLELWUHEDOR]DGRYROMLWL'UXJRGDVHDN
LYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD]DPMHQMXMHSUHVXPSFLMRPXNRULVWWUHHJDMHUDNRL]
XJRYRUDSURL]OD]L]DQMHJDQHNDNYDNRULVWVPDWUDVHGDVXPXXJRYRUQHVWUD-
QHKWMHOHVWYRULWLVDPRVWDOQL]DKWMHY7DMHSUHVXPSFLMDQDUDYQRRERULYDSRG
XYMHWRPGDVHGRNDHGDMHVWYDUQDYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDELODGUXNLMD
6XVWDYSUHVXPSFLMDNRMHQDGRSXQMXMXRSHSUDYLORPRHSRGVMHDWLQDQMH-
PDNRXUHHQMH,SDNGRNVXX%*%XSUHVXPSFLMHXYLMHNXVNHRGQRVHLVH
LVNOMXLYRQDRGUHHQLWLSRGQRVDVWLSXODQWsSURPLWHQWsNRULVQLNX&RQWUDFWV
5LJKWV RI 7KLUG 3DUWLHV $FW  SUHVXPSFLMD MH L]QLPQR wLURND QDL]JOHG
REXKYDDMXLVYHVLWXDFLMHL]NRMLKWUHLLPDLNDNYXNRULVW7DNRHU]DUD]OLNX
RG%*%DWDVHSUHVXPSFLMDQHWHPHOMLQDQHNRPREMHNWLYQRPNULWHULMXNRML
ELSURL]OD]LRL]RGUHHQHVLWXDFLMHQHJRQDVDGUDMXYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD2
VDGUDMXYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDNDRLRSUREOHPLPDWDNRwLURNHIRUPXODFLMH
ELWHYLwHJRYRUDXLGXHPSRJODYOMX

G6$'

.DGMHYHQDMVWDULML FRPPRQODZVXVWDYPRUDRHNDWL]DNRQRGDYQXLQWHUYHQ-
FLMXEDUHPVHX6$'XLQVWLWXWXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJDUD]YLRSUYHQVWYHQR
VXGVNLPSXWHP,DNRVHVWDULMHSUDYR6$'DHVWRRVODQMDQDHQJOHVNHSUHVH-
GDQHGRRGYDMDQMDQMLKRYLKSUDYQLKSRUHGDNDGRwORMHSULMHQHJRwWRMHX(Q-
JOHVNRMGRNWULQD privity of contract UD]YLMHQDGRVYRMHDSVROXWQHEH]L]QLPQRVWL
3RVOMHGLQRDPHULNLVHVXGRYLQLVXRVMHDOLREYH]QLPDa priori ]DQLMHNDWLSUD-
YDWUHLPRVREDPD.DGELXNRQNUHWQRPVOXDMXQHSUL]QDYDQMHSUDYDWUHHJD
GRYHORGRQHSUDYHGQRJUMHwHQMDVXGMHQDVWRMDRNRQVWUXLUDWLQMHJRYRSRVWRMD-
QMHL]RSLKQDHODSUDYDLYHSRVWRMHLKSUDYQLKLQVWLWXWD67,DNRVHRVODQMDR
QDYROMXXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDWDNDYLQGXNWLYQLSULVWXSXVNRURMHXVWDQRYLRGYD
WLSLQDVOXDMDXNRMLPDMHSRWUHEQRWUHHPXSUL]QDWLSUDYR8SUYRPRGQMLK
WUHDMHRVREDW]Ycreditor beneficiary,MHUVWLSXODQWXJRYDUDLVSXQMHQMHNRULVQLNX
QDLPHVYRMHJGXJDSUHPDQMHPXDXGUXJRPHMHWUHDRVRED donee beneficiary,

 8NOMXQRPSUHGPHWX/DZUHQFHY)R[&RXUWRI$SSHDOV1HZ<RUN1<
67

NRMLMHSUYLX6$'XSUL]QDRSUDYRWUHHJDVXGMHVYRMXRGOXNXXWHPHOMLRQDVOLQRP
SULQFLSXSRVWRMHHJLQVWLWXWDWUXVW
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

MHUVWLSXODQWXJRYDUDLVSXQMHQMHGDELGDURYDRNRULVQLND687HGYLMHNDWHJRULMH
SUHGYLHQHVXLX5HVWDWHPHQW)LUVWRI&RQWUDFWVNDRQDLQLQDNRMHVHPRH
XVWDQRYLWLSUDYRWUHHJD
,]WRJDELSURL]OD]LORGDVHX6$'XRVLPYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDWUDHL
REMHNWLYQL NULWHULML SULSDGDQMD QHNRM RG GYLMX SUL]QDWLK NDWHJRULMD NRULVQLND
,DNR VH X $PHULFL XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD UD]YLMDR QHRSWHUHHQ SRYLMHVQRP
EDwWLQRP XVSRVWDYOMHQL REMHNWLYQL ]DKWMHYL QLVX WROLNR UD]OLLWL RG RQLK NRMH
MHSR]QDYDORXSUDYRULPVNRSUDYRCreditor beneficiary SUHGVWDYOMDSRGYUVWXLQ-
WHUHVQRJNULWHULMDMHUMHQHRVSRUQRGDVWLSXODQWLPDHNRQRPVNLLQWHUHVGDSUR-
PLWHQW LVSXQL QMHJRYX YMHURYQLNX Donee beneficiary, V GUXJH VWUDQH UD]OLNXMH
VHRG donatio sub modo MHUVHULPVNLLQVWLWXWRGQRVLRQDVWLSXODQWRYRGDURYDQMH
SURPLWHQWXX]QXQLXYMHWLVSXQMHQMDNRULVQLNXGRNdonee beneficiary R]QDDYD
VWLSXODQWRYRGDURYDQMHNRULVQLNXQHRYLVQRRWRPHMHOLGDURYDQMHL]YUwHQRL
SURPLWHQWX=ERJWRJDX6$'XWUHHRVREHPRJXVWHLSUDYRL]XJRYRUDSXQR
ODNwHsQHVDPRXULPVNRPSUDYXQHJREDUQRPLQDOQRLXIUDQFXVNRPSUDYX
8VNODGXVRSRPWHQGHQFLMRPGDVHREMHNWLYQLNULWHULMLVYHYLwH]DQHPDUX-
MXXNRULVWVWUDQDNHYROMH6$'NUHQXOHVXXLVWRPVPMHUX3RMDYLOLVXVHVOX-
DMHYLXNRMLPDMHSRVWRMDODSRWUHEDSUL]QDWLSUDYDWUHLPRVREDPDLDNRWUHL
QLMHELRQL creditor ni donee beneficiary. =ERJWRJDMHLGRwORGRNULWLNHSRVWRMHH
SRGMHOHWH]DKWMHYD]DRVODQMDQMHPLVNOMXLYRQDYROMXVWUDQDNDwWRVHRGUD]LOR
LQD5HVWDWHPHQW6HFRQGRI&RQWUDFWVNRMLGUXNLMHXUHXMHXJRYRUHXNRULVW
WUHHJD1DWHPHOMXWRJDPRHVHUHLGDMHVDGLX6$'XYROMDNOMXQLNULWHULM
]DRGUHLYDQMHSUDYDWUHHJD69,SDNLDNRVHIRUPXODFLMD5HVWDWHPHQW6HFRQG
SURPLMHQLOD SRGMHOD L]PHX SUYRJ L GUXJRJ VWDYND MRw XYLMHN RGUDDYD VWDUX
UD]OLNXL]PHXcreditora i donee beneficiaryja,DYHLQDVXGRYDLGDOMHVXGLQDWH-
PHOMXWLKXRELDMHQLKNDWHJRULMD

H,WDOLMD1L]R]HPVNDjYLFDUVND$XVWULMD

-HGQD RG ]HPDOMD NRMD MH YUVWR ]DGUDOD REMHNWLYQL XYMHW VWMHFDQMD SUDYD
WUHLKMHVW,WDOLMDODQDN&RGLFHFLYLOHDRGUHXMHNDNRMHXJRYDUDQMHX
NRULVW WUHHJD YDOMDQR VDPR NDG VWLSXODQW LPD LQWHUHV X WRPH 7R MH NODVLQL
]DKWMHYVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVDNRMLNDRwWRMHYHSRND]DQRSRVWRMLLXGUXJLP
SUDYQLP VXVWDYLPD ,SDN GRN IUDQFXVNL VXGRYL XVSLMHYDMX ]DRELL LQWHUHVQL

68
 'RN MH VSRPHQXWL SUHGPHW/DZUHQFH Y )R[ SULPMHU ]D FUHGLWRU EHQHILFLDU\QDMYDQLML
VOXDM ]D GRQHH EHQHILFLDU\ MHVW 6HDYHU Y 5DQVRP &RXUW RI $SSHDOV 1HZ <RUN
1<
69
 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit.XELOMVWU
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1991

]DKWMHY D SUDYR 6$'D RVWDYOMD L GUXJH PRJXQRVWL XJRYDUDQMD SUDYD WUHLK

RVREDWDOLMDQVNRMHSUDYRLXGRNWULQLLXVXGVNRMSUDNVLXVWUDMDORQDQXQRVWL
VWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVD
6GUXJHVWUDQH1L]R]HPVNDLjYLFDUVNDSRWSXQRVXVHRSUHGLMHOLOH]DNRQ-
VWLWXWLYQRVW YROMH XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD ODQDN  QL]R]HPVNRJ *UDDQVNRJ
]DNRQLND%XUJHUOLMN:HWERHNRGUHXMHGDXJRYRUVWYDUDSUDYR]DWUHXRVR-
EXDNRXJRYRUWDNRRGUHXMHLDNRWUHDRVREDWRSULKYDWL1L]R]HPVNRSUD-
YRMHGLQVWYHQRMHSRWRPHwWRRVLPYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDQXQLPXYMHWRP
QDVWDQNDSUDYDWUHHJDVPDWUDLQMHJRYSULKYDW71%XGXLGDMHRLWRYDRVYRM
SULKYDWWUHLYLwHQLMHVDPRNRULVQLNQHJRMHL]MHGQDHQVRULJLQDOQLPXJRYRU-
QLP VWUDQDPD 1D WDM QDLQ JXEL VH SRVHEQRVW XJRYDUDQMD X NRULVW WUHHJD
QDVSUDP RELQLK WURVWUDQLK XJRYRUD SD MH L]UDHQD VXPQMD X WR SR]QDMH OL
QL]R]HPVNR SUDYR WDM LQVWLWXW X SXQRP VPLVOX WH ULMHL73 .DNR JRG GD ELOR
QHRVSRUQRMHGDQL]R]HPVNRSUDYRSR]QDMHVDPRVXEMHNWLYQLNULWHULMYROMHMRw
GRGDWQRpSRMDDQqYROMRPWUHHJDjYLFDUVNL252EOLJDWLRQHQUHFKWRVRELWR
MHMDVDQ8OSURSLVXMHNDNRWUHLPRHVDPRVWDOQR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMH
NDGMHWRELODYROMDREDMXXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD=DUD]OLNXRGQL]R]HPVNRJSUDYD
SULKYDWWUHHJDQLMHQXDQ75
jWRVHWLHDXVWULMVNRJSUDYDSUYDUHHQLFD$%*%DRGUHXMHGD
HVHMHOLLNDGDMHWUHLVWHNDRSUDYRSURFMHQMLYDWLL]XJRYRUDWHFLOMDLSULUR-
GHXJRYRUD7RQDMYLwHSRGVMHDQDVOLQRSUDYLOR%*%DNRMLWDNRHUSUDYR
WUHHJD L]YRGL L] VDPRJ XJRYRUD QMHJRYLK RNROQRVWL L VYUKH76 $OL YH GUXJD
UHHQLFD$%*%DSURSLVXMHNDNRXVXPQMLWUHLVWMHHSUDYRDNRXJR-
YRUHQDLQLGEDGRQRVLSURELWDNRVRELWRQMHPX,DNRWDNYDGHILQLFLMDSRGVMHD
QD HQJOHVNR UMHwHQMH JGMH SRVWRML RSD SUHVXPSFLMD X NRULVW WUHHJD NRMHPX


 $QWRQLROOL/9HQH]LDQR$XU3ULQFLSOHVRI(XURSHDQ&RQWUDFW/DZDQG,WDOLDQ
/DZA Commentary, .OXZHU/DZ,QWHUQDWLRQDO+DDJVWU
71
 ,SDN SULKYDW VH SUHWSRVWDYOMD DNR MH SUDYR XJRYRUHQR ]D WUHHJD QHRSR]LYR L EH-
VSODWQRDNRMHWUHLELRVYMHVWDQWRJDLQLMHSULJRYRULRO%:YLGL.W]
)OHVVQHU op. cit.XELOMVWU

 O%:D
73
 +DOOHEHHNop. cit.XELOMVWU

 %XVFK'HWDO7KH3ULQFLSOHVRI(XURSHDQ&RQWUDFW/DZDQG'XWFK/DZ$&RPPHQWDU\
.OXZHU/DZ,QWHUQDWLRQDO1LMPHJHQVWU
75
 .W])OHVVQHUop. cit.XELOMVWU
76
 'DMH$%*%XVYRMRMWUHRMQRYHOLXLVWLQXVOLMHGLRUMHwHQMD%*%DYLGLjPDOFHOMop.
cit.XELOMVWUL
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

MHQDPLMHQMHQDNRULVWL]XJRYRUD77SURELWDNVorteil)QHWUHEDVKYDDWLWROLNR
wLURNRGDREXKYDWLELORNRMXNRULVW.RPHQWDWRUL$%*%DVPDWUDMXGDMHSUR-
ELWDN]DWUHHJDSUYHQVWYHQRRQDNRULVWNRMXPXVWLSXODQWVRE]LURPQDQMLKRY
YDOXWQLRGQRVEHVSODWQRQDPLMHQL783URELWDNQHELELODNRULVW]DWUHHJDNRMD
EL VDPR L]UDYQDYDOD QHNL YH SRVWRMHL GXJ VWLSXODQWD SUHPD QMHPX 3UHPD
WRPHXUHHQMHL]$%*%DSULOLQRMHVOLQRQMHPDNRMSUDNVLNRMDNDRSUDYH
XJRYRUHXNRULVWWUHHJDUHGRYLWRSUHSR]QDMHRQHNRGNRMLKWUHLLPDQHNLLQWH-
UHVwWRVHWXPDLWDNRGDQHREXKYDDLVSXQMHQMHVWLSXODQWRYDGXJD1DWRP
WUDJXLDXVWULMVNRSUDYRSR]QDMHSUHVXPSFLMXXVOXDMXSUHX]LPDQMDLVSXQMHQMD
NRMDRGJRYDUD%*%Ds$%*%DRGUHXMHGDYMHURYQLNQHVWMHH
L]UDYDQ]DKWMHYSUHPDRVRELNRMDMHGXQLNXREHDODLVSXQLWLQMHJRYXLQLGEX
SUHPDYMHURYQLNX6OLQRNDRLX1MHPDNRMPRHVH]DNOMXLWLGDX$XVWULML
QDNRQSUYHQVWYDYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDXVOXDMXVXPQMHSRPRQLREMHNWLYQL
NULWHULMQLMHVWLSXODQWRYQHJRQDSURWLYNRULVQLNRYLQWHUHV

I81,'52,71DHODL3(&/

.DRwWRMHYHUHHQRSUHJOHGUD]OLLWLKSUDYQLKSRUHGDNDSRND]XMHVYHYHH
XGDOMDYDQMHRGQXQRVWLVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVDLVYHYHHQDJLQMDQMHSUHPDSUL-
]QDYDQMXYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD7DMMHSURFHVVYRMXNRQDQXID]XGRLYLRSUL
VWYDUDQMXQDGQDFLRQDOQRJOH[PHUFDWRULDXYLGX81,'52,71DHODL3(&/D
ODQDN81,'52,71DHODRGUHXMHNDNRXJRYRUQHVWUDQHPRJXL]ULL-
WRLOLLPSOLFLWQRVWYRULWLSUDYRWUHHRVREHDMHOLWUHDRVREDVWHNODWRSUDYR
XWYUGLWHVHQDWHPHOMXXJRYRUD6OLQRLSRO3(&/D79WUHDRVRED
VWMHH SUDYR NDG VX WR XJRYRUQH VWUDQH L]ULLWR XJRYRULOH LOL VH WR PRH ]D-

77
 =ERJWRJDMHRQDLELODNULWL]LUDQDXWHRULML$%*%D3DUDSDWLWV op. cit.XELOMVWU
jPDOFHOMop. cit.XELOMVWU
78
 3DUDSDWLWVop. cit. XELOMVWULGDOMHjPDOFHOM, op. cit. XELOMVWU
79
 0QRJHRGUHGEH3(&/DSRVOXLOHVXNDRWHPHOM]D'UDIW&RPPRQ)UDPHRI5HIH-
UHQFH'&)5RVRELWRQMHJRYX,,L,,,NQMLJXNRMHVHRGQRVHQDXJRYRUQRSUDYR
'&)5 MHVW SURMHNW (XURSVNH NRPLVLMH NRML VOXL NDR SRGORJD ]D &RPPRQ )UDPH
RI5HIHUHQFH&)5LHYHQWXDOQXEXGXXNRGLILNDFLMXHXURSVNRJSULYDWQRJSUDYD
=DVDGMHULMHRDNDGHPVNRPGRNXPHQWXNRMLQHPDQLNDNYXREYH]XMXXVQDJXYRQ
%DU&XUHWDOSULSUHPLOL6WXG\*URXSRQD(XURSHDQ&LYLO&RGHL5HVHDUFK*URXS
RQ(&3ULYDWH/DZ$FTXLV*URXS3ULQFLSOHV'HILQLWLRQVDQG0RGHO5XOHVRI(XURSHDQ
3ULYDWH /DZ s 'UDIW &RPPRQ )UDPH RI 5HIHUHQFH '&)5 6HOOLHU 0QFKHQ 
pass2GUHGEH'&)5DNRMHVHRGQRVHQDXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDQDOD]HVHXGLMHOX
,,sGR,,s
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1993

NOMXLWLL]VYUKHXJRYRUDLOLRNROQRVWLVOXDMD6RE]LURPQDQXQRVWwLURNRJ
NRPSURPLVDUD]OLLWLKGUDYDGDEL81,'52,71DHODL3(&/XRSHPRJOL
QDVWDWLRLWRMHGDVHGRVWDWQRVWVWLSXODQWRYHLSURPLWHQWRYHYROMHSRND]DOD]D-
MHGQLNLPQD]LYQLNRPVYLKSUDYQLKSRUHGDND815D]XPOMLYRMHGDMHSRJRWRYX
XPHXQDURGQRMWUJRYLQLXJRYRUQLPVWUDQDPDELWQRGDPRJXLPDWLSRYMHUHQMD
XPHXVREQDRLWRYDQMDYROMHDGDQHPRUDMXSURYMHUDYDWLLPDOLNRMDRGQMLK
VWYDUQLHNRQRPVNLLQWHUHV

J+UYDWVND

$NRVHKUYDWVNRSUDYRXVSRUHGLVJRUHL]ORHQLPUMHwHQMLPDGUXJLK]HPDOMD
PRHVH]DNOMXLWLGDVHRQRXNODSDXRSHIDYRUL]LUDQMHYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUD-
QDEH]]DKWLMHYDQMDGRGDWQLKSUHWSRVWDYNL8SXXMXLQDSUHWKRGQRQDYHGHQL
WHNVW]DNRQDGRVWDMHMRwMHGQRPVSRPHQXWLGDOVW=22DSRLQMH
ULMHLPDp.DGQHWNRXJRYRULXVYRMHLPHWUDELQXXNRULVWWUHHJDeq3UHPD
WRPH SRGUD]XPLMHYD VH GD WUDELQD WUHHJD QDVWDMH XJRYDUDQMHP WM YROMRP
VDPLKVWUDQDND1L]DNRQVNLWHNVWQLVXGVNDSUDNVDQHWUDHSRVWRMDQMHVWLSX-
ODQWRYDLQWHUHVDLOLNDNYXREMHNWLYQXSUHSUHNX]DQDVWDQDNSUDYDWUHLKRVRED
,DNR=22XRGMHOMNXp8JRYDUDQMHXNRULVWWUHHJDqQHQDYRGLQLVXSVLGLMDU-
QHREMHNWLYQHNULWHULMHXVOXDMXVXPQMHPRHVHVPDWUDWLGDRGUHGEHRSUHX-
]LPDQMXLVSXQMHQMDLPDMXIXQNFLMXWDNYLKVXSVLGLMDUQLKNULWHULMDOVW
=22DRGUHXMHGDVHLVSXQMHQMHSUHX]LPDXJRYRURPL]PHXGXQLNDLRVREH
NRMD VH GXQLNX REYHH LVSXQLWL QMHJRYX REYH]X SUHPD YMHURYQLNX 7D EL VH
VLWXDFLMDPRJODSURWXPDLWLNDRXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDSRNRMHPXELGXQLN
ELR VWLSXODQW RVRED NRMD SUHX]LPD LVSXQMHQMH SURPLWHQW D YMHURYQLN EL ELR
NRULVQLNVDVDPRVWDOQLP]DKWMHYRPSUHPDSURPLWHQWX0HXWLPOVW
=22DL]ULLWRRGUHXMHGDYMHURYQLNQHVWMHHQLNDNYRSUDYRSUHPDRVREL
NRMDMHSUHX]HODLVSXQMHQMH=ERJWHRGUHGEHXJRYRURSUHX]LPDQMXLVSXQMHQMD
VYUVWDYDVHXNDWHJRULMXQHSUDYLKXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD83

 2SHWMHYLGOMLYXWMHFDMIRUPXODFLMH%*%DNRMDXSUDYRWLPULMHLPDQDYRGLpVYUKX
XJRYRUDqLpRNROQRVWLVOXDMDq)RUPXODFLMD,,s'&)5DQHwWRMHGUXNLMD
LXSXXMHQDWRGDHVHSULURGDLVDGUDMSUDYDWUHHRVREHRGUHGLWLQDWHPHOMXXJR-
YRUD8VYDNRPVOXDMXLSR'&)5XGDELQDVWDORSUDYRWUHHJDGRYROMQDMHYROMD
XJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
81
 /DQGR2%HDOH+XUSULSUHPLOD.RPLVLMD]DHXURSVNRXJRYRUQRSUDYRPrinci-
SOHVRI(XURSHDQ&RQWUDFW/DZ3DUWV,DQG,,.OXZHU/DZ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7KH+DJXH
VWUELOM

Vide supra, SRJODYOMH
83
 9MHURYQLNHLVWLQDVWHLSUDYRDNRMHRLWRYDRVYRMSULKYDWO=22DDOLWDGD
MHULMHRSUHX]LPDQMXGXJDNRMLSRVYRMLPRGUHGEDPDQLSRwWRQHRGJRYDUDXJRYRUX
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

,SDNWRQHELWUHEDORVKYDWLWLNDRNRJHQWQXRGUHGEXNRMDVSUHDYDVNODSD-
QMHSUDYRJXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDXVLWXDFLMDPDNDGMHVWLSXODQWNRULVQLNRY
GXQLN 8RVWDORP NDR wWR MH QDYHGHQR MHGDQ RG WULMX JODYQLK UD]ORJD VNOD-
SDQMDXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDMHVWsolvendi causa iz valutnog odnosa.2GQRVO
L=22DWUHEDWXPDLWLWDNRGDXJRYRUQHVWUDQHLPDMXPRJXQRVW
QHGYRVPLVOHQR VNORSLWL XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD NRMX LP QXGL O  DOL
DNRWXPRJXQRVWQHLVNRULVWHQMLKRYHXJRYRUSUHGVWDYOMDWLXJRYRURSUHX-
]LPDQMX LVSXQMHQMD O  3R WDNYRP VKYDDQMX RGUHGEH R SUHX]LPDQMX
LVSXQMHQMDLPDOHELXORJXVXSVLGLMDUQRJNULWHULMDDNRXJRYRUQHVWUDQHL]ULLWR
QHHNVSOLFLUDMXVYRMXYROMXXVOXDMXVXPQMHXRE]LUVHX]LPDREMHNWLYQRSUR-
YMHUOMLYDVLWXDFLMDYMHURYQLNRGXQLNLRGQRVVWLSXODQWDLWUHHRVREH85
'D MH WDNYR WXPDHQMH LVSUDYQR VXJHULUDMX L LQWHUSUHWDFLMH SUHX]LPDQMD
LVSXQMHQMDSR$%*%D86NRMLMHYUORVOLDQO=22DLWHNVW
%*%DSRNRMHPXNDGMHGQDXJRYRUQDVWUDQDSULVWDQHQDPLULWLYMHURYQLND
GUXJHVWUDQHDGDQLMHSUHX]HODGXJXVOXDMXVXPQMHWDMYMHURYQLNQHVWMHH
L]UDYQRSUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMH1MHPDNRUMHwHQMHSRVHEQRMHNYDOLWHWQR
MHUYHL]VDPRJWHNVWD]DNRQDpXVOXDMXVXPQMHqSURL]OD]LVXSVLGLMDUQLND-
UDNWHURGUHGDEDRSUHX]LPDQMXLVSXQMHQMD
,] VYHJD WRJD SURL]OD]L GD MH X KUYDWVNRP SUDYX ]D QDVWDQDN SUDYD WUH-
H RVREH NRQVWLWXWLYDQ LVNOMXLYR VXEMHNWLYQL NULWHULM YROMH XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD
2EMHNWLYQL NULWHULML X RE]LU GROD]H WHN VXSVLGLMDUQR NDR X VOXDMX RGUHGEL R
SUHX]LPDQMXLVSXQMHQMD7DNYRKUYDWVNRUMHwHQMHVOLMHGLYHLQXSUDYQLKSRUH-

XNRULVWWUHHJD1SUSUHX]LPDWHOMGXJDPRHSUHPDYMHURYQLNXLVWLFDWLVYHSULJR-
YRUH NRML SURL]OD]H L] RGQRVD YMHURYQLND L SULMDwQMHJ GXQLND DOL QH PRH LVWLFDWL
SULJRYRUHNRMLVHSURL]OD]HL]QMHJRYDRGQRVDVSULMDwQMLPGXQLNRPO=22
D=DXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDYULMHGLORELSRWSXQRREUDWQRSURPLWHQWPRHLVWLFDWL
SULJRYRUHL]VYRMHJRGQRVDVDVWLSXODQWRPDOLQHLL]VWLSXODQWRYDVNRULVQLNRP

 9LGLSRJODYOMHsE2GQRVL]PHXVWLSXODQWDLNRULVQLND
85
 $NRELVHSULKYDWLODWDNYDLQWHUSUHWDFLMDWRELRQGD]QDLORGDMHXKUYDWVNRPSUDYX
SRGMHGQDNRNDRLXQMHPDNRPPRJXHSULVWXSLWLGXJXLXJRYRURPL]PHXGXQL-
NDLWUHHJDDQHVDPRYMHURYQLNDLWUHHJDNDRwWRMHWRSUHGYLHQRO=22D
,SDN]ERJWHUPLQRORJLMH=DNRQDRREYH]QLPRGQRVLPDNRMLVDPRWXGUXJXRSFLMX
QD]LYD pSULVWXSDQMHP GXJXq YMHURMDWQLMH MH GD H VH ]D XJRYRU L]PHX GXQLND L
WUHHJDNRULVWLWLVDPRQD]LYXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD.DNRJRGGDQD]YDOLWHRGQRVH
WRQHPLMHQMDQMLKRYVDGUDMLLQMHQLFXGDWUHDRVREDPRHSULVWXSLWLGXJXSRGMHG-
QDNRXJRYRURPVGXQLNRPLVYMHURYQLNRP
86
 9UORRSwLUQRRRGQRVXVMHGQHVWUDQHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDDVGUXJHSUHX]LPD-
QMDLVSXQMHQMDSUHX]LPDQMDGXJDLSULVWXSDGXJXSR$%*%XXjPDOFHOMop. cit. u
ELOMVWUs
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1995

GDNDDSRVXSVLGLMDUQRMXSRWUHELREMHNWLYQLKNULWHULMDSRGVMHDQDQMHPDNRL
DXVWULMVNRSUDYR

K8ORJDREMHNWLYQLKNULWHULMD

=DNOMXQR ]ERJ VYH YHH GRPLQDFLMH YROMH XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD SRWUHEQR MH
QDJODVLWLwWRVHWRGRJRGLORVREMHNWLYQLPXYMHWLPDNRMLVXGXJRYUHPHQDELOL
QMH]LQRPQDGRSXQRP3ULPMHWQHVXWULWHQGHQFLMH.DRSUYRREMHNWLYQLXYMHWL
NRML VX X SRHWNX ELOL QXQL SRGMHGQDNR NDR L YROMD XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD WDPR
JGMHMRwSRVWRMHGRELYDMXVYHHwHSRGUHGQLNDUDNWHUXYLGXSUHVXPSFLMDNRMH
VWXSDMXQDVQDJXVDPRDNRVWLSXODQWLSURPLWHQWQLVXXJRYRULOLGUXNLMHWDNR
1MHPDND$XVWULMD
.DRGUXJRLDNRMHMRwRGULPVNRJSUDYDQDMVWDULMLXYMHWVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUH-
VDSURPDWUDQMHPUD]QLKSUDYDPRHVHSULPLMHWLWLGDVXQHNDRGQMLKQDSUDYLOD
SRWSXQL ]DRNUHW RG ]DwWLWH VWLSXODQWD SUHPD ]DwWLWL NRULVQLND SD VH QMHJRY
LQWHUHV X]LPD NDR UHOHYDQWQL REMHNWLYQL NULWHULM 7DNR VH X $XVWULML X VOXDMX
VXPQMHVPDWUDGDMHWUHLVWHNDRSUDYRDNRXJRYRUHQDLQLGEDGRQRVLSURELWDN
RVRELWR QMHPX872SUDYGDQMHWDNYRJSRWSXQRJ]DRNUHWDQDOD]LVHXLQMHQLFL
GDDNRVHYHRGOXLXQLYHU]DOQRSUL]QDWLSUDYRWUHHJDRQGDMHWRWLPYLwHSR-
WUHEQRXVOXDMHYLPDXNRMLPDMHULMHSUYHQVWYHQRRQMHJRYXDQHRVWLSXODQ-
WRYXLQWHUHVX$NRMHVWLSXODQWPDWHULMDOQR]DLQWHUHVLUDQQDLVSXQMHQMHLQLGEH
WUHHPXMHUPXQSUQHwWRGXJXMHRQGDMHQDMHwHGRYROMQRGDVDPRQMHPX
SULSDGQH]DKWMHYDRQHXLQLWLVYHwWRMHXQMHJRYRMPRLGDGRLQLGEHXLVWL-
QXLGRH6GUXJHVWUDQHDNRMHVWLSXODQWWUHHPXDOWUXLVWLNLGDURYDRNRULVW
SXQRMHVPLVOHQLMHGDVHHOLSRYXLQDNRQVDPRJLQDGDURYDQMDDXWMHULYDQMH
WUDELQHSUHSXVWLWLVDPRPNRULVQLNX882VLPRSLKRGUHGDEDRNRULVQLNRYRP
SURELWNXSRVOMHGLFHWDNYRJUD]PLwOMDQMDVXLSUHVXPSFLMH]DVOXDMSUHX]LPD-
QMDLVSXQMHQMDsWUHLQHVWMHHVDPRVWDOQL]DKWMHYMHUMHLVWDULGXQLNGRYROMQR
]DLQWHUHVLUDQGDSULVLOLSUHX]LPDWHOMDQDLVSXQMHQMH.DRwWRMHSRND]DQRWDNYH
SUHVXPSFLMHSR]QDMXLQMHPDNRLKUYDWVNRSUDYR
7UHD WHQGHQFLMD NRMX MH PRJXH SULPLMHWLWL MHVW WD GD REMHNWLYQL NULWHULML
XQXWDUVHEHGRLYOMDYDMXIXQNFLRQDOQXSURPMHQX'RNVXXSRHWNXLPDOLXOR-
87
 7DNRHUMHLX(QJOHVNRMQDSUDYOMHQRJURPDQNRUDNRGRSHJQHSUL]QDYDQMDSUDYD
WUHHRVREHSDGRSUL]QDYDQMDQMH]LQLKSUDYDXVYLPVOXDMHYLPDNDG]DQMXL]XJR-
YRUDSURL]OD]LNRULVW,SDNWXQLMHULMHRREMHNWLYQRPNULWHULMXNRULVQLNRYDLQWHUHVD
QHJRRVXEMHNWLYQRPNULWHULMXVWUDQDNHYROMHVWDNYLPVDGUDMHPGDMHGRYROMQR
XJRYRULWLNRULVW]DWUHXRVREX
88
 jPDOFHOMop. cit.XELOMVWU
1996 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

JXVWURJRRJUDQLHQHL]QLPNHRGQDHOQH]DEUDQHXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJD
ULPVNRSUDYR)UDQFXVNDGRNUDMDGHYHWQDHVWRJVWROMHDWH6$'GRGYDGHVHWRJ
VWROMHDSRVOLMHVYHYLwHVWXSDMXXVOXEXRJUDQLHQMDSUHYHOLNRJEURMDNRULVQL-
NDQHNRJXJRYRUD7R]DKWLMHYDGRGDWQRREMDwQMHQMH
.DR wWR MH YH UHHQR SUDYL XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD ]QDL GD WUHL VWMHH
SUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMHL]XJRYRUDGRNQHSUDYLLDNRQMHJRYRLVSXQMHQMH
IDNWLQRNRULVWLWUHHPXQHVWYDUDVXEMHNWLYQDSUDYD1HSUDYLXJRYRUXNRULVW
WUHHJDODNRMHSUHSR]QDWLsGRYROMQRMHXWYUGLWLWUDJNRMLPHNRQRPVNDNRULVW
]DYUwDYDNRGQHNRJSUDYQRJVXEMHNWD3UREOHPQDVWDMHXSUDYRNRGSUDYRJXJR-
YRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDMHUWHNWUHEDRGUHGLWLD]DWLPLXNRQNUHWQRPVOXDMXSUH-
SR]QDWLNULWHULMHSRGNRMLPDWUHLVWMHHSUDYRL]XJRYRUD9HLQDVXYUHPHQLK
SUDYQLKSRUHGDNDNDRRGOXXMXLNULWHULMRGDELUHXSUDYRYROMXXJRYRUQLKVWUD-
QD0HXWLPX]L]QLPNXNDGVWUDQHL]ULLWRRGUHGHGDWUHLVWMHHVDPRVWDOQR
SUDYR X NRQNUHWQRM IRUPXODFLML XJRYRUD SRVWRMDQMH LOL QHSRVWRMDQMH YROMH ]D
WLPHVWRMHWHwNRXWYUGLWL89$NRVWUDQHXJRYRUHGDVHLQLGEDLPDLVSXQLWLWUH-
HPXNDRwWRMHQDMHwHVOXDM]QDLOLWRGDVHWUHLLPDVPDWUDWLNRULVQLNRP
LOL VDPR VOXDMQR SRJRGRYDQLP" 3RQHNDG RNROQRVWL VOXDMD QLVX RG SRPRL
D RSDVQRVW RG SUHwLURNRJ WXPDHQMD WMHUD ]DNRQRGDYFH GD RVLP VWUDQDNRP
YROMRP QDVWDQDN SUDYD WUHHJD RJUDQLH L QHNLP REMHNWLYQLP NULWHULMHP 7X
VDGVWXSDMXQDVFHQXREMHNWLYQLNULWHULMLQHYLwHNDRpSURJUHVLYQHqL]QLPNHRG
]DEUDQHXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJDQHJRNDRHOHPHQWLRJUDQLHQMDSUHwLURNRJ
VWMHFDQMDSUDYDWUHLK6OLNRYLWRUHHQRREMHNWLYQLNULWHULMLSURPLMHQLOLVXVYR-
MXIXQNFLMXL]RIDQ]LYQHXGHIHQ]LYQXGRNVXXSRHWNXVOXLOLNDRLPEHQLFL
wLUHQMDSUDYDWUHLKNDRL]QLPNHRGRSHJSUDYLODGDQDVJGMHMRwSRVWRMHVOXH
NDRLPEHQLFLRJUDQLHQMDXRGQRVXQDwLUHSRVWDYOMHQLNULWHULMYROMH91

89
 'DXJRYRUQHVWUDQHULMHWNRL]ULLWRXJRYDUDMXGDWUHLVWMHHVDPRVWDOQRSUDYRYLGL
XjPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWU

 8]L]QLPNXSUHVXPSFLMDXNRULVWWUHHJDNDRQSUXHQJOHVNRPLDXVWULMVNRPSUDYX
91
 1LMHWHwNR]DNOMXLWLGDMH]DWXGHIDQ]LYQXIXQNFLMXSXQRSULNODGQLMHIDYRUL]LUDQMH
VWLSXODQWRYDQHJRNRULVQLNRYDLQWHUHVD6WLSXODQWMHQDMHwHVDPRMHGDQQMHJRYDMH
YROMDMDVQRL]UDHQDXXJRYRUXLQH]DPLVOLYRMHGDELGRwORGRSURwLUHQMDNUXJDVWLSX-
ODQDWD6GUXJHVWUDQHNRULVQLNDPRHELWLMDNRYHOLNEURMMHUQHRLWXMXVYRMXYROMX
DGRYROMQRMHGDMHULMHRRGUHGLYRPNUXJXOMXGL8]LPDQMHXRE]LULVNOMXLYRNRUL-
VQLNRYDLQWHUHVDPRJORELLPDWLNRQWUDHIHNWsSUL]QDYDQMH]DKWMHYDVYLKRQLKNRML
RGXJRYRUDLPDMXNRULVWL0HXWLPNULWHULMNRULVQLNRYDLQWHUHVDXVYLPVHSUDYLPD
XSRWUHEOMDYDVDPRNDRVXSVLGLMDUQLNULWHULMVWURJRRJUDQLHQSULPDUQLPNULWHULMHP
YROMH XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD 8] WDNYR RJUDQLHQMH L RQ PRH LPDWL XORJX RJUDQLHQMD
EURMDSRWHQFLMDOQLK]DKWMHYDNDRQSU%*%DSRNRMHPXNDGMHGQDXJRYRUQD
VWUDQDSULVWDQHQDPLULWLYMHURYQLNDGUXJHVWUDQHDGDQLMHSUHX]HODGXJXVOXDMX
VXPQMHWDMYMHURYQLNQHVWMHHL]UDYQRSUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMH
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1997

7RQDMEROMHSRWYUXMHSUDYR6$'DJGMHVXVHREMHNWLYQDRJUDQLHQMDXJR-
YDUDQMD X NRULVW WUHHJD SRMDYLOD QHRYLVQR RG ULPVNRSUDYQH WUDGLFLMH 7DNDY
UD]YRMPRHVHREMDVQLWLXSUDYRLVNXVWYRPGDVHVDPRVWDOQL]DKWMHYWUHLPRVR-
EDPDWUHEDSUL]QDWLXWRQRRGUHHQLPREMHNWLYQRSURYMHUOMLYLPVLWXDFLMDPD
MHUELSUHwLURNRVKYDDQMHWRJLQVWLWXWDRWYRULORYUDWD]DKWMHYLPDPQRJLKQH-
SUHGYLHQLKNRULVQLND'DRYRQLMHVDPRWHRULMVNDERMD]DQQDUD]LQL]DNRQVNH
IRUPXODFLMHQHJRLNRQNUHWQDRSDVQRVWELWHGHWDOMQLMHSRND]DQRXHWYUWRP
SRJODYOMXNRMHVHEDYLSUDNWLQRPSULPMHQRPXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
.DNRRJUDQLLWLSUHwLURNLNUXJNRULVQLNDGREDUSULPMHUSUXDWDOLMDQVNRSUD-
YRVDVYRMLP]DKWLMHYDQMHPVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVD1DWHPHOMXWRJDSUHVXHQR
MHGDXJRYRUL]PHXJUDGVNRJYLMHDLSULYDWQRJJUDGLWHOMDXNRMHPVHJUDGLWHOM
GDELGRELRJUDHYLQVNXGR]YROXREYH]XMHL]JUDGLWLSURVWRU]DSDUNLUDQMHQLMH
XJRYRUXNRULVWEXGXLKNXSDFDQHNUHWQLQHQHJRVDPRID]DXSURFHVXJUDGLWH-
OMHYDGRELYDQMDGR]YROH.OMXQXMHXORJXLPDORWRwWRMHJUDGVNRYLMHHLPDOR
VDPRMDYQLLQWHUHVGDNXSFLQHNUHWQLQDVWHNQXSURVWRU]DSDUNLUDQMHDQHSUL-
YDWQLLQWHUHVNDNDYVHWUDLSRO&RGLFHFLYLOHD931LMHWHwNR]DPLVOLWL
NDNYRM EL QHVLJXUQRVWL SURPLWHQW ELR L]ORHQ NDG EL VH GRSXVWLOR ELOR NRMHP
NXSFXGRWLQHQHNUHWQLQHGDWXLNDRNRULVQLNXJRYRUD
8]LPDMXL VYH WR X RE]LU MDVQR MH NDNR SRVWDYOMDQMH REMHNWLYQLK NULWHULMD
IXQNFLRQLUDNDRXLQNRYLWDEUDQDSUHPDQHRJUDQLHQRPEURMX]DKWMHYDWUHLK
RVRED3RVOMHGLQRVYDRQDSUDYDDPHXQMLPDLKUYDWVNRNRMDQH]DKWLMHYDMX
SRVWRMDQMHREMHNWLYQLKSUHWSRVWDYNLPRUDMXRJUDQLLWLSUHYHOLNLEURM]DKWMHYD
LVNOMXLYRQDWHPHOMXVDGUDMDYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD

6DGUDMYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDVWMHFDQMHSUDYDLOLVWMHFDQMHNRULVWL

 8 SUHWKRGQRP SRJODYOMX ]DNOMXHQR MH NDNR QHNH ]HPOMH SULEMHJDYDMX

NRULwWHQMXREMHNWLYQLKXYMHWDXSUYRPUHGXVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVDGDELRJUD-
QLLOHSUHYHOLNLRSVHJSRWHQFLMDOQLKNRULVQLND0HXWLPwWRMHVD]HPOMDPDD
XQMLKSULSDGDL+UYDWVNDXNRMLPDMHYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDGRVWDWQDGDWUHL
VWHNQHVXEMHNWLYQRSUDYRDWDNYHGDQDVLQHYHLQX".DNRRQHUMHwDYDMXSLWD-
QMHSUHwLURNRJNUXJDNRULVQLND"7DNRHUQHWUHED]DERUDYLWLGDLX]HPOMDPD
NRMHSR]QDMXREMHNWLYQHNULWHULMHYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDRVWDMHRVQRYQLSUHG
XYMHWVYDNRJXJRYDUDQMDSDWDNRLXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJD

 9LGLSRJRWRYX


93
&DVV6H],,$XJXVWQRX5LYJLXUHGLOL]LD,NDRwWRMH
QDYHGHQRX$QWRQLROOL9HQH]LDQR op. cit. XELOMVWU
1998 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

6YH VH VYRGL QD SLWDQMH NDNDY PRUD ELWL VDGUDM WH YROMH GD EL WUHL VWHNDR
SUDYRL]XJRYRUD6XGHLSRIRUPXODFLMDPD]DNRQVNLKWHNVWRYDUHNORELVHGDVX
VWDQGDUGLNRMHSULPMHQMXMXSRMHGLQH]HPOMHSULOLQRUD]OLLWL,SDNWXPDHQMHL
SUDNWLQDSULPMHQDHVWRGRYRGHUD]OLLWDUMHwHQMDGRSULOLQRVOLQLKUH]XOWDWD
6DGUDMYROMHNRMLVHWUDLGDELQDVWDORSUDYR]DWUHXRVREXGUDYHPRJX
XUHGLWLQDMHGDQRGGYDMXVOMHGHLKQDLQDLOLXJRYRUQHVWUDQHPRUDMXKWMHWLGD
WUHLVWHNQHVDPRVWDOQRSUDYRL]XJRYRUDLOLMHGRYROMQRGDKRHNRULVW]DWUHHJD
D]DNRQMHWDMNRMLQDWDNDYVDGUDMVWUDQDNHYROMHNDRSRVOMHGLFXQDGRYH]XMH
VWMHFDQMHVDPRVWDOQRJSUDYD3ULVWXSNRMLHSRMHGLQDGUDYD]DX]HWLQDNRQFXH
VHRGUD]LWLQDwLULQXNUXJDRVREDNRMLPDVHSUL]QDMHVWDWXVNRULVQLNDL]XJRYRUD
5LMH MH GDNOH R LVWRP SUREOHPX NRML MH UDVSUDYOMHQ X SUHWKRGQRP SRJODYOMX
VDPRVHRYGMHEUDQDSUHPDWUHLPDQHRVODQMDQDREMHNWLYQHNULWHULMHQHJRVH
LQWHUQDOL]LUDRYLVHLLVNOMXLYRRVDGUDMXVWLSXODQWRYHLSURPLWHQWRYHYROMH

D.RPSDUDWLYQDUMHwHQMD

jYLFDUVNRLQL]R]HPVNRSUDYRWH81,'52,71DHODL3(&/YHVHX]D-
NRQVNLPWHNVWRYLPDRSUHGMHOMXMX]DSUYLQDLQRGUHXMXLNDNRXJRYRUXNR-
ULVWWUHHJDQDVWDMHNDGVHXJRYRULSUDYRRGQRVQR]DKWMHY]DWUHXRVREX7R
EL]QDLORGDXJRYRUQHVWUDQHYHSULVNODSDQMXXJRYRUDPRUDMXKWMHWLWUHHPX
VWYRULWLL]UDYQRLVDPRVWDOQRSUDYR95
3UHGQRVWWDNYRJSULVWXSDMHWDwWRRVWDYOMDMDVQRUD]GYRMHQHNDWHJRULMHSUD-
YRJLQHSUDYRJXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDDUD]OLNXPHXQMLPDLQLXSUDYRMDVQR
RSUHGLMHOMHQDYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDNRMHHOHQHVDPRGDWUHLQDNRQFXSUR-
ILWLUDL]VDPRJXJRYRUDQHJRLGDLPDRYODVWVDPRVWDOQR]DKWLMHYDWLWXNRULVW
6 GUXJH VWUDQH SUDYD SRSXW IUDQFXVNRJ WDOLMDQVNRJ L HQJOHVNRJ LPDMX
RGUHGEHSRNRMLPDMHGDELWUHLSRVWDRNRULVQLNRPL]XJRYRUDGRYROMQRGD
VWUDQHXJRYRUH]DQMHJDQHNDNYXNRULVW96,]WRJDELSURL]OD]LORGDLPVWLSXODQW
LSURPLWHQWQDPLMHQHGDVHLQLGEDLPDL]YUwLWLQHNRPWUHHPWDMWUHLVWMHH
SUDYRWXLQLGEXSRWUDLYDWL7DNDYSULVWXSL]UD]LWRMHwLURNL]DPXXMHJUDQLFX
L]PHXSUDYRJLQHSUDYRJXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDMHUELVYDNDYROMDGDWUHL
VWHNQHNRULVWXNRQDQLFLUH]XOWLUDODQMHJRYLPVWMHFDQMHPSUDYD8WDNYRPEL


 25%:81,'52,71DHOD3(&/
95
 =DwYLFDUVNRSUDYR.W])OHVVQHUop. cit. XELOMVWU]D3(&//DQGR%HDOH
op. cit. XELOMVWU
96
 &RGHFLYLOO&RGLFHFLYLOHO&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRIWKLUGSDUWLHV
$FWE
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 1999

VXVWDYXQHSUDYLXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDSRVWRMDRVDPRNDGELVWUDQHXJRYRURP
L]ULLWRLVNOMXLOHSUDYRWUHHJDGDPRH]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMH97
1MHPDNR L DXVWULMVNR UMHwHQMH QH RSUHGMHOMXMH VH QL ]D MHGDQ RG WLK GYD-
MXSULVWXSDQHJRVDGULDSVWUDNWQHLGRYROMQRIOHNVLELOQHIRUPXODFLMHNDNRVH
VWMHFDQMHSUDYDWUHHRVREHXWYUXMHL]RNROQRVWLVOXDMDRGQRVQRFLOMDLVYUKH
XJRYRUD988VOXDMXSRWHwNRDXWYULYDQMDVDGUDMDYROMHVDVSHNWDSUDYQHVL-
JXUQRVWLSRKYDOQRMHQMHPDNRUMHwHQMHNRMH]DWRQRRGUHHQHVOXDMHYHSUXD
UMHwHQMDXWHPHOMHQDQDREMHNWLYQLPNULWHULMLPD1DWDMQDLQL]EMHJDYDVHSRNX-
wDMXWYULYDQMDWHwNRRGUHGLYRJDsRGQRVLOLVHYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDQDSUDYR
LOLVDPRQDNRULVWWUHHRVREH'DQMHPDNRUD]PLwOMDQMHXSUDNVLQLMHGDOHNRQL
RGQHNLKGUXJLKUMHwHQMDSRND]XMHNRPHQWDU3(&/DNRMLVXJHULUDGDVLWXDFLMD
NDGVHGXQLNREYHHYMHURYQLNXGDHLVSODWLWLQMHJRYGXJWUHHPXQDMHwH
]QDLGDXJRYRUQHVWUDQHQLVXKWMHOHVWYRULWLSUDYRWUHHPXwWRMHLGHQWLQR
MHGQRMRGSUHVXPSFLMD%*%D99
$NR VH WL ]DNOMXFL XVSRUHGH V RQLPD L] SUHWKRGQRJ SRJODYOMD NRML VH RG-
QRVH QD UDVSRUHG REMHNWLYQLK L VXEMHNWLYQLK XYMHWD GROD]L VH GR ]DQLPOMLYRJ
]DNOMXND9LGOMLYRMHGDVXVWDYLNRMLVHRSUHGMHOMXMX]DGRVWDWQRVWVXEMHNWLYQRJ
NULWHULMD YROMH SRVWDYOMDMX VWURH ]DKWMHYH X SRJOHGX VDGUDMD WH YROMH wYLFDU-
VNR L QL]R]HPVNR SUDYR 81,'52,7 1DHOD L 3(&/ 6YL RQL NRQVWLWXWLY-
QRPVPDWUDMXYROMXXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDDOLLVWRGREQRSUHFL]QRRGUHXMXGDVH
WDYROMDPRUDRGQRVLWLXSUDYRQDVWMHFDQMHVXEMHNWLYQRJSUDYDWUHHRVREH6
GUXJH VWUDQH SUDYQL SRUHFL NRML WUDH L QHNH REMHNWLYQH NULWHULMH ]DGUDYDMX
wLUXIRUPXODFLMXVDGUDMDYROMHWDNRGDMHGRYROMQRXJRYRULWLVWMHFDQMHNRULVWL
IUDQFXVNRLWDOLMDQVNRSUDYR1MHPDNRSUDYRXWRPMHVPLVOXNRPSURPLVQRJ
NDUDNWHUDMHUVXEMHNWLYQHLREMHNWLYQHNULWHULMHNRPELQLUDQDGYLMHUD]LQHQD-
HOQRGRVWDWQRwXYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDDXVOXDMXVXPQMHSUHVXPSFLMDPD
XWHPHOMHQLPQDREMHNWLYQLPNULWHULMLPD7HVXSUHVXPSFLMHGRYROMQRRGUHHQH

97
 7DNYDMHPRJXQRVWL]ULLWRSUHGYLHQDWDOLMDQVNLPSUDYRP&RGLFHFLYLOHL
HQJOHVNLPSUDYRP&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FWDOLQHPDVXPQMH
GDELLSRIUDQFXVNRPSUDYXELORPRJXHLVNOMXLWLL]UDYQRSUDYRWUHHJD
98
 %*%D$%*%D1DUDYQRRNROQRVWLLVYUKDXJRYRUDPRUDMXELWL
WDNYLGDXSXXMXQDWRGDVXXJRYRUQHVWUDQHKWMHOHVWYRULWLXSUDYRSUDYLXJRYRUX
NRULVWWUHHJDRGQRVQRGDVXWUHRMRVRELQDPLMHQLOHQHSRVUHGQL]DKWMHYL]XJRYRUD
cf. Parapatits, op. cit. XELOMVWU3UHPDWRPHWRVHUMHwHQMHXELWLQHUD]OLNXMH
RGVYLKRQLKNRMD]DKWLMHYDMXXJRYDUDQMHSUDYD]DWUHXRVREX3RKYDOQRMHMHGLQR
WRwWRYH]DNRQVNLWHNVWSUHGYLDGDHVHSUDYDYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDWXPDLWLL]
VYLKREMHNWLYQLKSRND]DWHOMDMHUULMHWNRNDGMHXVDPRPXJRYRUXL]ULLWRQD]QDHQR
MHOLULMHRSUDYRPLOLQHSUDYRPXJRYRUXXNRULVWWUHHJD
99
 %*%DWDNRHUL$%*%D.RPHQWDU3(&/DX/DQGR%HDOHop. cit.
XELOMVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

GDIXQNFLRQLUDMXLXVOXDMXVXPQMHXVDGUDMYROMHVWUDQDNDSDQLNDNYRGDOMQMH
UHJXOLUDQMHQLMHSRWUHEQR
0RJXH MH SUHWSRVWDYLWL GYD UD]ORJD WDNYRJ VWUXNWXUDOQRJ UDVSRUHGD NRMD
VH PHXVREQR QH LVNOMXXMX 3UYR SRYLMHVQL UD]ORJ RGQRVQR GD GUDYH NRMH
VXUDQLMH]DNRQVNLUHJXOLUDOHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD]DGUDYDMXQHNHSRYLMHVQH
NDUDNWHULVWLNH WRJ LQVWLWXWD RJUDQLHQMH REMHNWLYQLP NULWHULMHP VWLSXODQWRYD
LQWHUHVDLPDQMHSUHFL]QXIRUPXODFLMXSRNRMRMELYHLQDPMHQDNRULVWLUH]XOWL-
UDODVWMHFDQMHPSUDYD6XSURWQRWRPHGDGUDYHNRMHVXVHXVNODGXVRSLPUD-
]YRMHPRSUHGLMHOLOH]DGRVWDWQRVWYROMHWDNRHUELUDMXLSUHFL]QLMXIRUPXODFLMX
NRMDMDVQRSRYODLJUDQLFXL]PHXSUDYLKLQHSUDYLKXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
'UXJLUD]ORJQDGRYH]XMHVHQDUD]PDWUDQMDRIXQNFLRQDOQRMSURPMHQLXORJH
REMHNWLYQLKNULWHULMD.DRwWRMHUHHQRREMHNWLYQLXYMHWLVYHVXHwHXXOR]L
RJUDQLHQMDSUHwLURNRJNUXJDNRULVQLNDL]ERJWRJDGUDYDPDNRMHLK]DGUDYD-
MXQLMHWROLNRSRWUHEQRGRGDWQRRJUDQLHQMHXSRJOHGXVDGUDMDYROMHXJRYRUQLK
VWUDQD6GUXJHVWUDQHXSUDYRGUDYDPDNRMHVHRVODQMDQMXVDPRQDVXEMHNWLY-
QLNULWHULMSUHFL]QRGHILQLUDQMHYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDNDRYROMH]DVWMHFDQMHP
SUDYDMHGLQLMHQDLQGDVSULMHHSUHODJDQRVWMHFDQMHSR]LFLMHNRULVQLND9UDD-
MXLVHQDWDOLMDQVNLSULPMHUXNRMHPMHVXGSUHVXGLRGDYODVQLFLQHNUHWQLQHQLVX
NRULVQLFLXJRYRUDL]PHXJUDGVNRJYLMHDLJUDGLWHOMDMHUJUDGVNRYLMHHQHPD
XWRPHSULYDWQLLQWHUHVODNRMH]DPLVOLYRGDELLSRQHNRPGUXJRPSUDYXELOR
SUHVXHQRQDLVWLQDLQDOLX]GUXNLMHREUD]ORHQMHsGDXJRYRUQHVWUDQHQLVX
KWMHOHGDYODVQLFLQHNUHWQLQDVWHNQXSUDYRL]XJRYRUD
-HGLQRSUDYRNRMHL]PLHWRMNODVLILNDFLMLMHVWHQJOHVNRSUDYR3R&RQWUDFWV
5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FWGDELNRULVQLNVWHNDRSUDYRL]XJRYRUDGR-
YROMDQMHVXEMHNWLYQLNULWHULMVWLSXODQWRYHLSURPLWHQWRYHYROMH6DGUDMWHYROMH
SRVWDYOMHQMHWROLNRwLURNRGDREXKYDDQHVDPRVLWXDFLMHNDGXJRYRUWRL]ULLWR
RGUHXMHQHJRLVLWXDFLMHNDGpL]XJRYRUDSURL]OD]LGDWUHLVWMHHNRULVWq
7DNYDVLWXDFLMDEDUHPQDUD]LQL]DNRQVNHIRUPXODFLMHLQLHQJOHVNRSUDYRQDM-
RWYRUHQLMLPSUHPD]DKWMHYLPDWUHLKMHUQHSURSLVXMHGDXJRYRUQHVWUDQHPR-
UDMXKWMHWLGDWUHLVWHNQHSUDYR7DNRwLURNDIRUPXODFLMDRJUDQLHQDMHVDPR
QHJDWLYQRP RGUHGERP GD VH QHH SULPMHQMLYDWL DNR L] SUDYLOQH NRQVWUXNFLMH


 ,DNRMHSULQDVWDQNX%*%DSRVWRMDRSULMHGORJGDVHXYUVWLRSDSUHVXPSFLMDXNRULVW
WUHHJDNDGJRGELWUHHPELODQDPLMHQMHQDQHNDNRULVWL]XJRYRUD0HXWLPWDM
SULMHGORJMHRGEDHQ]ERJVYRMHSUHwLURNHIRUPXODFLMH0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQ-
VWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU

 D&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FW

 (QJWKHWHUPSXUSRUWVWRFRQIHUDEHQHILWE&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FW
1999.
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

XJRYRUDSURL]OD]LGDXJRYRUQHVWUDQHQLVXQDPMHUDYDOHGDWUHLVWHNQH]DKWMHY
L]XJRYRUD3UHVXPSFLMDMHGDNOHwLURNRSRVWDYOMHQDXNRULVW]DKWMHYDWUHLK
RVREDDSUDYDYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDXVOXDMHYLPDNDGVHPRHGRND]DWLVOX-
LVDPRNDRVUHGVWYRREDUDQMDWHSUHVXPSFLMH'DMHWHUHWGRND]DQDVWUDQL
NRMDSRELMDSUDYRWUHHJDSULKYDHQRMHLXVXGVNRMSUDNVL
7DNYD ]DNRQRGDYQD EODJRQDNORQRVW SUHPD WUHLP RVREDPD QDLwOD MH QD
NULWLNH RG VDPRJ SRHWND ]ERJ VWUDKD GD H WUHH RVREH ODNR VWHL SUDYD L]
XJRYRUDLGDQLVXXJRYRUQHVWUDQHWRWDNRKWMHOH7DNRHUWRMHUH]XOWLUDORL
PDVRYQLPXNOMXLYDQMHPXJRYRUQLKNODX]XODNRMHLVNOMXXMX&RQWUDFWV5LJKWV
RI 7KLUG 3DUWLHV $FW LOL NRMH HNVSOLFLUDMX YROMX XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD GD QH HOH
VWYRULWLSUDYR]DWUHHJD
1D NRQFX WUHED SRGVMHWLWL QD WR GD VH RYD DQDOL]D RGQRVL SUYHQVWYHQR QD
VWUXNWXUX]DNRQVNRJUHJXOLUDQMDXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDLXRDYDQMHNDNRUD-
]OLLWHRGUHGEHSRQHNDGLPDMXVOLQXIXQNFLMX2YDMUDGQHPDDPELFLMXXWYUGLWL
XNRMHPSRVWRWNXXNRMRM]HPOMLWUHHRVREHXVSLMHYDMXRVWYDULWLVYRMDSUDYDL]
XJRYRUD,SDNVLJXUQRMHGDUD]OLLWLSURSLVLXSUDNVLQDMHwHGRYRGHGRVOLQLK
UMHwHQMD6YDSUDYDLPDMXQHNLVXVWDY]DwWLWHSURWLYQHRJUDQLHQRJEURMDNRULVQL-
NDLVWRNDRwWRVYDSUDYDGRSXwWDMXPRJXQRVWGDWUHHPXSULSDGQHQHNDNRULVW
LGDQLMHSRVWDRNRULVQLNRPXJRYRUDDQDORJQRO=22DDNLXQDMwLUH
IRUPXOLUDQRPHQJOHVNRPSUDYXDXWRULXSR]RUDYDMXGDELVH]DNRQVNLWHUPLQto
confer benefit WUHEDRUD]OLNRYDWLRGVOXDMQRJVWMHFDQMDNRULVWLNDRLGDHVXGVND
SUDNVDXVSRVWDYLWLYODVWLWHNDWHJRULMHXNRMLPDHSUL]QDYDWLSUDYDWUHLKRVRED

E+UYDWVND

8SRJOHGXVDGUDMDYROMHKUYDWVNRSUDYRRSUHGMHOMXMHVH]DRSFLMXGDXJR-
YRUQHVWUDQHPRUDMXKWMHWLXJRYRULWLSUDYR]DWUHXRVREX.DRwWRMHYHQDYH-
GHQRSUYLGLROVW=22DRGUHXMHGDWUHLVWMHHVXEMHNWLYQRSUDYR
pNDG QHWNR XJRYRUL X VYRMH LPH WUDELQX X NRULVW WUHHJDq ,] WH IRUPXODFLMH
YLGOMLYRMHGDWUHLSRVWDMHNRULVQLNRPVDPRNDGVHXJRYRULWUDELQDDSRVWR-
MDQMHWUDELQHSRGUD]XPLMHYDLSRVWRMDQMHVXEMHNWLYQRJSUDYD3UHPDWRPHGD


 &RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FW

 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU

 8QDMSR]QDWLMHPVOXDMXRGGRQRwHQMD]DNRQD1LVVKLQ6KLSSLQJ&R/WGY
&OHDYHV &RPSDQ\/WGDQG2WKHUV[](:+&&RPP[]/OR\GoV
5HS

 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU

,ELGVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

ELQDVWDRXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDQXQRMHGDVWUDQHXJRYRUHQHVDPRNRULVW
QHJRLSUDYRWUHHRVREHGDWXNRULVWPRHSRWUDLYDWL6XSURWQRXJRYDUDQMH
LQLGEH NRMD VH LPD LVSXQLWL WUHHPX D GD WR QLMH SRSUDHQR QMHJRYLP SUD-
YRPGRYHORELVDPRGRSURPMHQHRVREHLVSXQMHQMDSROVW=22D
WMQDVWDQNDQHSUDYRJXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD7RPLwOMHQMHGLMHOLL9UKRYQL
VXGREMDwQMDYDMXL]DwWRXNRQNUHWQRPSUHGPHWXQLMHQDVWDRXJRYRUXNRULVW
WUHHJDsMHUXJRYRUQDVWUDQDpQLMHXJRYRULODXVYRMHLPHSRWUDLYDQMHXNRULVW
WXLWHOMLFH NDR WUHH RVREH NRMLP EL RQD VWHNOD YODVWLWR L QHSRVUHGQR SUDYR
SUHPDWXHQLNXq
3UREOHPDWLQLMLMHGUXJLGLROVW=22DRGQRVQRRJUDQLHQMHGD
WUHLVWMHHVXEMHNWLYQRSUDYRVDPRpDNRQLMHwWRGUXJRXJRYRUHQRLOLQHSURL]OD]L
L]RNROQRVWLSRVODq,DNRVHWDNYDUH]HUYDQDOD]LLXPQRJLPGUXJLPODQFLPD
=22DRQDXQMLPDSRVWRMLNDRNRQNUHWL]DFLMDRSHJQDHODRGLVSR]LWLYQRVWL
REYH]QLKRGQRVD1115LMHMHGDNOHRWRPHGDRQRwWRVWUDQHXJRYRUHLOLRNROQR-
VWLSRVODQDGMDDYDMXQHNX]DNRQVNXRGUHGEXLOLSUHVXPSFLMX8OVW
=22DPHXWLPQDVXSURWXJRYRUXLRNROQRVWLPDSRVODQHOHLQLNDNYD]DNRQ-
VNDSUHVXPSFLMDQHJR]DNRQRPSUHGYLHQXJRYRUNRMLPVWUDQHXJRYDUDMXSUDYR
XNRULVWWUHHRVREH1HMDVQRMH]DwWRELXJRYRUQHVWUDQHXJRYRULOHQHwWRGUXJR
wWRELSRQLwWDYDORELWQMLKRYDXJRYRUDWMGDSUHQHVXSUDYRWUHRMRVRELLOLNDNR
ELRNROQRVWLSRVODPRJOHL]PLMHQLWLRQRwWRVXVWUDQHXJRYRULOH'UXJLPULMHLPD
XJRYRULOLRNROQRVWLPRJXELWLQDGUHHQH]DNRQXDOLQHLGUXJRPXJRYRUXNRML
LPMHMHGQDNRYULMHGDQRGQRVQRQDGUHHQL]YRUSUDYD
$NRVHWDMSUREOHPVDJOHGDXwLUHPNRQWHNVWXRYRJSRJODYOMDNRMHVHEDYL
VWMHFDQMHP SUDYD LOL VWMHFDQMHP NRULVWL PRH VH SULPLMHWLWL GD EL IRUPXODFLMD
GUXJRJGLMHODOVW=22DELODSXQRSULPMHUHQLMDNDGELSUYLGLRSUR-
SLVLYDRGDWUHLVWMHHVXEMHNWLYQRSUDYRpNDGQHWNRXJRYRULNRULVW]DWUHHJDq
7R EL ]QDLOR GD MH GRYROMQR XJRYRULWL NRULVW QD wWR ]DNRQ QDGRYH]XMH SUH-
VXPSFLMXXJRYDUDQMDSUDYDDWDNYXSUHVXPSFLMXYHELLPDORVPLVODXYMHWRYDWL
WLPHGDpQLMHwWRGUXJRXJRYRUHQRLOLQHSURL]OD]LL]RNROQRVWLSRVODq
3UHPDWRPHDQDOL]DSRND]XMHGDVXGLMHORYLOVW=22DSURWX
UMHQLLGDRGJRYDUDMXUD]OLLWLPNRQFHSFLMDPDVDGUDMDYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
%LWQR MH QDJODVLWL GD XQDWR WRM SURWXUMHQRVWL O  VW  =22D L GDOMH
]QDLGDVWUDQHPRUDMXXJRYRULWLXSUDYRWUDELQXXNRULVWWUHHJDVDPRwWRMH


 .ODUL9HGULwop. cit. XELOMVWU

 965+5HYUVYLEQMD

 =D pwWR GUXJR XJRYRUHQRq QSU O   D ]D pRNROQRVWL SRVODq O

111
 2SHQDHORXVSRVWDYOMHQRO=22D
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

XRGQRVXQDWRGUXJLGLRVWDYNDORJLNLVXYLwDQ,SDNDNLXWDNYRMVLWXDFLML
L]GUXJRJGLMHODOVW=22DWXPDHQMHPVHPRHL]YHVWLGDELVXG
SULXWYULYDQMXYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDWUHEDRX]LPDWLXRE]LULRNROQRVWLSRVOD
QDUDYQRQHLRQGDNDGVXRQHSURWLYQHWRMYROML
6YH X VYHPX QDHOQL SULVWXS KUYDWVNRJ SUDYD GD VWUDQH PRUDMX XJRYRULWL
WUDELQX]DWUHXRVREXLVSUDYDQMHDOLELSULL]PMHQDPD=DNRQDRREYH]QLP
RGQRVLPDELORSRHOMQRXVNODGLWLSURWXUMHQRVWL8VNORSXWLKL]PMHQDELOREL
XSXWQR]DGUDWLRNROQRVWLSRVODDOLXGUXNLMHPL]ULDMXSUHPDNRMHPXELVH
YROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDXWYULYDODPHXRVWDOLPLL]RNROQRVWLSRVOD1DWDMEL
VHQDLQKUYDWVNRSUDYRXYHOLNHSULEOLLORQMHPDNRPUMHwHQMXSUHPDNRMHPX
VHDNRQLMHXJRYRUHQRGUXNLMHL]RNROQRVWLLL]VYUKHXJRYRUDRGUHXMHVWMHH
OLWUHLSUDYR
,DNRVHKUYDWVNRSUDYRQHGYRVPLVOHQRRSUHGMHOMXMH]DXJRYDUDQMHWUDELQH
RGQRVQRSUDYDXNRQNUHWQLPXJRYRULPDL]NRMLKWUHDVWUDQDGRELYDQHNDNYX
NRULVWMDYOMDVHSUREOHPNDNRUD]OLNRYDWLMHVXOLXJRYRUQHVWUDQHVWYDUQRQDPL-
MHQLOHWUHHPXGDVDPRVWDOQRPRHSRWUDLYDWLLVSXQMDQMHLOLMHQMHJRYDNRULVW
SRVOMHGLFDVXEMHNWLYQLKSUDYDQHNHRGRULJLQDOQLKVWUDQD1HPRJXHMHSRVWDYL-
WLXQLYHU]DOQRYDHHSUDYLOR8VYDNRPVOXDMXWUHEDSRHWLRGRSLKSUDYLODR
WXPDHQMXXJRYRUD113X]LPDMXLXRE]LUSRVHEQRVWLVYDNRJSRMHGLQRJVOXDMD
5D]PDWUDQMH XJRYRUD X NRULVW WUHHJD NUR] SUHVXGH KUYDWVNLK VXGRYD RW-
NULYD GD WDM LQVWLWXW QLMH RVRELWR VSRUDQ DOL QLWL RVRELWR HVWR NRULwWHQ 6YH-
XNXSQR MH SURQDHQR GYDGHVHWDN SUHVXGD X NRMLPD VH VSRPLQMH XJRYRU X
NRULVWWUHHJDDOLVDPRXMHGQRMRGQMLKELORMHGRYHGHQRXSLWDQMH]DVQLYDQMH
SUDYDWUHHJDRGQRVQRMHVXOLXJRYRUQHVWUDQHQDPMHUDYDOHVWYRULWLSUDYR]D
WUHXRVREX8WRMSUHVXGL7UJRYDNLVXGX6SOLWXXWYUGLRMHNDNRL]XJRYRUQH
IRUPXODFLMH GD VH pNXSDF REYH]DR SODWLWL WXLWHOMX NDR SURGDYDWHOMX QD LPH
]DRVWDOLKSODD]DSRVOHQLNDqQHSURL]OD]LGDVX]DSRVOHQLFLNRULVQLFLXJRYRUD
XNRULVWWUHHJD115


 YLGLsE1MHPDND
113
 O=22D

 6DVWUDQLFD9UKRYQRJVXGDKWWSVXGVNDSUDNVDYVUKKUVXSUDVYLEQMD
9LVRNRJWUJRYDNRJVXGDKWWSZZZYWVUKKUVYLEQMDL6XGDNHPUH-
HKWWSZZZVXGDFNDPUH]DKUVYLEQMD9LGLELOM
115
 7UJRYDNLVXGX6SOLWX3VWXGHQRJD8WRPSUHGPHWXNXSDF
QHNUHWQLQD REYH]DR VH RVLP QD LVSODWX NXSRSURGDMQH FLMHQH L QD GRGDWQX REYH-
]XLVSODWHRGUHHQRJQRYDQRJL]QRVDSURGDYDWHOMXQDLPH]DRVWDOLKSODDUDGQLND
WUHHSUDYQHRVREH2QRwWRMHELORSUHVXGQRVDPDMHXJRYRUQDIRUPXODFLMDGDVH
pNXSDFREYH]DRSODWLWLSURGDYDWHOMXq8WRPVOXDMXGUXJLGLRIRUPXODFLMHpQDLPH
]DRVWDOLKSODD]DSRVOHQLNDqVDPRREMDwQMDYDVYUKXWHLVSODWHSURGDYDWHOMXLSRPD-
HSULXWYUHQMXNRQNUHWQRJQRYDQRJL]QRVD
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

1DGDOMHGDWDMLQVWLWXWQLMHWROLNRHVWRNRULwWHQSRND]XMHLLQMHQLFDGDVX
VYHREMDYOMHQHSUHVXGHGRQHVHQHQDWHPHOMX=22DSULMHL]PMHQDL]DOLV
RE]LURPQDWRGDMHWLPL]PMHQDPDSURPLMHQMHQVDPRQD]LYLQVWLWXWDL]pXJR-
YRUDqXpXJRYDUDQMHqLEURMODQDNDNRMLPMHXUHHQL]X=22DWR
QHXWMHHQDQMLKRYXUHOHYDQWQRVW7DNRHULUD]OLLWLNRPHQWDUL=22DQDYRGH
XYLMHNQHNROLNRLVWLKVOXDMHYDNRMLVXXVXGVNRMSUDNVLDILUPLUDOLWDMLQVWLWXW116
8REUD]ORHQMLPDSUHVXGDVXGRYLVHYHLQRP]DGRYROMDYDMXQDYRHQMHPL
L]UDYQRPSULPMHQRPODQDND=22DEH]GRGDWQRJWXPDHQMDVPDWUDMXLX
NRQNUHWQRPVOXDMXNDGMHWUHHPXQDPLMHQMHQDNRULVWGDMHSRVWRMDQMHXJR-
YRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDQHVSRUQR117,DNRVXGRYLXJODYQRPLVSUDYQR]DNOMXXMX
wWHWDMHwWRQHX]LPDMXXRE]LUPRJXQRVWGDMHULMHRQHSUDYRPXJRYRUXXNR-
ULVWWUHHJDL]NRMHJDWUHLGRGXwHGRELYDNRULVWDOLMXQHPDSUDYRSRWUDLYDWL
7DNRVH9UKRYQLVXGVORLRVPLwOMHQMHPVXGRYDQLHJVWXSQMDGDNDGVXVWUDQH
XJRYRURPXWYUGLOHQDLQYUDDQMDGXJDWDNRGDVHGLRGXJDLPDLVSODWLWLVLQX
MHGQHRGXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDGDWDMVLQSRVWDMHNRULVQLNRPL]XJRYRUD1189UKRYQL
VXGSULWRPEDUHPXREUD]ORHQMXSUHVXGHQLMHX]HRXRE]LUWRGDPRGDQLMH
ULMHRXJRYRUXXNRULVWWUHHJDQHJRMHGQRVWDYQRRXJRYDUDQMXRVREHNRMRMVH
PRUDLVSXQLWLREYH]DDNRMXXJRYRUQHVWUDQHPRJXRGUHGLWLXVNODGXVO
VW=22D,VDPDIRUPXODFLMDO=22DNRMD]DKWLMHYDGDVHXJRYRUL
pWUDELQDqXNRULVWWUHHJD]DKWLMHYDODELYHLRSUH]

2SR]LYRVWSUDYDWUHHJD

6RE]LURPQDWRGDWUHLNRULVQLNRPL]XJRYRUDQHSRVWDMHYODVWLWRPYROMRP
QHJRYROMRPXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDSRWUHEQRMH]DwWLWLQMLKRYDSUDYDGDDNRSRHOH
PRJXRSR]YDWLWXNRULVW'UXJRSRGMHGQDNRYDQRQDHORMHVWGDWUHED]DwWLWL
116
 *RUHQFet al., op. cit. XELOMVWUQDYRGLSUHVXGX96+5HYRG
WUDYQMD  363 X NRMRM MH ELOD ULMH R XJRYRUX R GDURYDQMX V QDORJRP X
NRPHVHVLQGDURYDQLSURPLWHQWREYH]DRSUHPDRFXGDURYDWHOMVWLSXODQWGDH
WXLWHOMXVYRMHPEUDWXLVSODWLWLRGUHHQLL]QRVQDLPHQXQRJQDVOMHGQRJGLMHOD
,VWXSUHVXGXVSRPLQMHL&UQL,=DNRQRREYH]QLPRGQRVLPDDXWRUVNLSURLwHQLWHNVWV
RSVHQRPVXGVNRPSUDNVRPLSULOR]LPD2UJDQL]DWRU=DJUHEVWU]DWLP9L-
GRYL00DUNRYL$3UDYQLSUDNWLNXP=DNRQRREYH]QLPRGQRVLPDL2SLJUDDQVNL
zakonik, =DJUHEVWUL.DHU5DGRORYL6ODNRSHU op. cit. XELOMVWU
7DNRHUYLwHNRPHQWDWRUDVSRPLQMHSUHVXGH96+5HYRGWUDYQMD
L9763RGYHOMDH363
117
 1SUXSUHVXGL9763RGWUDYQMDJGMHMHSRVWRMDRXJRYRUL]-
PHXEDQNHL7+(%(67070(QWHUSULVHV/WGGDHEDQNDLVSODLYDWLQDJUD-
GXWUHLPD3REMHGQLFLPDXQDJUDGQRMLJULp.RORVUHHqVXGMHQDYRGHL]DNRQVNH
RGUHGEHSUHVXGLRNDNRMHWXQHGYRMEHQRULMHRNODX]XOLXNRULVWWUHHJD
118
 965+5HYRGSURVLQFD
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

SUDYRWUHHJDDNRMHSULKYDWLRLOLVHSRX]GDRXQDPLMHQMHQXPXNRULVW3LWDQMD
NRMDHVHUD]PDWUDWLXRYRPSRJODYOMXWLXVHXSUDYRVXNREDWLKQDHODRGQR-
VQRXNRMHPVHWUHQXWNXSUHVWDMHwWLWLWLSUDYRXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDLSRLQMHwWLWLWL
SUDYRNRULVQLND3RFMHOLQDPDELWHL]ORHQRNDNRSRMHGLQHGUDYHRGUHXMX
WUHQXWDN QHRSR]LYRVWL SUDYD WUHHJD WNR PRH RSR]YDWL WR SUDYR NRPH VH
L]MDYDRSULKYDWXXSXXMHLYULMHGHOLSRVHEQDSUDYLOD]DRSR]LYNDGMHNRULVW
XJRYRUHQDQDNRQVPUWLVWLSXODQWD"

2HPXRYLVLRSR]LYSUDYDWUHHJD"

.DRwWRMHUHHQRSUDYQLVHSRUHFLUD]LOD]HXSLWDQMXMHOLLRGNRMHJMHWUH-
QXWND PRJXH RSR]YDWL SUDYR WUHHJD 3RVWRMH GYD QDHOQD RGJRYRUD QD WDM
SUREOHPSUYLGDPRJXQRVWRSR]LYDRYLVLRNRULVQLNRYXSULKYDWXLGUXJLGD
PRJXQRVWRSR]LYDRYLVLRQDPMHULXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDLRNROQRVWLPDVOXDMD119
9HMHLL]VDPHSRGMHOHMDVQRGDWDGYDUD]OLLWDUMHwHQMDLPDMXUD]OLLWHSULRUL-
WHWHRVREDNRMHwWLWH2QLSUDYQLVXVWDYLNRMLXUHXMXGDMHQHPRJXHRSR]YDWL
NRULVW QDNRQ wWR MX MH NRULVQLN SULKYDWLR RLWR SRJRGXMX VDPRP NRULVQLNX
GRNVXVWDYLNRMLVYHLQHRYLVQLPRYROMLVWLSXODQWDLSURPLWHQWD]DQHPDUXMX
NRULVQLNDQDUDXQXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
3UYRUMHwHQMHXVYDMDpURPDQVNLNUXJqGUDYD)UDQFXVNL&RGHFLYLOXGUX-
JRM UHHQLFL O  L]ULLWR RGUHXMH GD VWLSXODQW QH PRH RSR]YDWL SUDYR
WUHHJDQDNRQwWRMHWUHLL]MDYLRGDVHQDPMHUDYDRNRULVWLWLRQLPwWRMHXJRYR-
UHQR,WDOLMDQVNRSUDYRXO&RGLFHFLYLOHDSURSLVXMHNDNRVWLSXODQW
QHPRHRSR]YDWLLOLL]PLMHQLWLXJRYRUQDNRQwWRMHWUHDRVREDL]MDYLODSURPL-
WHQWX GD VH QDPMHUDYD NRULVWLWL XJRYRURP 6OLQH RGUHGEH LPDMX L jYLFDUVND
jSDQMROVND L *UND X SRVOMHGQMHP VOXDMX EROMD EL IRUPXODFLMD ELOD pPHGLWH-
UDQVNLNUXJqGUDYD,PQRJHGUDYHNRMHQHSULSDGDMXURPDQVNRPNUXJX
]HPDOMDRSUHGLMHOLOHVXVH]DWDMSULVWXS1L]R]HPVNRSUDYRXOVW
%:DRGUHXMHNDNRVWLSXODQWPRHRSR]YDWLSUDYRWUHHJDVDPRGRQMHJRYD
119
 0DUNHVLQLV 8QEHUDWK -RKQVWRQ op. cit. X ELOM  VWU  9DOMD VSRPHQXWL GD
0DUNHVLQLV 8QEHUDWK L -RKQVWRQ WLP GYMHPD SULGUXXMX L WUHX VNXSLQX GUDYD
NRMH MHGQR RG WLK GYDMX RVQRYQLK SUDYLOD ]DPMHQMXMX GHWDOMQLMLP UMHwHQMLPD DOL L
WDUMHwHQMDNDRwWRMHPRJXHYLGMHWLQDQMLKRYLPSULPMHULPDRSHWVHSULNODQMDMX
MHGQRPRGGYDMXRVQRYQLKSULQFLSD/DQGR%HDOH op. cit. XELOMVWUELOM
LPDMXVOLQXSRGMHOXX]UD]OLNXGDRQLGLMHOHGUDYHSRNULWHULMXVOLQRVWL3(&/X
SDLQHNHGUDYHNRMHVXXRYRPUDGXVYUVWDQH]DMHGQRVURPDQVNLPNUXJRPQSU
1L]R]HPVNDWDPRSULSDGDMXXGUXJXNDWHJRULMX

 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU

 O25DOwSDQMROVNRJ*UDDQVNRJ]DNRQLNDOJUNRJ*UD-
DQVNRJ]DNRQLND
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

SULKYDWD,81,'52,71DHODXOVOLMHGHWRUMHwHQMH7DNRHULHQJOH-
VNRSUDYRX&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FWXUHXMHNDNR
XJRYRUQHVWUDQHQHPRJXRSR]YDWLNRULVWXVOLMHGHLPWULPDVOXDMHYLPDDNRMH
WUHDRVREDSURPLWHQWXSULRSLODVYRMSULKYDWDNRMHSURPLWHQWVYMHVWDQGDVH
WUHDRVREDSRX]GDODXXJRYRULQDSRVOMHWNXDNRVHRGSURPLWHQWDUD]XPQR
PRHRHNLYDWLGDSUHGYLGLGDHVHWUHDRVREDSRX]GDWLXXJRYRUDRQDVHL
XLVWLQXSRX]GDOD
,SRKUYDWVNRPVXSUDYXRSR]LYLOLL]PMHQDNRULVWLPRJXLVDPRGRNWUHLQH
L]MDYLGDSULKYDDRQRwWRMHXJRYRUHQRXQMHJRYXNRULVW.DRwWRMHSUHGYLHQR
=DNRQRPRREYH]QLPRGQRVLPDOVWp8JRYDUDWHOMNRULVWL]DWUHHJD
PRHMHRSR]YDWLLOLL]PLMHQLWLVYHGRNWUHLQHL]MDYLGDSULKYDDRQRwWRMH
XJRYRUHQRXQMHJRYXNRULVWq'RNOHJRGNRULVQLNQHSULKYDWLXJRYRUHQXNRULVW
VWLSXODQWMXLPDSUDYRMHGQRVWUDQRRSR]YDWL.RULVQLNVWMHHSUDYDL]XJRYRUD
SRGUH]ROXWLYQLPXYMHWRPVWLSXODQWRYDRSR]LYDLVDPRJDSULKYDWPRHRVLJX-
UDWLRGVWDQMDQHSUHNLGQHQHL]YMHVQRVWL
,]MDYDRSULKYDWXSRVHEDQMH]DNRQVNLXYMHWDQHGLRXJRYRUDL]DWRQLMH
YH]DQDQL]DNDNYXIRUPX,DNR=22VSRPLQMHL]MDYXRSULKYDWXSULKYDWRP
ELVH]DFLMHORPRJORVPDWUDWLLSRQDwDQMHNRMLPNRULVQLNQHGYRVPLVOHQRGDMHGR
]QDQMDGDSULKYDDQDPLMHQMHQXPXNRULVW7RELXSUYRPUHGXXNOMXLYDOR
UDGQMHNRMLPDELNRULVQLNL]PLMHQLRVYRMXPDWHULMDOQXSR]LFLMXSRX]GDMXLVH
XRQRwWRMH]DQMHJDXJRYRUHQR3RVWRMHSUDYQLVXVWDYLQSU81,'52,7
1DHODNRMLSRX]GDYDQMHWUHHJDL]ULLWRL]MHGQDDYDMXVQMHJRYRPL]MDYRP


 7DWULVOXDMDRVRELWRVXUDVSUDYOMHQDXVOXDMX3UHFLVSOFY:LOOLDP00HUFHU
/WG[2004](:+&X0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQRSFLWXELOMVWU

 2SHQLWRKUYDWVNDVXGVNDSUDNVDwWRVHWLHSLWDQMDRSR]LYRVWLYUORMHVLURPDwQD
1LXMHGQRMSUHVXGLQLVXELOLVSRUQLVWLSXODQWRYRSR]LYLOLNRULVQLNRYSULKYDWSDVH
PRH]DNOMXLWLGDVHSLWDQMHRSR]LYRVWLSUHGVXGRYLPDLQHSRMDYOMXMHNDRSUREOHP
8VWYDUL VDPR MH X MHGQRM SUHVXGL XRSH ELOR VSRPHQXWR GD MH GRwOR GR SULKYDWD
965+5HY

 =DUD]OLNXRGWRJDL]MDYDRRSR]LYX]ERJWRJDwWR]QDLPRGLILNDFLMXXJRYRUDVOL-
MHGL]DKWMHYHNRMLVHWUDH]DIRUPXJODYQRJXJRYRUD

 jPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWU

 1HNLDXWRULDNVPDWUDMXGDVHVSULKYDWRPL]MHGQDDYDLDNRVHNRULVWL]ULMHNRPQH
RGELMH.ODUL9HGULwop. cit. XELOMVWU7DNYRELVHWXPDHQMHLSDNSUHYLwH
XGDOMLORRGQDPMHUH]DNRQRGDYFDGD]DwWLWLQHVDPRWUHHJDQHJRLVWLSXODQWDNRML
]DGUDYD SUDYR RSR]YDWL NRULVW GRN JRG VH NRULVQLN YHUEDOQR LOL UHDOQR QH RVORQL
QDXJRYRU.DGELSULKYDWELRLGHQWLDQVYHPXwWRQLMHRGELMDQMHRQGDELRGUHGEH
RRSR]LYXELOHSRWSXQREHVNRULVQHMHUELLVWLXLQFLYHELOLSRVWLJQXWLLQVWLWXWRP
RGELMDQMDXJRYRUHQHNRULVWLvide infra

 O81,'52,71DHOD
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

8YH]LVGDOMQMRPVXGELQRPRSR]YDQHNRULVWLWUHEDQDYHVWLLO=22
DNRMLRVLPSRVOMHGLFDRSR]LYDXUHXMHLLQVWLWXWRGELMDQMDNRULVWLp$NRWUHL
RGELMHNRULVWNRMDMHXJRYRUHQD]DQMHJDLOLMHXJRYDUDWHOMRSR]RYHNRULVWSUL-
SDGDXJRYDUDWHOMXDNRwWRGUXJRQLMHXJRYRUHQRLOLQHSURL]OD]LL]QDUDYLSR-
VODq=QDLUH]XOWDWMHRSR]LYDWDMGDNRULVWL]XJRYRUDSULSDGDVWLSXODQWX7R
MHXMHGQRL]DMHGQLNRLQVWLWXWXRSR]LYDLLQVWLWXWXRGELMDQMDNRULVWL5D]OLND
PHXQMLPDMHVWXWRPHwWRSUDYRQDRSR]LYSULSDGDVWLSXODQWXDSUDYRQD
RGELMDQMHVDPRPNRULVQLNX
'DNOHLWDYRPURPDQVNRPNUXJXLGUXJLPGUDYDPDXNOMXXMXL+UYDW-
VNX]DMHGQLNRMHGDwWLWHLQWHUHVNRULVQLNDRGWUHQXWNDNDGSULKYDWLNRULVWLOL
VHQHNDNRSRX]GDVWHHQRSUDYRwWRVHPRHVPDWUDWLQHL]UDYQLPSULKYDWRP
$NRELKWMHOH]DGUDWLSUDYRRSR]LYDLQDNRQWRJDXJRYRUQHELVWUDQHWRPR-
UDOHL]ULLWRXJRYRULWL
6 GUXJH VWUDQH QHNL SUDYQL SRUHFL RSR]LYRVW SUDYD WUHHJD QH YHX X] NR-
ULVQLNRY SULKYDW QHJR X] YROMX XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD 7DNR 1MHPDND X  
%*%DPHXRVWDOLPRGUHXMHNDNRHVHL]RNROQRVWLLVYUKHXJRYRUDRGUHGLWL
MHVXOLXJRYRUQHVWUDQH]DGUDOHRYODVWGDRSR]RYXLOLL]PLMHQHSUDYRWUHHRVREH
EH]QMH]LQDSULVWDQND7R]QDLGDPRJXQRVWRSR]LYDNRULVWLRYLVLSUYHQVWYHQR
RYROMLXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDDQHRSULKYDWXWUHHJD,DNRVHDXVWULMVNL$%*%QH
L]MDwQMDYDRRYRPSLWDQMXVRE]LURPQDWRGDXSRJOHGXQDVWDQNDSUDYDWUHHJD
VYHSUHSXwWDYROMLXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDWHFLOMXLVYUVLXJRYRUDPRHVH]DNOMXLWLGD
LXRYRPSLWDQMXYLwHwWLWLXJRYRUQHVWUDQHQHJRNRULVQLND7DNRHUQLX6$'
XNRULVQLNRYSULKYDWQHPDSRVHEDQVWDWXVDRSR]LYLOLL]PMHQDNRULVWLRYLVHR
VWLSXODQWRYRMLSURPLWHQWRYRMYROML131,SDNL]WRJDQHSURL]OD]LWRGDNRULVQLNRY
SULKYDWXWDNYLPXUHHQMLPDQHLJUDQLNDNYXXORJX81MHPDNRMQSUNDRwWRMH
UHHQRSUDYRXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDQDRSR]LYXWYUXMHVHSUHPDRNROQRVWLPDXJRYR-
UDDNDRMHGQXRGRNROQRVWLNRMHELWRVSULMHLOHPRHVHX]HWLXSUDYRNRULVQLNRY
SULKYDWLOLQMHJRYXUDGQMXNRMRPMHL]PLMHQLRVYRMXPDWHULMDOQXSR]LFLMX


 ,]ULLWRSURSLVDQR&RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FWDOLWRYULMHGL
L]DRVWDODSUDYDMHUMHWRXVNODGXVGLVSR]LWLYQRVWLVWUDQDNHYROMH

 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. u bilj. 48, str. 200.

Cf. Parapatits, op. cit. XELOMVWUjWRVHDXVWULMVNRJSUDYDWLHL]UDHQRMH
PLwOMHQMHGDGRWUHQXWNDQHRSR]LYRVWLWUHLQHVWMHHSUDYRXSUDYRPVPLVOXWHUL-
MHLSDVHSUHPDWRPHLQHPRHJRYRULWLRRSR]LYX.RGWDNYRJVKYDDQMDQD]LY
pRSR]LYqNRULVWLVHVDPRXYMHWQR7XVHDXVWULMVNRSUDYRUD]OLNXMHRGQMHPDNRJSR
NRMHPVHWUHQXFLVWMHFDQMDSUDYDLQHRSR]LYRVWLSUDYDUD]OLNXMX3DUDSDWLWV op. cit. u
ELOMVWULGDOMH
131
 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit.XELOMVWURestatement
6HFRQGRI&RQWUDFWV

,ELGVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

3UHPDWRPHRSUHGLMHOLWLVH]DMHGQXRGGYLMHQDHOQHPRJXQRVWL]DwWLWX
XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD LOL ]DwWLWX NRULVQLND QH ]QDL DXWRPDWVNL LVNOMXLWL GUXJX
0RJXDVXLNRPSURPLVQDUMHwHQMDYHLQDUD]LQL]DNRQVNHIRUPXODFLMH7DNR
QSU3(&/ORGUHXMHNDNRVWLSXODQWPRHRSR]YDWLNRULVWRVLP
XVOXDMHYLPDNDGNRULVQLNSULPLVWLSXODQWRYXL]MDYXGDMHQMHJRYRSUDYRQHR-
SR]LYRDLOLVWLSXODQWLOLSURPLWHQWSULPHNRULVQLNRYXL]MDYXRSULKYDWXE133
3UYDRGWLKGYLMXL]QLPNLRGQRVLVHQDYROMXXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDLDNRVDPRNDG
RQHXJRYRUHQHRSR]LYRVWXNRULVWSURPLWHQWDDGUXJDQDYROMXVDPRJNRUL-
VQLND

7NRPRHRSR]YDWLNRULVW"

1DNRQwWRMHSULND]DQRRHPXRYLVLRSR]LYSUDYDWUHHRVREHYDOMDYLGMHWL
WNRMHRYODwWHQQDWDNDYRSR]LY.RULVQLNVHQDUDYQRXYLMHNPRHRGUHLNR-
ULVWLDOLWRRQGDQLMHRSR]LYQHJRRGELMDQMH6RE]LURPQDWRGDMHSURPLWHQW
GXQLNLQLGEHQLMHGDQSUDYQLSRUHGDNQHRYODwXMHJDGDVDPRVWDOQRRSR]RYH
LQLGEXNRMX PRUDL]YUwLWLWUHHPXLDNREL LWR ELORPRJXHDNR VWLSXODQW L
SURPLWHQWWDNRXJRYRUH-HGLQDGYRMEDGDNOHSRVWRMLRNRWRJDPRHOLVWLSX-
ODQWVDPRVWDOQRRSR]YDWLNRULVWLOLWRPRJXXLQLWLVDPRREMHXJRYRUQHVWUDQH
]DMHGQR7RWDNRHURYLVLLRWRPHJRYRULOLVHVDPRRRSR]LYXLOLX]RSR]LYL
RL]PMHQLNRULVWL
'DELRSR]LYELRYDOMDQXPQRJLP]HPOMDPDGRYROMQRMHGDVWLSXODQWRSR-
]RYHNRULVWXJRYRUHQX]DWUHHJD7DNYRUMHwHQMHSULKYDDMX)UDQFXVNDjYL-
FDUVND135,WDOLMD1361L]R]HPVND137DRGQDGQDFLRQDOQLKNRGLILNDFLMD3(&/138
.DRwWRMHYLGOMLYRL]YHQDYHGHQRJ139OVW=22DLKUYDWVNRSUDYR
RSUHGMHOMXMHVH]DWDNYRXUHHQMH
133
 1HwWRGUXNLMHRSR]LYXUHXMH'&)5NRMLVHLQDHXYHOLNHWHPHOMLQD3(&/X3R
,,sXJRYRUQHVWUDQHPRJXRSR]YDWLL]PLMHQLWLNRULVWVDPRSULMHQHJRwWR
MHWUHDRVREDREDYLMHwWHQDRWRPHGDMHWXNRULVWVWHNOD0RJXHMHXJRYRULWLL]QLP-
NHRGWRJSUDYLOD

 O&RGHFLYLOD
135
 O25D
136
 O&RGLFHFLYLOHD
137
 %:D
138
 O   , WX VH UMHwHQMH '&)5D UD]OLNXMH RG UMHwHQMD NRMH SR]QDMH 3(&/
3UHPD'&)5X,,sNRULVWRSR]LYDMXREMH VWUDQH]DMHGQR0RJXHMH
GDNRULVWRSR]RYHLVDPRMHGQDRGXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDDOLWRELVHL]JOHGDPRUDOR
SRVHEQRXJRYRULWLH[,,s
139
Vide supra 3. 2. 1.
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

8VYLPWLPSUDYQLPVXVWDYLPDRVLP+UYDWVNHL,WDOLMHVWLSXODQWMHRYODwWHQ
VDPR RSR]YDWL QH L L]PLMHQLWL NRULVW ]D WUHHJD 8 +UYDWVNRM LDNR MH QD]LY
ODQND=22Dp2SR]LYNRULVWLqVWLSXODQWXVHRVWDYOMDPRJXQRVWLRSR-
]LYDLL]PMHQHNRULVWL9HLQDDXWRUDSRQDYOMDWX]DNRQVNXIRUPXODFLMXDOL
SRVWRMHLRQLNRMLVPDWUDMXGDVWLSXODQWMHGQRVWUDQRPRHVDPRRSR]YDWLXJR-
YRUHQX NRULVW GRN MH ]D L]PMHQX QXQD L SURPLWHQWRYD VXJODVQRVW 7DNYR
ELVKYDDQMHELORXVXJODVQRVWLVNRQVHQ]XDOQRPQDUDYLXJRYRUD-HGQRVWUDQL
RSR]LYNRULVWLLPDVYRMHRSUDYGDQMHMHUQDNRQRSR]LYDNRULVWLWUHHPXWDLVWD
NRULVWSULSDGDVWLSXODQWXDSURPLWHQWMHLGDOMHREYH]DQQDLVWXLQLGEX8WRP
VOXDMXSURPMHQDVXEMHNWDNRMHPXL]YUwDYDLQLGEXSURPLWHQWXQHSUHGVWDYOMD
YHLWHUHWRGREYH]HSROVW=22DSUHPDNRMRMGXQLNPRUDLVSXQLWL
REYH]XELORNRMRMRVRELNRMXRGUHGLYMHURYQLN6GUXJHVWUDQHMHGQRVWUDQDVWL-
SXODQWRYDL]PMHQDNRULVWL]QDLODELLSURPMHQXNYDOLWHWHSURPLWHQWRYHREYH]H
DVWLSXODQWQDWRQHELLPDRSUDYREH]VXJODVQRVWLGUXJHXJRYRUQHVWUDQH
=ERJWRJDXQDWRL]ULLWRMIRUPXODFLMLO=22DQHELVHVPMHODGR-
SXVWLWLMHGQRVWUDQDL]PMHQDNRMDELSURPLWHQWDGRGDWQRRSWHUHLYDOD,]UD]L]-
PMHQDYHQDWHPHOMXMH]LQHLQWHUSUHWDFLMHYMHURMDWQRVHQHELPRJORSURWXPD-
LWLVDPRNDRGMHORPLQLRSR]LY$OLVWLSXODQWXELWUHEDORGRSXVWLWLVDPRRQX
L]PMHQXNRMDQHSUHOD]LYULMHGQRVWRULJLQDOQHLQLGEH8WRPELVOXDMXWUHEDOR
YRGLWLUDXQDQHVDPRGDVXVWDUDLL]PLMHQMHQDLQLGEDILQDQFLMVNLHNYLYDOHQ-
WQHQHJRLGDLVSXQMHQMHQRYHLQLGEHSURPLWHQWXQLQDNRMLGUXJLQDLQQHLQL
GRGDWDQWHUHW
7DOLMDQVNRSUDYRSR]QDMHVOLQX]DNRQVNXRGUHGEXSRNRMRMVWLSXODQWPRHL
RSR]YDWLLL]PLMHQLWLXJRYRU1LMHMDVQR]QDLOLWRGDWDOLMDQVNRSUDYRGRSXwWD
LNYDOLWDWLYQXL]PMHQXXJRYRUDEH]SURPLWHQWRYDSULVWDQND1DMYMHURMDWQLMHEL
VHNDRLXKUYDWVNRPSUDYXWRWUHEDORWXPDLWLXVYLMHWOXRSLKQDHODXJRYRU-
QRJSUDYDLGRSXVWLWLVDPRRQHL]PMHQHNRMHGRGDWQRQHRSWHUHXMXSURPLWHQWD
=DUD]OLNXRGSUDYDNRMDRYODwXMXVWLSXODQWDGDMHGQRVWUDQRRSR]RYHNR-
ULVWX1MHPDNRML]%*%DSURL]OD]LNDNRVHREMHXJRYRUQHVWUDQH


 .ODUL9HGULwop. cit. XELOMVWU*RUHQF et al., op. cit. XELOMVWU6HVVD
op. cit. XELOMVWU

 .DHU5DGRORYL6ODNRSHUop. cit. XELOMVWU

 6WLPVHVODHLjPDOFHOMop. citXELOMVWUNRMLVPDWUDGDELELORXVNODGXV
QDHORPSRYMHUHQMDLSRwWHQMDXSURPHWXGDMHVWLSXODQWRYODwWHQXYLMHNPLMHQMDWL
RVREXNRULVQLNDNDGSULWRPSURPLWHQWQHPDQLNDNYHwWHWH

 &RGLFHFLYLOH$UWp4XHVWDSHUSXHVVHUHUHYRFDWDRPRGLILFDWDGDOORVWLSX-
ODQWHILQFKLOWHU]RQRQDEELDGLFKLDUDWRDQFKHLQFRQIURQWRGHOSURPLWWHQWHGL
YROHUQHSURILWWDUHq
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

PRUDMX VORLWL X YH]L V RSR]LYRP L L]PMHQRP SUDYD WUHH RVREH 'R WRJD VH
GROD]LLWXPDHQMHP%*%DNRMLSURSLVXMHGDDNRMHVWLSXODQW]DGUDR
SUDYRLPHQRYDWLGUXJRJDXPMHVWRWUHHRVREHSUHGYLHQHXJRYRURPXVOXDMX
VXPQMHRQWRPRHXLQLWLLRGUHGERP]DVOXDMVPUWLArgumentum a contrario
SURL]OD]LGDVWLSXODQWQHELLPDRWRSUDYRNRMHMHYUVWDRSR]LYDNRULVWLNDG
JDQHEL]DGUDR7DNRHU(QJOHVNDL6$'SUHGYLDMXGDVHREMHXJRYRUQH
VWUDQH PRUDMX VORLWL X YH]L V RSR]LYRP LOL L]PMHQRP NRULVQLNRYD SUDYD 7R
UMHwHQMHSULKYDDMXL81,'52,71DHOD,]WRJDMHYLGOMLYRGDRVLPWDOLMDQ-
VNRJLKUYDWVNRJVYDSUDYDNRMDUHJXOLUDMXL]PMHQXLRSR]LYNRULVWLGRSXwWDMX
LK VDPR VWLSXODQWX L SURPLWHQWX ]DMHGQR 7R RSHW SURL]OD]L L] RSLK QDHOD
XJRYRUQRJSUDYDMHUDNRVHSUDYRWUHHJDpL]PMHQMXMHqPLMHQMDVHLSURPLWHQ-
WRYDREYH]DDWRQHELELORPRJXHEH]QMHJRYDSULVWDQND8WRPVPLVOXELOR
ELSUHSRUXOMLYRGDVH=22RJUDQLLQDVWLSXODQWRYXRYODVWGDRSR]RYHNRULVW
QDPLMHQMHQXWUHRMRVREL

.RPHVHGDMXL]MDYHRSULKYDWXRRGELMDQMXLRRSR]LYX"

8SUDYQLPSRUHFLPDXNRMLPDRSR]LYRVWSUDYDWUHHJDRYLVLRQMHJRYXSUL-
KYDWXMDYOMDVHSLWDQMHNRMRMVHXJRYRUQRMVWUDQLWDMSULKYDWL]MDYOMXMHsVWLSX-
ODQWX SURPLWHQWX LOL ELOR NRPH RG QMLK 'YLMH XRELDMHQH RSFLMH ]D NRMH VH
GUDYHRSUHGMHOMXMXMHVXGDVHSULKYDWL]MDYOMXMHLOLSURPLWHQWXLOLELORNRMRMRG
XJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
'UDYHNRMHSURSLVXMXGDVHL]MDYDRSULKYDWXGDMHSURPLWHQWXVXjYLFDU-
VND)UDQFXVNDL(QJOHVND7DNYRUMHwHQMHLPDVYRMHRSUDYGDQMHXWRPH
wWRMHSURPLWHQWVWUDQDNRMDGXJXMHLQLGEXDQDWDMJDVHQDLQREDYMHwWDYD
GDMHNRULVQLNRYRSUDYRSRVWDORQHRSR]LYR3RWUHEQRMHGDGXQLN]QDVYHwWR
PRHXWMHFDWLQDSURPMHQXRGQRVQRSRWYUGXRVREHNRMRMWUHEDLVSXQLWLLQLG-
EX8RVWDORPWUHDRVREDMHLVDPDYMHURYQLNSDMHLQDMORJLQLMHGDRVYHPX
wWRVHWLHYODVWLWLKSUDYDNRPXQLFLUDL]UDYQRVGXQLNRP$NRELQDNRQWRJD
VWLSXODQWRSR]YDRNRULVWWUHHPXPDNDULQH]QDMXLGDMHGRwORGRSULKYDWD


 &RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FW

 5HVWDWHPHQW6HFRQGRI&RQWUDFWV

 O

 O25D

 1HPDL]ULLWRX]DNRQXDOLWDNR0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOM
VWU

 &RQWUDFWV5LJKWVRI7KLUG3DUWLHV$FW
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

WDMRSR]LYQHELELRYDOMDQMHUVHSULKYDWRPXYUVWLRRGQRVSURPLWHQWDLNRUL-
VQLNDQDQDLQGDJDQHPRHUD]YUJQXWLQLNDNYDYDQMVNDLQWHUYHQFLMD7RSRG-
VMHDQDXLQDNSULKYDWDNRGDVLJQDFLMHX]QDUDYQRJODYQXUD]OLNXGDNRG
DVLJQDFLMHXSXWXSULKYDDGXQLNXSXHQLNDQHYMHURYQLNSULPDWHOMXSXWH
'UXJLSULVWXSSRNRMHPXL]MDYXRSULKYDWXWUHDRVREDPRHL]MDYLWLVWLSX-
ODQWXLOLSURPLWHQWXSULKYDDMX1L]R]HPVND1513(&/DL,WDOLMD1537DNYR
UMHwHQMHSR]QDMHLKUYDWVNRSUDYRSUHPGD=22QLJGMHWRL]ULLWRQHSURSLVXMH
6YLVHNRPHQWDWRUL=22DVODXGDVHSULKYDWPRHL]MDYLWLSRGMHGQDNRVWLSX-
ODQWXNDRLSURPLWHQWX
0RJXQRVWGDVHSULKYDWL]MDYLELORNRMRMRGXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDXLQWHUHVXMH
NRULVQLNDMHUPXRVWDYOMDQDUDVSRODJDQMXwLULL]ERURVRED,DNRMHSURPLWHQW
GXQLN LQLGEH HVWR H NRULVQLN LPDWL QHSRVUHGQLMX NRPXQLNDFLMX VD VWLSX-
ODQWRP MHU MH VWLSXODQW QDMHwH WDM NRML REDYMHwWDYD WUHX RVREX R QMH]LQLP
SUDYLPD0RJXQRVWGDVHSULKYDWL]MDYLVWLSXODQWXQHXJURDYDNRULVQLNRYX
SR]LFLMXQLXSRJOHGXRSR]LYDMHUNDRwWRMHYHXVWDQRYOMHQRQLWLMHGDQSUDYQL
SRUHGDNQHGRSXwWDSURPLWHQWXGDMHGQRVWUDQRRSR]RYHWXNRULVW'DNOHLDNR
MHL]MDYDSURPLWHQWXRHNLYDQLQDLQSULRSDYDQMDSULKYDWDNRULVWLGUDYHNRMH
GRSXwWDMXGDVHSULKYDWL]MDYLREMHPDXJRYRUQLPVWUDQDPDVDPRSURwLUXMXRS-
VHJNRULVQLNRYLKPRJXQRVWLDGDWLPHQHXJURDYDMXSUDYDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
,DNRSRVWRMHPLwOMHQMDGDELVHNRULVQLNRYDL]MDYDRRGELMDQMXWUHEDODSRQD-
wDWLNDRLL]MDYDRSULKYDWX155LVSUDYQLMLMHVWDYGDVHRGELMDQMHPRHL]MDYLWL
VDPRSURPLWHQWX=DUD]OLNXRGSULKYDWDJGMHSURPLWHQWXQHLJUDXORJXMHOL
NRULVQLNSULKYDWLRNRULVWNRGRGELMDQMDMHLWHNDNRYDQRGDSURPLWHQW]QDMHOL
XRSHRYODwWHQLQLGEXL]YUwLWLNRULVQLNX'DVHRGELMDQMHL]MDYOMXMHSURPLWHQWX
L]ULLWRRGUHXMH%*%DDGDMHWDNRLXDXVWULMVNRPSUDYXPRHVHYL-
GMHWLL]SUHGUDGRYD$%*%D1567RELWUHEDORYULMHGLWLLXKUYDWVNRPSUDYXEH]
RE]LUDQDWRwWRVHSRQMHPXSULKYDWPRHL]MDYLWLVWLSXODQWXNDRLSURPLWHQWX


 OVW=22D
151
 %:D

 OE3(&/D
153
 .RMDXO&RGLFHFLYLOHSURSLVXMHNDNRVHSULKYDWPRHL]MDYLWLpWDNRHUL
SURPLWHQWXqp4XHVWDSHUSXHVVHUHUHYRFDWDRPRGLILFDWDGDOORVWLSXODQWHILQFK
LOWHU]RQRQDEELDGLFKLDUDWRDQFKHLQFRQIURQWRGHOSURPLWWHQWHGLYROHUQHSUR-
ILWWDUHq

 *RUHQFet al., op. cit. XELOMVWU.DHU5DGRORYL6ODNRSHU op. cit. XELOM
VWU6HVVD op. cit. XELOMVWU
155
 .DHU5DGRORYL6ODNRSHUop. cit. XELOMVWU
156
 jPDOFHOM op. cit. XELOMVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

=DL]MDYXRRSR]LYXNRULVWLQXQRMHGDYULMHGHQHNDGUXJDSUDYLODMHUQMXQL
QHL]MDYOMXMHNRULVQLNQHJRVWLSXODQW1LMHGDQ]DNRQQHRGUHXMHQLwWDSRWRP
SLWDQMX ,SDN DXWRUL EDUHP X WDOLMDQVNRP SUDYX VXJHULUDMX GD EL VH RSR]LY
NRULVWLWUHEDRL]MDYLWLLSURPLWHQWXLNRULVQLNX1577DNYRVWDMDOLwWHSRWSXQRMH
RSUDYGDQR6RE]LURPQDWRGDMHULMHRL]MDYLNRMRPVHPLMHQMDRVREDNRMRM
VHLPDLVSXQLWLLQLGEDXVYDNRPVOXDMXWUHEDREDYLMHVWLWLSURPLWHQWDNRMLMH
GUXJDXJRYRUQDVWUDQDLGXQLNWHLQLGEH6GUXJHVWUDQHWRWUHEDVD]QDWLL
NRULVQLNMHUDNRQHVD]QDLXPHXYUHPHQXSULKYDWLLOLVHQHNDNRSRX]GDXVWH-
HQXNRULVWXVNODGXVQDHORPSRYMHUHQMDL]MDYDRRSR]LYXQHHLPDWLXLQND

3RVHEQRVWLRSR]LYDXVOXDMXNDGMHNRULVWXJRYRUHQDQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYH
VPUWL

2VWDMHMRwUD]PRWULWLSRVHEQHRGUHGEHNRMHQHNDSUDYDLPDMX]DVOXDMNDGMH
XJRYRUHQRGDNRULVWLPDSULSDVWLWUHHPXQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWL,DNRMHULMH
RUD]OLLWLPUMHwHQMLPDELWHSRND]DQRNDNRVXVYDRQDYRHQD]DMHGQLNRP
LGHMRPsNRULVWNRMDMHXJRYRUHQDWHNQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWLGRWRJWUHQXWND
RVWDMHSRGNRQWURORPXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDRGQRVQRNRULVQLNMXQHPRHQHRSR]LYR
VWHLNDRwWRELPRJDRGDQLMHULMHRXJRYDUDQMXQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWL
+UYDWVNRSUDYRXOVW=22DXUHXMHSRVHEQXYUVWXRSR]LYDNR-
ULVWL XJRYRUHQH QDNRQ VWLSXODQWRYH VPUWL p$NR MH XJRYRUHQR GD H GXQLN
LVSXQLWLRQRQDwWRVHREYH]DRXNRULVWWUHHJDWHNQDNRQVPUWLXJRYDUDWHOMD
RYDM PRH VYH GRWOH SD L VYRMRP RSRUXNRP RSR]YDWL NRULVW XJRYRUHQX ]D
WUHHJDDNRL]VDPRJXJRYRUDLOLL]RNROQRVWLQHSURL]OD]LwWRGUXJRq5LMHMH
RSRVHEQRMYUVWLXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJDXLMHPVOXDMXVWLSXODQWPRHL
RSRUXNRPL]YUwLWLRSR]LY,DNRVHQHJRYRULRWRPHMHOLWDMRSR]LYPRJXLNDG
MHGRwORGRSULKYDWDYDOMD]DNOMXLWLGDMHWDNR.DGDWDMGUXJLVWDYDNQHELELR
L]QLPNDRGRSHJSUDYLODQHELXRSHSRVWRMDODSRWUHED]DQMHJRYLPSRVWRMD-
QMHPMHUMHQHVSRUQRGDELXVOXDMHYLPDNDGMRwQLMHRLWRYDQSULKYDWLRSRUXND
ELODYDOMDQRVUHGVWYRVWLSXODQWRYDMHGQRVWUDQRJRSR]LYD
7DOLMDQVNRSUDYRXWRPMHSRJOHGXMDVQLMHMHUOVW&RGLFHFLYLOHD
L]ULLWRSUHGYLDGDDNRMHXJRYRUHQDLQLGEDQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWLRQMX
PRHRSR]YDWLLRSRUXQRDNLDNRMHWUHLL]MDYLRSULKYDWRVLPXVOXDMXNDGVH
VWLSXODQWSLVPHQRRGUHNDRPRJXQRVWLRSR]LYD=DUD]OLNXRGWDOLMDQVNRJUMHwH-
QMDSRKUYDWVNRPSUDYXVWLSXODQWRYRRGULFDQMHQHPRUDELWLXSLVDQRMIRUPL158

 $QWRQLROOL9HQH]LDQR op. cit. XELOMVWU

157

 7RSURL]OD]LL]VDPRJWHNVWDOVW=22DXNRMHPVHQHVSRPLQMXQLNDNYL]D-
158

KWMHYLXSRJOHGXIRUPHpeDNRL]VDPRJXJRYRUDLOLL]RNROQRVWLQHSURL]OD]LwWRGUXJRq
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

,DNRQHPDRGUHGEXNDRKUYDWVNRLOLWDOLMDQVNRSUDYRLQMHPDNRSUDYRVOLMH-
GLLVWLSULQFLS8%*%DSURSLVXMHVHGDDNRVHLQLGEDWUHEDLVSXQLWL
WUHRMRVRELQDNRQVPUWLVWLSXODQWDXVOXDMXVXPQMHWUHDRVREDVWMHHSUDYR
QDWXLQLGEXQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWL3RVYRMRMIRUPXODFLMLWRMHMRwMHGQDRG
SUHVXPSFLMD%*%DpXVOXDMXVXPQMHqRGQRVQRDNRVXSURWQRQHSURL]OD]LL]
RNROQRVWLVOXDMDLOLVYUKHXJRYRUD6DGUDMQRWRRSHW]QDLGDVYHGRVWLSXODQ-
WRYHVPUWLDNRQLMHXJRYRUHQRVXSURWQRWUHDRVREDQHVWMHHQHRSR]LYRSUDYR
L]XJRYRUD5D]OLNDL]PHXWDOLMDQVNRJLKUYDWVNRJLVGUXJHVWUDQHQMHPDNRJ
SUDYDXWRPHMHwWRXSUYLPGYDPDWUHLVWMHHSUDYRLSULMHVWLSXODQWRYHVPU-
WL VDPR JD QH PRH XLQLWL QHRSR]LYLP GRN X QMHPDNRP SUDYX X VOXDMX
VXPQMHRQQLQHVWMHHSUDYR1597DUD]OLNDGMHORPLQRMHSRVOMHGLFDGUXNLMH
SRVWDYOMHQRJVXVWDYDRSR]LYRVWLSUDYDWUHHJD.DRwWRMHYHL]ORHQRGRNX
,WDOLMLL+UYDWVNRMVWLSXODQWPRHMHGQRVWUDQRRSR]YDWLNRULVWWUHHRVREHSDMH
ORJLQRGDWRPRHXLQLWLLVYRMRPRSRUXNRPX1MHPDNRMMHRSR]LYRVWMHGDQ
RGHOHPHQDWDSUHSXwWHQLKYROMLREDMXXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
=ERJWRJDVHRSRUXQRUDVSRODJDQMHXUHXMHRGYRMHQRX%*%DNRML
SUHGYLD GD DNR MH VWLSXODQW ]DGUDR SUDYR LPHQRYDWL GUXJRJD XPMHVWR WUHH
RVREHSUHGYLHQHXJRYRURPXVOXDMXVXPQMHRQWRPRHXLQLWLLRGUHGERP
]DVOXDMVPUWL7DRGUHGEDVHGDNOHSULPMHQMXMHVDPRDNRMHVWLSXODQWXJRYR-
URP]DGUDRSUDYRL]DWRVHUD]OLNXMHRGWDOLMDQVNRJLKUYDWVNRJUMHwHQMDXNRMLPD
VWLSXODQWWRSUDYRVWMHHH[OHJHDXJRYRURPJDVHHYHQWXDOQRPRHLVNOMXLWL
,]VYHJDWRJDYLGOMLYRMHGDXQHNLPSUDYLPDSRVWRMHSRVHEQHRGUHGEHNRMHUH-
JXOLUDMXVLWXDFLMXNDGMHNRULVWXJRYRUHQDQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWLLWRQDQDLQ
GDVHGRWDGDVWMHFDQMHSUDYDWUHHJD1MHPDNDRGQRVQRRSR]LYRVWSUDYDWUH-
HJD,WDOLMD+UYDWVNDRVWDYOMDMXSRGLVNOMXLYRPNRQWURORPXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
=DNOMXXMXL SRJODYOMH X NRMHP VX NRPSDUDWLYQR XVSRUHHQL QHNL VWUDQL
SUDYQL VXVWDYL WUHED VH MRw MHGQRP RVYUQXWL QD XNXSQR ]QDHQMH KUYDWVNRJ
159
 ,]WRJDVOLMHGLGDDNRELNRULVQLNXPURSULMHVWLSXODQWDSRQMHPDNRPSUDYXNRUL-
VQLNRYLQDVOMHGQLFLQHELQDVOLMHGLOLQMHJRY]DKWMHYSUHPDVWLSXODQWXMHUXDVXQMH-
JRYHVPUWLMRwQLMHQLQDVWDRGRNELSRKUYDWVNRPLWDOLMDQVNRPSUDYXGRwORGR
WDNYRJQDVOMHLYDQMDjPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWU

 jPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWUNULWLDQMHSUHPDWRMRGUHGELMHUVPDWUDGDH
HVWRELWLQHMDVQRMHOLULMHRSUHLQDHQMXXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDLOLRUDVSROREL
SRVOMHGQMHYROMH7DNRHUVPDWUDGDWRGRYRGLSURPLWHQWDXQHVLJXUDQSRORDMMHU
GR VWLSXODQWRYH VPUWL QLMH VLJXUDQ NRPH H L]YUwLWL LQLGEX 7H NULWLNH PRJX VH
SURWHJQXWLLQDKUYDWVNRLWDOLMDQVNRUMHwHQMH]ERJQMLKRYLKVOLQRVWLV%*%RP8
VYDNRPVOXDMXELORELSRHOMQRGDVHVWLSXODQWRGUHGERP]DVOXDMVPUWLL]ULLWR
L]MDVQLMHOLULMHRSUHLQDHQMXXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDjWRVHWLHSURPLWHQWRYH
QHVLJXUQRVWL=22VHXWRPSRJOHGXVYMHVQRRSUHGMHOMXMH]D]DwWLWXVWLSXODQWDPR-
JXQRVWL]PMHQHLRSR]LYDLNRULVQLNDPRJXQRVWSULKYDWDQDUDXQSURPLWHQWD
LDNRNRULVQLNRYSULKYDWGRSULQRVLLSURPLWHQWRYRMVLJXUQRVWL
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

XJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHLKXRGQRVXQDLQR]HPQDUMHwHQMD3URXDYDMXLHOHPHQ-
WH ]DVQLYDQMD L RSR]LYRVWL SUDYD WUHHJD PRH VH SULPLMHWLWL KUYDWVNR SUDYR
L]OD]LXVXVUHWWUHLPRVREDPDHwHQHJRYHLQDSUDYQLKSRUHGDND=D]DVQL-
YDQMHSUDYDWUHHJDGRYROMQDMHYROMDXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDLDNRMHVDGUDMWHYROMH
RGUHHQWDNRGDPRUDREXKYDDWLXSUDYRWUDELQXWUHHJDSUHPDSURPLWHQWX
7UHX RVREX wWLWL VH L RG RSR]LYD QDPLMHQMHQH PX NRULVWL MHU MX VH QH PRH
RSR]YDWLQDNRQwWRMHWUHLRLWRYDRVYRMSULKYDWDNLSUREOHPDWLQDRGUHGED
RWRPHNDNRVWLSXODQWPRHMHGQRVWUDQRLRSR]YDWLLL]PLMHQLWLNRULVWQHXJUR-
DYDWUHHJDNROLNRSURPLWHQWDNRMLGXJXMHWXLQLGEX7UHRMRVRELXSULORJ
LGHLLQWHUSUHWDFLMDGDVYRMSULKYDWPRHL]UD]LWLELORNRMRMRGXJRYRUQLKVWUD-
QD2GUHGEHNRMHVWLSXODQWDRYODwXMXRSR]YDWLNRULVWVYHGRVYRMHVPUWLDNR
MHNRULVWXJRYRUHQDQDNRQQMHJRYHVPUWLQHQDUXwDYDMXXNXSQLWRQXUHHQMD
SRYROMQRJ]DWUHHRVREH*OREDOQRXVSRUHXMXLPRGDVDPRHQJOHVNRSUDYR
MRwwLUHSRVWDYOMDSUDYDWUHLKDOLWRVDPR]DKYDOMXMXLUHODWLYQRQRYRP]DNRQX
NRMLMHSUHNLQXRGXJRJRGLwQMXSRWSXQX]DEUDQXXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJD
3RYUKWRJDNDRwWRMHYHUHHQRQHNLHQJOHVNLDXWRULNULWL]LUDMXWDNYDUMHwHQMD
GRNGUXJLSUHGYLDMXSUHFL]QLMXDOLLUHVWULNWLYQLMXLQWHUSUHWDFLMXVXGVNHSUDN-
VH6GUXJHVWUDQHXKUYDWVNRMSUDYQRM]QDQRVWLLSUDNVLUMHwHQMD=22DQLNDG
QLVXGRYRHQDXSLWDQMH7RMHYHSUHGPHWLGXHJSRJODYOMD

32/-(35,0-(1(8*2925$8.25,6775((*$

1DNRQ wWR MH UD]PRWUHQR ]DNRQVNR UHJXOLUDQMH XJRYRUD X NRULVW WUHHJD

YDOMDMRwXND]DWLQDSROMHSULPMHQHWRJDLQVWLWXWD8VUHGLwWXSURXDYDQMDELWH
RGOXNHKUYDWVNLKVXGRYDNRMHHELWLNRPSDUDWLYQRXVSRUHHQHVQMHPDNRP
VXGVNRPSUDNVRP,DNRKUYDWVNDLQMHPDND]DNRQVNDUMHwHQMDQLVXLGHQWLQD
PHXQMLPDSRVWRMLGRYROMQDVOLQRVWGDVHSROMHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDQHEL
WUHEDORSUHYLwHUD]OLNRYDWL,MHGQRLGUXJRSUDYRVHRSUHGMHOMXMH]DGRVWDWQRVW
VXEMHNWLYQRJNULWHULMDYROMHDSULXWYULYDQMXVDGUDMDWHYROMHREDSUDYDNDR
SRPRSULLQWHUSUHWDFLMLWHYROMHX]LPDMXVYHRNROQRVWLVOXDMD*ODYQDMHUD]OL-
NDXWRPHwWR%*%XVOXDMXVXPQMHL]ULLWRQDYRGLSUHVXPSFLMHNRMHWUHEDMX
YULMHGLWLXRGUHHQLPVOXDMHYLPD'HWDOMQLMDXVSRUHGEDVQMHPDNRPVXGVNRP
SUDNVRP RSUDYGDQD MH WROLNR wWR VX QMLKRYL VXGRYL YHOLNLP EURMHP SUHVXGD
RVRELWRSUHFL]QRXWYUGLOLUD]OLLWHNDWHJRULMHVOXDMHYDXNRMLPDVHXJRYRUXNR-
ULVWWUHHJDSRMDYOMXMH1617DNRHURVLPVDPHNDWHJRUL]DFLMHWLSLQLKVOXDMHYD

 9LVRNLPRFMHQDPDQMHPDNHSUDNVHXSRJOHGXUD]UDGHSUHGPHWQRJLQVWLWXWDSULGUXXMX
161

VHQHVDPRQMHPDNLDXWRUL0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit.XELOM pass.).

Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

QMHPDNLVXVXGRYLNUHDWLYQRSURwLULOLSROMHSULPMHQHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
LQDVLWXDFLMH]DNRMHWDMLQVWLWXWQLMHSUYRWQRELRSUHGYLHQ2WRPDVSHNWX
QMHPDNHVXGVNHSUDNVHSRVHEQRHELWLJRYRUDXWUHHPGLMHOXRYRJSRJODYOMD
8SUYLPGYDPDGLMHORYLPDGDELVHXWYUGLORSROMHSULPMHQHXJRYRUDXNRULVW
WUHHJDSRNXwDWHVHXVWDQRYLWLXNRMLPVHWLSLQLPVLWXDFLMDPDSRMDYOMXMHWDM
XJRYRURGQRVQRXNRMLPJDWLSLQLPVLWXDFLMDPDVXGRYLSUHSR]QDMX.DRwWRMH
YHUHHQRNODX]XODXNRULVWWUHHJDPRHVHGRGDWLELORNRMHPXRGSRVWRMHLK
XJRYRUD8WRPVPLVOXQHVSRUQRMHGDMHSRWHQFLMDOQRSROMHSULPMHQHXJRYRUD
X NRULVW WUHHJD MHGQDNR FMHORNXSQRP SROMX XJRYRUQRJ SUDYD 8QDWR WRPH
]DXWYULYDQMHSROMDSULPMHQHQDMYDQLMLVXRQLXJRYRULNRMLVHSRVDPRMVYRMRM
QDUDYLVPDWUDMXXJRYRULPDXNRULVWWUHLKDNLNDGDWRQLMHQLJGMHXJRYRUHQR
$NRMHULMHRQRPLQDWQLPXJRYRULPDPRHVHUHLGDLKYHVDPWHNVW]DNRQD
SUHGYLD NDR XJRYRUH X NRULVW WUHHJD 0HX WDNYLPD VX QDMYDQLML XJRYRUL
RRVLJXUDQMX7DNRHUSRVWRMHLYUVWHXJRYRUDNRMLPDVHHwHQHJRRVWDOLPD
SULGUXXMHNODX]XODXNRULVWWUHHJDLDNRRQLWRVDPLSRVYRMRMQDUDYLQLVX,
WDNYHHYUVWHXJRYRUDELWLX]HWHXRE]LUXRYRPL]ODJDQMX
8VSRUHGED KUYDWVNH L QMHPDNH VXGVNH SUDNVH SRND]DW H GD MH RYD GUX-
JDSXQRERJDWLMDSUHVXGDPDQDWHPXXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD=ERJWRJDVH
XQMHPDNRPSUDYXPRHJRYRULWLRSRWSXQRVLVWHPDWL]LUDQLPNDWHJRULMDPD
XJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDGRNKUYDWVNHSUHVXGH]DVDGVDPRQD]QDXMXRGUHHQL
VPMHULMLHGDOMQMLUD]YRMRYLVLWLRIDNWLQRMXHVWDORVWLRGUHHQLKLQMHQLQLK
VLWXDFLMD2VWDMHYLGMHWLKRHOLKUYDWVNLVXGRYLVOLMHGLWLQMHPDNXNDWHJRUL]DFLMX
LOLH]ERJQHwWRGUXNLMHJWHNVWD]DNRQDNDRLGUXNLMLKSUDYQLKSULOLNDXVWD-
QRYLWLQHNHYODVWLWHNDWHJRULMHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
8WUHHPGLMHOXRYRJSRJODYOMDSRVHEQRHELWLSRND]DQRNDNRVXQMHPDNL
VXGRYLXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDXSRWULMHELOLNDR]DPMHQX]DQDNQDGXLVWRJHNR-
QRPVNRJJXELWNDXVXVWDYXL]YDQXJRYRUQHQDNQDGHwWHWH,DNRXKUYDWVNRP
SUDYXQLMHELORWDNYLKVOXDMHYDEDUHPQHPHXUD]PRWUHQLPSUHGPHWLPD
WRXYLMHNRVWDMHRWYRUHQDPRJXQRVWNDRwWRSRND]XMXSUDYD1MHPDNH)UDQ-
FXVNHL6$'D

7LSLQLVOXDMHYLSULPMHQHXQMHPDNRPSUDYX

1MHPDNDSUDNVDNRMDMHRSVHQRUD]UDGLODRYDMLQVWLWXWSUHSR]QDMHXJRYRU
XNRULVWWUHHJDXMHGDQDHVWWLSLQLKVOXDMHYD

 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU


 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

 XJRYRULXNRULVWXGRYLFDQDMHwHL]PHXSRVORGDYFDLUDGQLNDLXNRULVW

XPLURYOMHQLKUDGQLNDNDRYUVWHSULYDWQRSUDYQRJPLURYLQVNRJRVLJXUDQMD
 XJRYRULXNRULVWGMHWHWDNRMLVNORSHQMHJRYLURGLWHOMLVOLMHQLFLPDUDGL
GMHWHWRYDOLMHHQMD
 JRYRULXNRULVWWUHLKRVREDLPDWHOMDwWHGQHNQMLLFHNRMHVNODSDSRORL-
WHOMXORJDVEDQNRP]DVOXDMYODVWLWHVPUWLNDGWUHDRVREDQLMHXMHGQR
LLPDWHOMwWHGQHNQMLLFHPRUDVHGRND]DWLXSUDYRYROMDSUHPLQXORJDGD
VNORSLXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDDQHXJRYRURGDURYDQMXMHUdonatio mortis
causa QLMHYDOMDQDEH]SUHGDMHEDQNRYQHNQMLLFH163
 XJRYRULXNRULVWSXWQLNDNRMHVNORSLRUJDQL]DWRUSXWRYDQMDVSULMHYR]QL-
NRP SUL HPX VH PDNVLPDOQR SRJRGXMH SXWQLNX MHU MH SUHVXHQR GD
SURWLYQMHJDSULMHYR]QLNQHPRHLVWDNQXWLSULJRYRUGDPXRUJDQL]DWRU
SXWRYDQMDQLMHLVSODWLRFLMHQXSULMHYR]DwWRELLQDHPRJDRQDWHPHOMX
RSHJ SUDYLOD L]   %*%D SR NRMHP SURPLWHQW SUHPD NRULVQLNX
PRHLVWLFDWLVYHSULJRYRUHNRMHELPRJDRLSUHPDVWLSXODQWX
XJRYRULXNRULVWNRULVQLNDRVLJXUDQMDNRMHVNORSLXJRYDUDWHOMRVLJXUDQMD
VRVLJXUDWHOMHPLDNRVXRQLUHJXOLUDQLSRVHEQLP]DNRQRPRRVLJXUDQMX
s9HUVLFKHUXQJVYHUWUDJVJHVHW]sNRMLIXQNFLRQLUDNDROH[VSHFLDOLVXRGQRVX
QD%*%
 XJRYRUL R SULMHYR]X X NRULVW SULPDWHOMD UREH NRMH VNODSDMX SRwLOMDWHOM L
SULMHYR]QLN X VNODGX V WLP QMHPDNL VXGRYL VPDWUDMX GD SULMHYR]QLND
PRJXWXLWLSRGMHGQDNRSRwLOMDWHOMNDRLSULPDWHOMUREHQHRYLVQRRWUH-
QXWNXQDVWDQNDwWHWHXRGQRVXQDWUHQXWDNSULMHOD]DUL]LND
 XJRYRULXNRULVWODQRYD]DNXSQLNRYHRELWHOMLNRMLVHVPDWUDMXNRULVQLFL-
PDXJRYRUDR]DNXSXL]PHX]DNXSQLNDL]DNXSRGDYFD
 XJRYRULRNXSRSURGDMLQHNUHWQLQDVRJUDQLDYDMXLPRGUHGEDPDLMLVX
NRULVQLFLYODVQLFLVXVMHGQLKQHNUHWQLQD
XJRYRULXNRULVWYMHURYQLNDNRMHVNODSDVWHDMQLXSUDYLWHOM
XJRYRULRUD]YRGXEUDNDLX]GUDYDQMXNRMLKMHNRULVQLNGLMHWHNRMHLYL
VMHGQLPRGEUDQLKGUXJRYD
XJRYRUL X NRULVW NXSFD NRML NXSL UREX V SURL]YRDHYLP MDPVWYRP ]D
LVSUDYQRVWSURGDQHVWYDUL
1DUDYQRXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDPRHVHSRMDYOMLYDWLLXGUXJLPREOLFLPD
DOL]DWLKMHGDQDHVWVOXDMHYDXVWDQRYOMHQRMHGDYHSRVDPRMVYRMRMSULURGLSUL-

 %*+=EULjPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWUELOM

163

 %*+=EU

Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

SDGDMXXWXNDWHUJRULMX1HNLRGQMLKSRVWDOLVX]DVHEQDYUVWDXJRYRUDXSUDYR
SRWRPHwWRLPVHHVWRGRGDYDODNODX]XODXNRULVWWUHHRVREHWDNYLVXQSU
XJRYRUL R NXSRSURGDML QHNUHWQLQH NRMLPD VH HVWR GRGDMH SRVHEQD NODX]XOD
X NRULVW YODVQLND VXVMHGQLK QHNUHWQLQD 'UXJL VX YH SR VYRMHP RVQRYQRP
]DNRQVNL SURSLVDQRP REOLNX XJRYRUL X NRULVW WUHHJD L QLNDNYD LP GRGDWQD
NODX]XODQLMHSRWUHEQDWDNYLVXQSUXJRYRULRRVLJXUDQMXLXJRYRULNRMHVNORSL
RUJDQL]DWRUSXWRYDQMDVSULMHYR]QLNRP1DYHGHQDVXGVNDNDWHJRUL]DFLMDXJR-
YRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDXQMHJRYLPWLSLQLPVOXDMHYLPDXYHOLNHRODNwDYDQMLKRYR
SUHSR]QDYDQMHLGRSULQRVLSUDYQRMVLJXUQRVWL

7LSLQLVOXDMHYLSULPMHQHXKUYDWVNRPSUDYX

$NRVHVWLPHXVSRUHGLREMDYOMHQDKUYDWVNDVXGVNDSUDNVDXRLWHVHVDPR
GMHORPLQHVOLQRVWL2QRwWRMH]DMHGQLNRQHVDPRKUYDWVNRPLQMHPDNRP
QHJRLVYLPSUDYQLPSRUHFLPDMHVWWRGDVHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDSULPMHQMX-
MH QD XJRYRUH R RVLJXUDQMX ,DNR VH QDUDYQR PRH XJRYRULWL GD RVLJXUQLQD
SULSDGQHXJRYDUDWHOMXRVLJXUDQMDRVLJXUDQMHVHHVWRXJRYDUDXSUDYR]DWUHX
RVREX165ELORGDMHULMHRRVLJXUDQMXLPRYLQHO=22DELORRRVLJX-
UDQMXLYRWDXNRULVWWUHHRVREHO=22D6RE]LURPQDWRGDNDRL
X1MHPDNRMRGUHGEH=22DRRVLJXUDQMXGMHOXMXNDROH[VSHFLDOLVHVWRXRSH
QHPDSRWUHEHGDVHVXGSR]LYDQDXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDWLPYLwHwWRMHXJR-
YRURRVLJXUDQMXYUORGHWDOMQRUHJXOLUDQ3UHPDWRPHVYDNLXJRYRURRVLJXUDQMX
LMLMHNRULVQLNQLMHMHGQDRGXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDPRHVHVPDWUDWLXJRYRURPX
NRULVWWUHHJD166DNLDNRVHWRXSUHVXGLL]ULMHNRPQLJGMHQHVSRPLQMH
,SDNLXQDWRVSHFLMDOL]DFLMLXJRYRUDRRVLJXUDQMXPQRJLVXGRYLLVSUDYQR
XRDYDMXQMHJRYNDUDNWHULXREUD]ORHQMLPDSUHVXGDX]RGUHGEHSUDYDRVLJX-
UDQMDQDYRGHLRGUHGEHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD7DNR9UKRYQLVXGXMHGQRMRG
SUHVXGD167SULKYDD]DKWMHY]D]DwWLWX]DNRQLWRVWLLSUHLQDXMHGUXJRVWXSDQMVNX
SUHVXGX NRMD MH SUHVXGLOD X NRULVW WXLWHOMD XJRYDUDWHOMD RVLJXUDQMD NRML MH
WUDLRGDPXWXHQLNRVLJXUDWHOMLVSODWLRVLJXUDQXVYRWXQDWHPHOMXPHXVRE-
QRJXJRYRUDRRVLJXUDQMXNRMLPVHWXHQLNREYH]DRRVLJXUDWLPRWRUQDYR]LOD

165
 O=22DSUYLODQDNNRMLVHRGQRVLQDXJRYRURRVLJXUDQMXSURSLVXMHp8JR-
YRURPRRVLJXUDQMXRVLJXUDWHOMVHREYH]XMHXJRYDUDWHOMXRVLJXUDQMDLVSODWLWLRVLJXUD-
QLNXLOLNRULVQLNXRVLJXUDQMDRVLJXUQLQXDNRQDVWDQHRVLJXUDQLVOXDMDXJRYDUDWHOM
VHRVLJXUDQMDREYH]XMHRVLJXUDWHOMXSODWLWLSUHPLMXRVLJXUDQMDq
166
 0DWLMHYL%2VLJXUDQMHLYRWDXNRULVWWUHHRVREH7UDGLFLRQDOQR;;,VDYMHWRYDQMHDNWX-
DOQRVWLKUYDWVNRJ]DNRQRGDYVWYDLSUDYQHSUDNVH*RGLwQMDN=DJUHEVWU
167
 965+*]]RGOLSQMD
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

NRMDWXLWHOMSULPDQDSRSUDYDN'RNVXVXGRYLQLHJVWXSQMDVPDWUDOLGDMH
pWXLWHOM]DNOMXHQLPRVLJXUDQMHPVWHNDRVWDWXVRVLJXUDQLNDWHGDQLMHSUDYQR
RGOXQRWNRMHYODVQLNPRWRUQRJYR]LODq9UKRYQLVXGXWYUGLRMHGDMHNOMXQD
LQMHQLFDXSUDYRWNRMHYODVQLNPRWRUQRJYR]LODMHUMHSUHPDVDGDwQMHPO
=22DSURSLVDQRpGDSUDYDL]RVLJXUDQMDPRJXLPDWLVDPRRVREHNRMHVX
XDVXQDVWDQNDwWHWHLPDOHPDWHULMDOQLLQWHUHVGDVHRVLJXUDQLVOXDMQHGRJR-
GLq0DWHULMDOQLLQWHUHVGDVHYR]LORQHXQLwWLLPDRMHVDPRYODVQLNWRJYR]LOD
QHXJRYDUDWHOMRVLJXUDQMD,]VYHJDWRJD9UKRYQLVXG]DNOMXXMHGDMHWXULMHR
XJRYRUXRRVLJXUDQMXXNRULVWWUHHRVREHSRVDGDwQMHPO=22DLQD
WHPHOMXWRJDGDXJRYDUDWHOMRVLJXUDQMDVWLSXODQWQHPDSUDYR]DVHEHWUDLWL
LVSODWXQDNQDGH3RVWRMHLGUXJHSUHVXGHXNRMLPDVXVXGRYLSUDYDL]RVLJXUD-
QMDSURPDWUDOLNUR]RGUHGEHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD168
'UXJDWLSLQDVLWXDFLMDNRMDVHQDNRQQMHPDNRJVUHHLXKUYDWVNRPSUDYX
MHVWVOXDMNDGSRORLWHOMXJRYRULVEDQNRPGD]DVOXDMQMHJRYHVPUWLVYDSUDYD
V QMHJRYLK UDXQD SUHOD]H QD WUHX RVREX 8 VNORSX UD]PDWUDQMD QMHPDNRJ
SUDYDYHMHUHHQRGDMHWDGDSRHOMQRGDWUHLSRVMHGXMHwWHGQXNQMLLFXLDNR
PRHVWHLSUDYRLEH]QMHDNRVHGRNDHVWYDUQDYROMDSRORLWHOMDGDWUHXRVR-
EXXLQLXSUDYRNRULVQLNRPDQHQSUGDMXGDUXMH,SDNWDNYDVXGVNDSUDNVD
QDLwODMHQDHVWRNHNULWLNHXQMHPDNRMSUDYQRMOLWHUDWXULL]GYDMXUD]ORJD169
.DRSUYRQDWDMVHQDLQ]DRELOD]HIRUPDOQL]DKWMHYLRSRUXQRJSUDYDNRMLGR-
SXwWDMXdonatio mortis causa VDPRDNRMHXJRYRURGDURYDQMXRYMHUHQNRGMDYQRJ
ELOMHQLNDDL]QLPNXRGWRJDVDPRXVOXDMXNDGMHGDURYDQMHL]YUwHQRX]SUH-
GDMXVWYDULRGQRVQRFHVLMXSUDYDVYHWRX]GRGDWQXQHVLJXUQRVWXWYULYDQMD
SUDYHVWLSXODQWRYHYROMHQDNRQQMHJRYHVPUWL'UXJRQDWDMVHQDLQNRULVQLND
VWDYOMD X EROMX SR]LFLMX RG ]DNRQVNLK QDVOMHGQLND L RVWDYLWHOMHYLK YMHURYQLND
NRMLHYHQWXDOQRPRJXSRNXwDWLSRVHEQLP]DKWMHYLPDSRELWLUDVSRODJDQMHXNR-
ULVWWUHHJD
168
 1SU965+5HY[RGVWXGHQRJDXNRMHPMH9UKRYQLVXGSUHVXGLR
GDWXLWHOMLFDQLMHGRND]DODXJRYRUHQRSUDYRXVYRMXNRULVWVXNODGQRVDGDwQMHPO
 ]DWLP SUHVXGD 2SLQVNRJ VXGD X 9DUDGLQX 3 RG  WUDYQMD

169
 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU

 6OLQHUD]ORJH]ERJNRMLKELVHXJRYRULXNRULVWWUHHJDWUHEDOLSRGYUJDYDWLSURSLVL-
PDQDVOMHGQRJSUDYDQDYRGLLjPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWUs.ULWLDQ
MHSUHPD%*%DNRMLGRSXwWDXJRYRUHXNRULVWWUHHJDNRMLVHLPDMXLVSXQLWL
QDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWLDMRwYLwHSUHPDO&RGLFHFLYLOHDSUHPDNRMHPX
WUHLVWMHHSUDYRQDWDNYXLQLGEXMRw]DVWLSXODQWRYDLYRWD7UHEDSRGVMHWLWLGDO
VW=22DVDGUDYDRGUHGEXYUORVOLQXO&RGLFHFLYLOHDGHWDOMQLMH
X
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

3UHVXGDNRMXMHSRWRPSLWDQMXGRQLR9UKRYQLVXG171L]QLPQRMH]DQLPOMLYD
MHUMHELODULMHRVOXDMXVHOHPHQWLPDLQR]HPQRVWLSULHPXMHLQMHPDNRSUD-
YRELORX]HWRXRE]LUD9UKRYQLVHVXGQDNRQFXQLMHL]ULLWRL]MDVQLRVPDWUDOL
GDVHXJRYRURPXNRULVWWUHHJDPRJX]DRELLIRUPDOQRVWLGDURYDQMD]DVOXDM
VPUWL8WRPSUHGPHWXRVWDYLWHOMMHVNORSLRVQMHPDNRPEDQNRPXJRYRUGD
]DVOXDMQMHJRYHVPUWLVYDSUDYDVQMHJRYLKUDXQDSULMHXQHSRVUHGQRQDNR-
ULVQLFXwWRMHRQDLSULKYDWLODWHQDNRQRVWDYLWHOMHYHVPUWLLUHDOL]LUDOD-HGLQL
RVWDYLWHOMHYQDVOMHGQLN]DWLPMHWXLRNRULVQLFXQDXWYULYDQMHQLwWHWQRVWLWRJ
XJRYRUDLXYUwWDYDQMHXJRYRUHQRJQRYDQRJL]QRVDXRVWDYLQX9DOMDQRVWWRJ
XJRYRUDQLMHELODVSRUQDSRQMHPDNRPSUDYXDOLQDDORVWQHPDSRGDWND]QDL
OLWRGDMHNRULVQLFDSRVMHGRYDODwWHGQXNQMLLFXLOLMHL]VDPRJXJRYRUDRVWDYL-
WHOMHYDYROMDELORGRYROMQRMDVQD3UYRVWXSDQMVNLMHVXGPHXWLPSUHVXGLRGD
QLMHPMHURGDYQRQMHPDNRQHJRKUYDWVNRSUDYRMHUVHSUHPDWDGDwQMHPO
=1DQDQDVOMHLYDQMHSULPMHQMXMXRGUHGEH]DNRQD]HPOMHLMLMHRVWDYLWHOM
ELRGUDYOMDQLQDSRKUYDWVNRPSUDYXGDMHWDMXJRYRUQHYDOMDQMHUVHSURWLYL
RGUHGEL O  =1D SUHPD NRMRM MH QLwWHWDQ XJRYRU NRMLP QHWNR RVWDYOMD
VYRMXRVWDYLQXVYRMHPVXXJRYDUDWHOMXLOLWUHRMRVREL6XSURWQRWRPHGUXJR-
VWXSDQMVNLMHVXG]DNOMXLRDVWLPVHVORLRL9UKRYQLVXGGDMHPMHURGDYQR
SUDYRPMHVWDJGMHMHXJRYRUVNORSOMHQDWRMH1MHPDND9UKRYQLVXGQDVWDYOMD
LREUD]ODHGDDNLDNRELPMHURGDYQRELORKUYDWVNRSUDYRLDNRELVHSULPL-
MHQLODSUDYLODRGDURYDQMX]DVOXDMVPUWLSRVORYLVHOHPHQWRPLQR]HPQRVWLX
SRJOHGXREOLNDRSHWELELOLYDOMDQLDNRVXYDOMDQLSRSUDYXPMHVWDJGMHMHSUDYQL
SRVDRVNORSOMHQ9UKRYQLVXGQDNUDMXGRGDMHGDLL]RGUHGDED=22DRXJR-
YRUXXNRULVWWUHHJDpVOLMHGLGDRYDNYLXJRYRULQLVXSURWLYQLQDwHPSUDYQRP
SRUHWNXq
,]VYHJDWRJDPRHVHYLGMHWLNDNRMH9UKRYQLVXGRGOXLRRRYRPHVOXDMX
SRWULRVQRYHPHXVREQRSRGUHGQHRGNRMLKSUYHGYLMHSULSDGDMXPHXQD-
URGQRPSULYDWQRPDWUHDREYH]QRPSUDYX3UYDRVQRYDMHWDGDVHLDNRMH
ULMHRRVWDYLWHOMHYRMVPUWLLXJRYRUXRVWMHFDQMXNRULVWLQDNRQQMHJRYHVPUWL
PMHURGDYQRSUDYRQHRGUHXMHQDWHPHOMXQDVOMHGQRSUDYQRJQHJRXJRYRUQRJ
VWDWXWD'UXJLMHUD]ORJWDMGDMHDNLDNRMH]DLWDYXJRYRUPMHURGDYQRKU-
YDWVNRSUDYRREOLNXJRYRUDYDOMDQEDUHPDNRMHYDOMDQSRSUDYXPMHVWDJGMH
MHXJRYRUVNORSOMHQ.DRWUHXSRGUHGQXDOL]DRYDMUDGQDMYDQLMXRVQRYX
9UKRYQLVXGVXJHULUDGDMHLSRKUYDWVNRPSUDYXNDRLSRQMHPDNRPRGUHG-
EDPDRXJRYDUDQMXXNRULVWWUHHJDPRJXHL]EMHL]DKWMHYHIRUPHNRMLVHWUDH
]DGDURYDQMH]DVOXDMVPUWL8KUYDWVNRPSUDYXWDNYRWXPDHQMHLPDXSRULwWH
171
965+5HY
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

RVRELWRXOVW=22DJGMHVHSRVHEQRVSRPLQMHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUH-
HJDQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWL
3URPDWUDMXL RVWDOH SUHVXGH NRMH VH RGQRVH QD XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD
PRH VH ]DNOMXLWL GD KUYDWVNL SULPMHUL QH RGJRYDUDMX WROLNR QMHPDNLP ND-
WHJRULMDPD7DNRQSUQLMHSURQDHQDQLWLMHGQDWXEDSXWQLNDLOLSULPDWHOMD
UREH NDR NRULVQLND WXHJ XJRYRUD LDNR VX WDNYH VLWXDFLMH X VYDNRGQHYQRP
LYRWX XRELDMHQH 6 GUXJH VWUDQH X KUYDWVNRP MH SUDYX HVWR XJRYDUDQMH X
NRULVWWUHHJDQDSRGUXMXUDGQLKRGQRVD7DNRVXXMHGQRPVOXDMX173GRP
]GUDYOMDVWLSXODQWLWXHQLFDSURPLWHQWXXJRYRUR]DNXSXGRGDOLNODX]XOX
GDHWXHQLFDWUHHJDSULPLWLXUDGQLRGQRVLGDPXQHHRWND]DWLQDWHPHOMX
RGUHGDEDOVWL=5D7XHQLFDMHPHXWLPNRULVQLNXRWND]DOD
UDGQLRGQRVXSUDYRQDWRPWHPHOMXDRQMXMHWXLRXSDQLMVNLVXGX=ODWDUX
SUHVXGLRMHXWXLWHOMHYXNRULVWRGEDFXMXLDOEHQHQDYRGHWXHQLFHGDVHQD
SRGUXMXUDGQLKRGQRVDQHPRHXJRYRURPRQHPRJXLYDWLSULPMHQD]DNRQD
MHUMHXSUDYRpO=5DSURSLVDQRGDVWUDQNHPRJXXJRYRULWLXYMHWHUDGDNRML
VX]D]DSRVOHQLNDSRYROMQLMLRGXYMHWDRGUHHQLK=5RPLOLGUXJLP]DNRQRPq
2VLPWRJDUHODWLYQRMHHVWRXJRYDUDQMHXNRULVWWUHHJDNRMLMHSRELMHGLRQD
QDJUDGQRMLJUL6NODSDQMHWDNYLKXJRYRUDORJLQDMHSRVOMHGLFDWRJDGDRUJDQL]D-
WRUQDJUDGQHLJUHXQDSULMHGPRUDRVLJXUDWLQDLQLVSXQMHQMDSREMHGQLNXDDNR
VDPQHUDVSRODHNRQNUHWQRPQDJUDGRPPRUDVNORSLWLXJRYRUVSURPLWHQWRP
8MHGQRPMHVOXDMXELODULMHRSREMHGQLFLPDXLJULp-RNHUqDXGUXJRPR
SREMHGQLFLPDp.RODVUHHq1757DNYLVXXJRYRULXMHGQRSULPMHULXJRYRUDXNR-
ULVWWUHHJDJGMHMHGRYROMQRGDWUHLEXGHRGUHGLYELORNRMLSREMHGQLNQDJUDG-
QHLJUHDGDQHPRUDELWLRGUHHQRGUHXMHVHWHNQDNQDGQR
7DNRHU SRVWRML L QHNROLNR VOXDMHYD X NRMLPD MH VNORSOMHQ SUHGXJRYRU X
NRULVWWUHHJDWDNRGDVHSURPLWHQWREYH]DRVWUHLPVNORSLWLXJRYRURNXSR-


 1SUSUHVXGD9LVRNRJWUJRYDNRJVXGD3RGYHOMDH363
SUHVXGD2SLQVNRJVXGDX6LVNX3RGVLMHQMD
173
 XSDQLMVNLVXGX=ODWDUX*RGOLSQMDWDNRHUL2SLQVNLVXG
X=ODWDUX3RGUXMQDL3RGVWXGHQRJD

 7UJRYDNLVXGX5LMHFL3RGVYLEQMD5LMHMHRSUHGXJRYRUX
NRMLP VH WXHQLFD SURPLWHQW REYH]DOD WXLWHOMLFL VWLSXODQWX VNORSLWL XJRYRU R
NXSRSURGDMLXNRULVWWUHLKLJUDDXLJULp-RNHUq
175
 9LVRNLWUJRYDNLVXG3RGWUDYQMD7XHQLNEDQNDSURPLWHQW
L7+(%(67070(QWHUSULVHV/WGNDRLVNOMXLYLQRVLWHOMSUDYDSURGDMHHNRQRP-
VNRSURSDJDQGQRJYUHPHQD]DHPLVLMXp.RORVUHHqVWLSXODQWVNORSLOLVXXJRYRU
SRNRMHPHEDQNDLVSODLYDWLQDJUDGXQDWMHFDWHOMLPDXp.ROXVUHHq976MHSUHVX-
GLRXNRULVWWDNYRJQDWMHFDWHOMDWUHLGDLPDVDPRVWDOQL]DKWMHYSUHPDEDQFL
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

SURGDMLQHNUHWQLQH8MHGQRPHVHRGQMLKWXHQLNSURPLWHQWREYH]DRVWUDQRM

GUDYOMDQNL VWLSXODQW GD H VNORSLWL XJRYRU R NXSRSURGDML QHNUHWQLQH V WU-
JRYDNLPGUXwWYRPNRMLVWUDQDGUDYOMDQNDRVQXMHNRULVQLNWXLWHOM1761LMH
ELOR VSRUQR GD MH ULMH R XJRYRUX X NRULVW WUHHJD DOL VXGRYL QLHJ VWXSQMD
RGELMDOL VX WXEX QD WHPHOMX QHGRSXwWHQH SREXGH VWMHFDQMH QHNUHWQLQH RG
VWUDQHGUDYOMDQNHVLPVH9UKRYQLVXGQLMHVORLR6RE]LURPQDWRGDVX
QHNUHWQLQHMHGDQRGQDMYUHGQLMLKREMHNDWDNXSRSURGDMHQH]DXXMHGDVHWLP
SRYRGRP VNODSDMX SUHGXJRYRUL NRMLPD VH RGUHXMX VYL ELWQL VDVWRMFL JODYQRJ
XJRYRUDSDWDNRLWUHDRVREDNDRXJRYRUQDVWUDQD177
8MHGQRMSUHVXGLMHLXJRYRURGRLYRWQRPX]GUDYDQMXVNORSOMHQNDRXJR-
YRUXNRULVWWUHHJD1780RHVHSUHWSRVWDYLWLGDVHWDNYLXJRYRULVNODSDMXXVYU-
KX]EULQMDYDQMDWUHHRVREH]DNRMXVWLSXODQWLPDSUDYQXLOLPRUDOQXRGJRYRU-
QRVWXNRQNUHWQRPVOXDMXVWLSXODQWMHELREUDWRVREH]DNRMXMHX]GUDYDQMH
XJRYRUHQR.DRwWRMHUHHQRQDSRHWNXNODX]XODXNRULVWWUHHJDPRHVH
GRGDWLELORNRMHPXRGSRVWRMHLKXJRYRUDSDVHWDNRPHXSUHVXGDPDKUYDW-
VNLKVXGRYDMRwPRJXQDLGDURYDQMHVQDORJRPXNRULVWWUHHJD179XJRYRUNR-
MLPVHUHJXOLUDYUDDQMH]DMPDXNRULVWWUHHJDWHNXSRSURGDMDX]L]GDYDQMH
WDEXODUQHLVSUDYHXNRULVWWUHHJD181
=DNOMXQRPRHVHXVWYUGLWLGDVHSUDNVDKUYDWVNLKVXGRYDVDPRGMHORPLFH
PRH VYUVWDWL X XWYUHQH NDWHJRULMH QMHPDNH VXGVNH SUDNVH 1H VDPR GD MH
XNXSQL EURM KUYDWVNLK SUHVXGD PDQML YH VXGRYL QLVX XVWDQRYLOL NRMH VH VYH
YUVWHXJRYRUDPRJXVPDWUDWLXJRYRULPDXNRULVWWUHHJDSRVDPRMVYRMRMQD-
UDYL6DPRMHXJRYRURRVLJXUDQMXQHGYRMEHQRSUHSR]QDWNDRWDNDYDLQLVHL
XJRYRUXNRULVWWUHLKRVREDLPDWHOMDwWHGQHNQMLLFH

176
 965+ 5HY  RG  YHOMDH  7DNRHU L X JRUH QDYHGHQRM SUHVXGL
7UJRYDNRJVXGDX5LMHFL3RGVYLEQMDULMHMHRSUHGXJRYRUX
]D VNODSDQMH XJRYRUD R NXSRSURGDML QHNUHWQLQH V SREMHGQLNRP X QDJUDGQRM LJUL
p-RNHUq
177
 'DMHSUHGXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDXSUDYQRPSURPHWXRSHQLWRYUORNRULVWDQYLGL
XjPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWU.RULVWNRMD]DWUHHJDSURL]OD]LL]WDNYRJXJR-
YRUDMHVWXVDPRMPRJXQRVWLGDVSURPLWHQWRPVNORSL]DVHEHUHGRYLWRNRULVWDQ
JODYQLXJRYRU$NRL]JODYQRJXJRYRUDSURL]DXLREYH]H]DNRULVQLNDSUHGXJRYRUD
QHPRHVHUHLGDVXPXRQHQDPHWQXWHEH]QMHJRYDSULVWDQNDMHUMHVYRMSULVWDQDN
L]UD]LRVNODSDMXLJODYQLXJRYRU$JODYQLXJRYRULRQDNRSUHGVWDYOMD]DVHEQXSUDYQX
RVQRYXXRGQRVXQDSUHGXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD
178
 XSDQLMVNLVXGX5LMHFL*
179
 96+5HYRGWUDYQMD363

 965+5HYRGSURVLQFD
181
 96+5HYRGWUDYQMD
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

8JRYRULVD]DwWLWQLPGMHORYDQMHPXNRULVWWUHHJD

8GRVDGDwQMHPL]ODJDQMXSULND]DQRMHSROMHSULPMHQHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUH-
HJDXKUYDWVNRMLQMHPDNRMVXGVNRMSUDNVL8RYRPHGLMHOXELWLQD]QDHQR
GDOMQMHwLUHQMHSROMDSULPMHQHNUR]NUHDWLYQXLQWHUSUHWDFLMXQMHPDNLKVXGRYD
LL]YDQJUDQLFDQDPMHUH]DNRQRGDYFD1DWDMQDLQPRJXHMHXJRYRUXNRULVW
WUHHJD SULPLMHQLWL L QD QHNH WLSLQR L]YDQXJRYRUQH VLWXDFLMH NDR wWR MH SL-
WDQMH QDNQDGH LVWH HNRQRPVNH wWHWH ,DNR WDNR wLURNR SROMH SULPMHQH ]DVDG
QHSRVWRMLXKUYDWVNRMSUDNVLSULEXGXHPUD]YRMXNRULVQRMHX]HWLXRE]LUL
QMHPDNDUMHwHQMD
8VYLPQDYHGHQLPSUHVXGDPDKUYDWVNLKVXGRYDELODMHULMHRWRPHGDMH
WUHD RVRED SRVWDOD NRULVQLNRP SULPDUQRJ SUDYD L] XJRYRUD RGQRVQR GD MH
SRVWDODRYODwWHQDRGSURPLWHQWD]DKWLMHYDWLJODYQXLQLGEX,SDNSR]QDWRMH
GDXJRYRULRVLPSULPDUQHVDGUDYDMXLPQRJHVHNXQGDUQHREYH]HNRMHHVWR
REYH]XMXQD]DwWLWXGUXJHXJRYRUQHVWUDQH.DRSULPMHUPRHVHX]HWLXJR-
YRU R NXSRSURGDML NRML RVLP JODYQH SURGDYDWHOMHYH REYH]H QD SUHGDMX VWYDUL
VDGUDYDLREYH]X]DwWLWHLOLXSR]RUHQMDNXSFDQDHYHQWXDOQHRSDVQRVWL183
$NRWUHHRVREHPRJXSRVWDWLNRULVQLFLPDSULPDUQRJSUDYDQHPDUD]ORJD
]DwWRQHELPRJOHSRVWDWLLNRULVQLFLPD]DwWLWQLKSUDYDL]XJRYRUD6WLPGD
MHXWYULYDQMHNRULVQLND]DwWLWQLKSUDYDNRMLQLVXXMHGQRLNRULVQLFLSULPDUQRJ
SUDYDXSUDNVLSXQRWHHMHUVHXXJRYRULPDQDMHwHQDYRGLVDPRGHVWLQDWDU
SULPDUQHREYH]HGRNVHRQHVHNXQGDUQHVPDWUDMXLPSOLFLUDQLPD=ERJWRJD
SULXWYULYDQMXNRULVQLND]DwWLWQLKSUDYDYHOLNXXORJXLPDWXPDHQMHVXGRYD
7DNYLPNRULVQLFLPD]DwWLWQLKSUDYDL]XJRYRUDQDUDVSRODJDQMXQDMHwHVWR-
ML L SDUDOHOQD PRJXQRVW L]YDQXJRYRUQH QDNQDGH wWHWH ,] WRJD MH YLGOMLYR GD
VH]DwWLWQDSULPMHQDXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDSUHNODSDVSRGUXMHPL]YDQXJR-
YRUQRJRGwWHWQRJSUDYD7DNYDSULPMHQDSURL]OD]LL]SUDYQHSULURGHXJRYRUDX
NRULVWWUHHJDNRMLSUHPGDSULSDGDXJRYRUQRPSUDYXQDVWDMHEH]NRULVQLNRYD
RLWRYDQMDYROMHLSRWRPHVHSULEOLDYDL]YDQXJRYRUQLPRGQRVLPD.DRGREUD
LOXVWUDFLMDPRHSRVOXLWLMHGQDIUDQFXVNDSUHVXGDXNRMRMMHVXGSUHVXGLRSURWLY
SULMHYR]QLND D X NRULVW URGELQH RVREH R]OLMHHQH X SULMHYR]X WHPHOMHL VYRMX
RGOXNXQDWRPHGDMHURGELQDNRULVQLN]DwWLWQLKNODX]XODXJRYRUDRSULMHYR]X

 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU
183
 7RVHQHPRHSRLVWRYMHWLWLVLQVWLWXWRPRGJRYRUQRVWL]DQHLVSUDYDQSURL]YRGMHU
SRQMHPXRGJRYDUDVDPRSURL]YRDO=22DDRSDVQRVWHVWRQDVWDMH
WHNQDNRQWUHQXWNDSURL]YRGQMHQSUGRWUDMDORwXVWYDULLOLVHVDVWRMLXRSDVQLP
XYMHWLPD X NRMLPD VH SURGDMD RGYLMD DNR XJRYRU MRw QLMH VNORSOMHQ RGJRYRUQRVW
SURGDYDWHOMDPRHSRVWRMDWLSRFXOSDLQFRQWUDKHQGR

 .W])OHVVQHUop. cit. u bilj. 41, str. 251.
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

,DNRMHWDSUHVXGDNULWL]LUDQDVDVWDMDOLwWDGDVHL]YROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDQHPRH
QLNDNRUD]D]QDWLGDMHURGELQLQDPLMHQMHQDPDNDUL]DwWLWDL]XJRYRUDRVWDMHL-
QMHQLFDGDQHGRVWDWNHRGwWHWQRJSUDYDVXGRYL]QDMXQDGRPMHVWLWLHNVWHQ]LYQLP
WXPDHQMHPXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
.DG VH WR GRJDD X )UDQFXVNRM NRMD SR]QDMH wLURNH PRJXQRVWL L]YDQ
uJRYRUQH QDNQDGHwWHWH185QHXGLWDNYD SUDNVDVXGRYD X1MHPDNRM JGMH MH
QDNQDGD wWHWH GRSXwWHQD VDPR X WDNVDWLYQR QDEURMHQLP VOXDMHYLPD numerus
clausus ]DwWLHQLKLQWHUHVD).186DNLXVOXDMHYLPDWMHOHVQHR]OMHGHQMHPDNLVX
VXGRYLSULEMHJDYDOLXJRYRUXXNRULVWWUHHJDNDGLPGUXJHPRJXQRVWLQLVXELOH
QDUDVSRODJDQMX7DNRVXSUL]QDOLSUDYR]DNXSQLNRYHHQHNRMRMMH]DNXSOMHQD
VWYDUQDQLMHODR]OMHGXGDNDRNRULVQLNWXL]DNXSRGDYFDLDNRMXVDPXJRYRUR
]DNXSXQLMHXRSHVSRPLQMDR6XGMHREUD]ORLRGDHQDQHSRVWDMHNRULVQLNRP
SULPDUQHREYH]HRGQRVQRGDQHPDSUDYRWUDLWLSUHGDMXVWYDULQDNRULwWHQMHDOL
GDSRVWDMHNRULVQLNRPVHNXQGDUQLKSUDYDXVPLVOXGDMRM]DNXSRGDYDFRGJRYDUD
]DSRYUHGXVYRMHREYH]HQDRGUDYDQMHVWYDULVLJXUQRP187'DQHELRWYRULOLSXW
]DKWMHYLPDSUHwLURNRJNUXJDWUHLKRVREDQMHPDNLVXVXGRYLXVSRVWDYLOLMDVQH
NULWHULMHXNRMLPVHVOXDMHYLPDWUHDRVREDPRHVPDWUDWLNRULVQLNRP]DwWLWQLK
SUDYDL]XJRYRUD188DPRUDSRVWRMDWLEOLVNDYH]DL]PHXVWLSXODQWDLWUHHRVR-
EH/HLVWXQJVQKHEVWLSXODQWPRUDLPDWLLQWHUHV]D]DwWLWRPWUHHRVREHpXGREUXL
]OXq:RKOXQG:HKH189LFSURPLWHQWPRUDPRLSUHGYLGMHWLGDHWUHDRVRED
SUHWUSMHWLwWHWXDNRRQQHL]YUwLVYRMXREYH]X

185
 O  &RGH FLYLOD SURSLVXMH GD QD QDNQDGX REYH]XMH pVYDNL LQ NRMLP QHWNR
GUXJRPHX]URNXMHwWHWXq7DNYDIRUPXODFLMDVOLLSRGMHGQDNRwLURNRMIRUPXODFLMLO
=22
186
 %*%DGR]YROMDYDQDNQDGXVDPRDNRMHwWHWDQDVWDODQDpLYRWXWLMHOX]GUDY-
OMXVORERGLLPRYLQLLOLGUXJRPSUDYXGUXJHRVREHq
187
 5*=6OLQRMHSUHVXGLRLQMHPDNL9UKRYQLVXGXSR]QDWRPVOXDMXpOLVWD
SRYUDqHWUQDHVWRJRGLwQMLWXLWHOMSUDWLRMHPDMNXXNXSRYLQXLGRNMHPDMNDHND-
ODGDSODWLWXLWHOMMHRWLwDRL]DSXOWDSRPRL]DPRWDWLUREXDOLVHSRVNOL]QXRQDOLVW
SRYUDLR]OLMHGLR6XGMHSUHVXGLRGDMHFXOSDLQFRQWUDKHQGRSUXDODPDMFLXJRYRUQX
]DwWLWXNRMDMHVSRPRXXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDREXKYDDODLWXLWHOMD%*+=
REDWDVOXDMDX0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQRSFLWXELOMVWU
LX%D\HURSFLWXELOMVWU7LSULPMHULL]YUVQRSRND]XMXNDNRVH
SRQHNDGQDL]JOHGWLSLQHL]YDQXJRYRUQHVLWXDFLMHPRJXREXKYDWLWLLQVWLWXWLPDXJR-
YRUQRJSUDYDFXOSDLQFRQWUDKHQGRXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD
188
 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit.XELOMVWU Bayer, op. cit. XELOMVWU
189
 7DMGUXJLXYMHWXMHGQRMHRGOLDQSULPMHURQRJDwWRMHYHUHHQRRXOR]LLQWHUHVQRJ
NULWHULMDNRGXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD8]HPOMDPDJGMHMRwSRVWRMLLQWHUHVQLNULWHULM
LPDGHIDQ]LYQXIXQNFLMXRJUDQLDYDQMDSRWHQFLMDOQRSUHwLURNRJNUXJDNRULVQLND,]
WRJDMHVDGYLGOMLYRGDVHDNLX1MHPDNRMNRMDLQDHQHSR]QDMHLQWHUHVQLNULWHULM
XJUDQLQLPVOXDMHYLPDXNRMLPDMHWHwNRRGUHGLWLSUDYXYROMXXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
VWLSXODQWRYLQWHUHVSUHWYDUDXMHGDQRGQXQLKXYMHWD
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

,SDNQLVDPLVXGRYLQLVXVHGXJRGUDOLYODVWLWLKNULWHULMDNDGMHXSLWDQMH
GRwODQDNQDGDpLVWHHNRQRPVNHwWHWHqLVWDHNRQRPVNDwWHWDMHVWRQDNRMD
QLMHSRVOMHGLFDWMHOHVQHSRYUHGHQLWLwWHWHSURX]URHQHQDQHLMRMLPRYLQLGDNOH
wWHWD EH] VYRMH IL]LNH NRPSRQHQWH D RLWXMH VH LVNOMXLYR X SRYUHGL QHLMLK
HNRQRPVNLKLQWHUHVD191,DNRVHGUDYHUD]OLNXMXXVKYDDQMXwWRVHVYHVPDWUD
LVWRPHNRQRPVNRPwWHWRPNRGYHLQHGUDYDNRMHNRULVWHWDMSRMDPRQVH
XSRWUHEOMDYDXQHJDWLYQRPVPLVOXNDRSUDYLORGDVHLVWDHNRQRPVNDwWHWDQH
QDNQDXMH 7DNDY VWDY SURL]OD]L L] ERMD]QL GD EL VH SUL]QDYDQMHP LVWH HNR-
QRPVNHwWHWHVWYRULRSUHYHOLNNUXJPRJXLK]DKWMHYDNRMHYLwHQHELELORPRJX-
HNRQWUROLUDWL1MHPDNDSULSDGDPHXGUDYHNRMHQHGRSXwWDMXQDNQDGX
LVWH HNRQRPVNH wWHWH MHU VH X   %*%D HNRQRPVNL LQWHUHV QH VSRPLQMH
PHXL]ULLWRQDYHGHQLP]DwWLHQLPSUDYLPD,SDNXVOXDMHYLPDNDGDVXVPD-
WUDOLGDMHSUDYHGQRWUHHPXQDNQDGLWLLVWLHNRQRPVNLJXELWDNQMHPDNLVX
VXGRYLMRwYLwHUDVWHJQXOLSRVWRMHLLQVWLWXWXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
6YHMHSRHORVSR]QDWLPVOXDMHPXNRMHPMHQMHPDNL9UKRYQLVXGBundes-
JHULFKWVKRI SUHVXGLR GD MH MDYQL ELOMHQLN NRML MH QHPDUQR VDVWDYLR RSRUXNX
RGJRYRUDQ SUHPD QDVOMHGQLNX QD WHPHOMX WH RSRUXNH193 6 RE]LURP QD WR GD
VH X 1MHPDNRM QH QDNQDXMH LVWL HNRQRPVNL JXELWDN VXG MH ]DNOMXLR GD MH
ELOMHQLNRGJRYRUDQQDWHPHOMXWRJDwWRMHQDVOMHGQLNXMHGQRLNRULVQLNXJRYRUD
L]PHXRSRUXLWHOMDLELOMHQLND%LWQDMHELODLQMHQLFDGDMHELOMHQLN]QDRGD
QMHJRYRSUDYLOQRLVSXQMHQMHXWMHHQDQDVOMHGQLNDNDRLWRGDMHSRVWRMDODVDPR
MHGQDRVREDQDVOMHGQLNNRMRMMHQDWDMQDLQQDQHVHQDwWHWDWRSRVOMHGQMHNDR
DUJXPHQW SURWLY RSDVQRVWL SUHwLURNRJ NUXJD NRULVQLND ,] WRJD MH YLGOMLYR GD
MH VXG QDSXVWLR DN GYD RG WUL NULWHULMD QXQD ]D VWMHFDQMH ]DwWLWQRJ SUDYD L]
XJRYRUDNULWHULMEOLVNHYH]HLNULWHULMVWLSXODQWRYDLQWHUHVD7DNDYVHXJRYRUX
NRULVWWUHHJDWROLNRXGDOMDYDRGRULJLQDOQHNRQFHSFLMHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
GDVXQHNLDXWRULWRQD]YDOLpL]YDQXJRYRUQLP]DKWMHYRPSUHUXwHQLPXXJRYRUQX
RGMHXq

 (QJpure economic loss.
191
 3DOPHU 9 9 %XVVDQL 0 3XUH (FRQRPLF /RVV 7KH :D\V WR 5HFRYHU\ YRO 
(OHFWURQLF -RXUQDO RI &RPSDUDWLYH /DZ SURVLQDF  KWWSZZZHMFORUJ
DUWLFOHSGIVYLEQMDVWU(NRQRPVNDwWHWDNRMDQLMHpLVWDqPRH
VHQD]YDWLpSRVOMHGLQRPHNRQRPVNRPwWHWRPqFRQVHTXHQWLDOHFRQRPLFORVV

 3R]QDWLDPHULNLVXGDF%1&DUGR]RWRMHL]UD]LRNDRERMD]DQRGpRGJRYRUQRVWLX
QHRGUHHQRM NROLLQL ]D QHRGUHHQR YULMHPH L SUHPD QHRGUHHQRP EURMX OMXGLq
8OWUDPDUHVY7RXFKH1(1<
193
 %*+1-:-=X0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOM
VWU

 0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWUQDYRGHMRwLVOLQXL]MDYX
SURI.W]D
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

2VLPQD]DKWMHYHQDVOMHGQLNDSUHPDRVRELNRMDMHVDVWDYLODRSRUXNXXJRYRU
XNRULVWWUHLKX1MHPDNRMVHHVWRSULPMHQMXMHQDVOXDMHYHQHPDUQRL]GDQLK
SRWYUGDRYULMHGQRVWLQHNUHWQLQD1958WDNYLPSUHVXGDPDVXGRYLVXQDwOLGDMH
WUHDRVREDNRULVQLNXJRYRUDL]PHXSURFMHQLWHOMDYULMHGQRVWLQHNUHWQLQDLQD-
UXLWHOMDDNRMHSURFMHQLWHOMYULMHGQRVWL]QDRGDHWUHDRVREDNXSLWLRGQRVQR
NRULVWLWLQHNUHWQLQXDNQLMHQXQRGDMHWUHDRVREDSRLPHQFHRGUHHQDLOLGD
MHSR]QDWEURMWUHLKRVREDsGRYROMQRMHGDMHJUXSDWUHLKRVREDNRMHVHwWLWH
pRGUHGLYDSUHPDREMHNWLYQLPVWDQGDUGLPDq196,DNRMHMDVQRGDXWDNYLPVOXDMH-
YLPDYLwHQLMHULMHRVWYDUQRMYROMLXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDVXGRYLLGDOMHL]YRGHVYRMH
SUHVXGHL]pLPSOLFLWQHYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDqLSULWRPSULEMHJDYDMXUD]OLLWLP
ILNFLMDPD197=ERJWRJDVHQHNLNRPHQWDWRUL]DODX]DQDSXwWDQMHXJRYRUDXNR-
ULVWWUHHJDNDRSUDYQRJWHPHOMD]DQDNQDGXLVWRJHNRQRPVNRJJXELWND
,SDNL]WRJDVHQLSRwWRQHVPLMH]DNOMXLWLGDQMHPDNRSUDYRXYLMHNQDN
QDXMH LVWX HNRQRPVNX wWHWX VDPR SRG GUXJLP QD]LYRP 7UHED SULPLMHWLWL
GDVHVYLRYLVOXDMHYLRGJRYRUQRVWMDYQRJELOMHQLND]DVDVWDYOMDQMHRSRUXNH
SURFMHQLWHOMD QHNUHWQLQD ]D L]GDYDQMH SRWYUGH GUXJLK L]GDYDWHOMD VYMHGRGEL
SRWYUGDLXYMHUHQMDSRGL]YRDDL]XJRYRUDRJUDHQMXRGQRVHQDRGJRYRU-
QRVW VWUXQMDND ]D SRVOMHGLFH YODVWLWH VWUXQH GMHODWQRVWL198 6 RE]LURP QD WR
GD WDNYH GMHODWQRVWL LPDMX RHNLYDQR wLUL GUXwWYHQL XLQDN RG XLQND SUHPD
GUXJRMXJRYRUQRMVWUDQLRSUDYGDQRMHGDHNVSHUWLRGJRYDUDMXwLUHPNUXJXRVR-
ED7DNRHUYDQXXORJXLPDLWRGDMHULMHRRGJRYRUQRVWLSUHPDRGUHGLYRP
EURMXWUHLKRVREDNRMLKQLNDGDQHVPLMHELWLSUHYLwHLQDHELVHQDUXwLORQDH-
ORSUDYQHVLJXUQRVWL'RVOLQLKUMHwHQMDHVWRGROD]HLGUXJHGUDYHDOLSXWHP
L]QLPNLL]YDQXJRYRUQRJRGwWHWQRJSUDYD199

195
 2VLPWRJDVPDWUDVHGDELVHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDPRJDRSULPLMHQLWLLQDXJRYRUH
R JUDHQMX X VLWXDFLMDPD ODQFD XJRYRUD FKDLQ RI FRQWUDFWV MHU EL SRGL]YRD ELR
RGJRYRUDQ QH VDPR GUXJRM XJRYRUQRM VWUDQL QHJR L QDUXLWHOMX NDR NRULVQLNX WRJ
XJRYRUD,SDNWDNYHVXSUHVXGHX1MHPDNRML]QLPQRULMHWNHMHUMHXJUDHYLQVNRM
LQGXVWULMLRELDML]ULLWRXJRYRULWLGDVYL]DKWMHYLJODYQRJL]YRDDSUHPDSRGL]YR-
DLPD FHVLMRP SUHOD]H QD QDUXLWHOMD 0DUNHVLQLV 8QEHUDWK -RKQVWRQ op. cit. u
ELOMVWU
196
 %*+1-:X0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU

197
 1SUSUHVXGD%*+=XNRMRMMHVXGSULEMHJDRILNFLMLGDMHQDUXLWHOMSUR-
FMHQH]HPOMLwWDLPDRpVWYDUQLLQWHUHVq]DwWLWLRVREXNRMRMMHSURGDR]HPOMX0DUNH-
VLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit. XELOMVWU
198
 %D\HUop. cit. XELOMVWU
199
 (QJOHVNDWDNRHUQDHOQRQHQDNQDXMHLVWXHNRQRPVNXwWHWXDOLSR]QDMHPQRJH
L]QLPNHRGWRJSUDYLODNRMHRSHWSULSDGDMXXWRUWODZDQHXFRQWUDFWODZ,SDNWHH
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

1DSUYLSRJOHGQMHPDNDUMHwHQMDQLVXSULPMHQOMLYDQDKUYDWVNRSUDYRMHU
RQRLPDGUXNLMLpOLEHUDOQLMLqVXVWDYL]YDQXJRYRUQHQDNQDGHwWHWHSRNRMHPX
VHQDNQDXMHLLVWDHNRQRPVNDwWHWD7RSURL]OD]LL]=22DNRMLXO
VWRGUHXMHNDNRMHGXDQQDNQDGLWLwWHWXVYDWNRWNRMXSURX]URLGUXJRPH
DNRQHGRNDHGDMHwWHWDQDVWDODEH]QMHJRYHNULYQMH6WLVWRJODQNDRGUH-
XMHNDNRVHSUHGPQLMHYDRELQDQHSDQMD3RQHNLPPLwOMHQMLPDWDNRwLURNR
SRVWDYOMHQD PRJXQRVW QDNQDGH wWHWH X NRULVW RwWHHQLND VYUVWDYD KUYDWVNR
SUDYRPHXQDMOLEHUDOQLMDXVYLMHWX6DPDwWHWDGHILQLUDQDMHONDR
XPDQMHQMHQHLMHLPRYLQHRELQDwWHWDVSUHDYDQMHQMH]LQDSRYHDQMDL]PD-
NODNRULVWLSRYUHGDSUDYDRVREQRVWLQHLPRYLQVNDwWHWD7DNYRVHDSVWUDNWQR
XUHHQMH=22DGRLVWDUD]OLNXMHRG%*%DNRMLWDNVDWLYQRQDYRGL]DNRQRP
]DwWLHQHLQWHUHVH1DWHPHOMXWRJDVWDMDOLwWHKUYDWVNLKVXGDFDL]QDQVWYHQLND
MHVWGDMHSRYUHGDELORNRMHJSUDYDGRYROMQDGDGRYHGHGRQDNQDGHwWHWHLGD
QH SRVWRML QLwWD wWR EL LVWX HNRQRPVNX wWHWX LQLOR L]QLPNRP 2JUDQLHQMH
SUHwLURNRJEURMDWXLWHOMDXKUYDWVNRPVHSUDYXPRUDSURYHVWLQDGUXJLQDLQV
SRPRXNULWHULMDNDX]DOQRVWLX]URNRPwWHWHVPDWUDVHVDPRWDNYRSRQDwDQMH
wWHWQLND]DNRMHVHPRHSUHGYLGMHWLGDHUH]XOWLUDWLWDNYRPwWHWRPLNULWHULMD
QDNQDGHVDPRRQHwWHWHNRMDMHVLJXUQRSURL]DwODL]wWHWQLNRYDSRQDwDQMD
,SDN XQDWR UD]OLLWRP ]DNRQVNRP XUHHQMX QMHPDND LVNXVWYD PRJX
SRVOXLWL KUYDWVNRP SUDYX ,DNR VH QMHPDND NRQVWUXNFLMD XJRYRUD X NRULVW
WUHHJDNDRQDGRPMHVWND]DL]YDQXJRYRUQXRGJRYRUQRVWPRHLQLWL]QDQVWYH-
QRQHVSUHWQRPRQDLPDQHNHRLWHSUDNWLQHSUHGQRVWL1DMYDQLMDMHWDwWR
SURPLWHQWRGJRYDUDWUHRMRVRELQDWHPHOMXYHSRVWRMHHJXJRYRUDLPDMXLQD

VHL]QLPNHSULPLMHQLWLVDPRNDGMHULMHRRJUDQLHQRPEURMXSRWHQFLMDOQLKWXLWHOMD
wWRVHSULEOLDYDQMHPDNRPRJUDQLHQMXpRGUHGLYRJNUXJDRVREDq-HGQDRGL]QLP-
NLHQJOHVNRJSUDYDWLHVHXSUDYRRGJRYRUQRVWLVWUXQMDNDSULVDVWDYOMDQMXRSRUXNH
3DOPHU %XVVDQL op. cit. X ELOM  VWU  =D UD]OLNX RG QMHPDNRJ HQJOHVNR
SUDYRLGDOMHLQ]LVWLUDQDYUVWRMYH]LL]PHXRVREHNRMDMHGDODL]MDYXRGQRVQRSR-
GX]HODUDGQMXLSULPDWHOMDNRMLVHXWRSRX]GDRLSUHWUSLRwWHWX0DUNHVLQLV8QEH-
UDWK-RKQVWRQ op. cit. XELOMVWU$XVWULMVNRSUDYRLDNRSR]QDMHSXQRwLUX
]DNRQVNXGHILQLFLMXwWHWHRGQMHPDNRJSUDYD$%*%DWXPDLMXQDYUOR
VOLDQQDLQQMHPDNRMSUDYQRMGRNWULQLWDNRGDMH$XVWULMDMHGQDRGHXURSVNLKGU-
DYDNRMDGR]YROMDYDQDNQDGXwWHWHXQDMPDQMHPEURMXVOXDMHYD3DOPHU%XVVDQL,
op. cit. XELOMVWULpass8VNODGXVWLPLDXVWULMVNRSUDYRSR]QDMHXJRYRU
VD]DwWLWQLPXLQFLPDXNRULVWWUHHJDDOLJDSULPMHQMXMHSUYHQVWYHQRXVOXDMHYLPD
VWYDUQHwWHWHRGQRVQRSRYUHGHQDWLMHOXLOLLPRYLQLRwWHHQLND8VOXDMHYLPDLVWH
HNRQRPVNHwWHWHQDNQDGDSXWHPXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDGROD]LXRE]LUVDPRL]QL-
PQR3DUDSDWLWV, op. cit.XELOMVWU

 3DOPHU%XVVDQLop. cit. XELOMVWU

,ELGVWU
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

UDVSRODJDQMXVYHSULJRYRUHNRMHELLPDRLSUHPDVWLSXODQWX6XSURWQRWRPHSR
SUDYLOLPDL]YDQXJRYRUQHRGJRYRUQRVWLwWHWQLNRwWHHQLNXRGJRYDUD]DVYXQD-
VWDOXwWHWXQHPDMXLPRJXQRVWLVNRULVWLWLHYHQWXDOQDXJRYRUQDRJUDQLHQMD
.DG EL VH QD SULPMHUH QMHPDNH SUDNVH SULPLMHQLOD L]YDQXJRYRUQD QDNQDGD
wWHWHPRJORELGRLGRRLWRQHSUDYHGQRJUH]XOWDWDsGDSURFMHQLWHOMQHNUHW-
QLQHLOLGUXJLVWUXQMDNRGJRYDUDWUHRMRVRELXSXQRPRSVHJXLDNRMHVYRMX
RGJRYRUQRVWXJRYRUQRRJUDQLLRXRGQRVXVRQLP]DNRMXMHWXSURFMHQXSU-
YHQVWYHQRLL]UDGLR
3UHPDWRPHQMHPDNDUMHwHQMDLWHNDNRPRJXNRULVWLWLLKUYDWVNRPSUDYX
,DNRVHLVWDYUVWDVOXDMHYDQDVWDYLUMHwDYDWLNUR]L]YDQXJRYRUQXRGJRYRUQRVW
NDRSROD]QDWRND]DQDNQDGXwWHWHPRUDRELVHX]HWLYHSRVWRMHLXJRYRUVD
VYLPQMHJRYLPRJUDQLHQMLPD1DWDMQDLQSRVWXSDLHQJOHVNRSUDYRNRMHRG-
JRYRUQRVWVWUXQMDND]DQHPDUQRGDQHL]MDYHWDNRHUREXKYDDL]YDQXJRYRU-
QRPQDNQDGRPwWHWH$NRVHSDNXKUYDWVNRPSUDYXL]YDQXJRYRUQD]DwWLWD
QH EL PRJOD RJUDQLLWL XJRYRURP QLwWD QH VSUHDYD KUYDWVNH VXGRYH GD LVWX
NDWHJRULMXRVRED]DwWLWHNDRNRULVQLNHL]XJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD
7DNRHUKUYDWVNRPSUDYXPRHELWL]DQLPOMLYRQMHPDNRUD]PLwOMDQMHGD
XJRYRUSURL]YRGLSULPDUQHLVHNXQGDUQHREYH]HDWUHDRVREDPRHELWLNRUL-
VQLNMHGQLKNDRLGUXJLK,IUDQFXVNRSUDYRNRMHSRXUHHQMXL]YDQXJRYRUQH
QDNQDGHwWHWHYLwHVOLLKUYDWVNRPQHJRQMHPDNRP]QDORVHSRVOXLWLXJR-
YRURPVD]DwWLWQLPGMHORYDQMHPSUHPDWUHLPD7DNRMHIUDQFXVNLVXGSUHVXGLR
XNRULVWSDFLMHQDWD]DUDHQLKVLILOLVRPMHUMHQDwDRGDVXRQLNRULVQLFLXJRYRUD


 .W])OHVVQHUop. cit.XELOMVWU

 .DRwWRVXJHULUDHQJOHVNLVOXDM:KLWHY-RQHV[1995] 2 AC 207X0DUNHVLQLV8QEH-
UDWK-RKQVWRQ op. cit. XELOMVWU1DMSR]QDWLMLHQJOHVNLVOXDMNRMLMHXVWD-
QRYLRGDVWUXQMDFLL]YDQXJRYRUQR(in tort)RGJRYDUDMXWUHLPRVREDPD]DQHPDUQR
GDQHL]MDYHMHVW+HGOH\%\UQH &RY+HOOHU 3DUWQHUV[]$&

 jPDOFHOMop. cit. XELOMVWUNULWLDQMHSUHPDWRPHGDWUHLPRHSRVWDWL
NRULVQLNRP VSRUHGQLK SUDYD LDNR PX XJRYRURP QLMH REHDQD QLNDNYD LQLGED
jPDOFHOMVPDWUDGDVHQDWDNDYQDLQRWYDUDSXW]DKWMHYLPDSUHwLURNRJNUXJDNRUL-
VQLNDNRMHSURPLWHQWXRSHQLMHX]HRXRE]LUSULVNODSDQMXXJRYRUD7LVH]DNOMXFL
VLJXUQRMRwSULMHPRJXSULPLMHQLWLQDQDNQDGXLVWHHNRQRPVNHwWHWHJGMHMHYH]D
L]PHXSURPLWHQWDLSRWHQFLMDOQLKNRULVQLNDMRwVODELMD8VYDNRPVOXDMXWRRVWDMH
VODED WRND RYDNYH SULPMHQH XJRYRUD X NRULVW WUHHJD WH EL X VYDNRP SRMHGLQRP
VOXDMXRWRPHWUHEDORYRGLWLUDXQD

 O&RGHFLYLODRGUHXMHNDNRVYDNDUDGQMDNRMRPQHWNRX]URNXMHGUXJRP
wWHWXREYH]XMHWXRVREXGDWXwWHWXLSRSUDYL'DNOHIUDQFXVNRSUDYRQHPDnumerus
clausus ]DwWLHQLKLQWHUHVD3DOPHU%XVVDQL op. cit. XELOMVWU
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

L]PHXFHQWUD]DWUDQVIX]LMXNUYLLEROQLFHXNRMRMVXVHSDFLMHQWLQDOD]LOL
,DNR MH WDM VOXDM PRJDR ELWL ULMHwHQ L QD WHPHOMX L]YDQXJRYRUQRJ SUDYD VXG
MHVPDWUDRGDVXSDFLMHQWLNRULVQLFLVHNXQGDUQLK]DwWLWQLKRGUHGELXJRYRUDX
NRULVWWUHLK3UDNVDHSRND]DWLKRHOLWDNYLKSULPMHUDELWLLX+UYDWVNRM

=DNOMXDN

3UHPD =DNRQX R REYH]QLP RGQRVLPD XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD MHVW WDNDY

XJRYRUNRMLPVHSURPLWHQWREYH]XMHVWLSXODQWXLVSXQLWLRGUHHQXLQLGEXWUH-
RMRVRELNRULVQLNXVWDNYLPSUDYQLPXLQNRPGDNRULVQLNLVSXQMHQMHLQLGEH
PRH]DKWLMHYDWLVDPRVWDOQRLQHSRVUHGQRRGSURPLWHQWDLDNRQLMHVXGMHORYDR
SUL VNODSDQMX XJRYRUD 5D]OLNXMH VH RG QHSUDYRJ XJRYRUD X NRULVW WUHHJD X
NRMHPXVHLQLGEDWDNRHULPDLVSXQLWLWUHRMRVRELDOLRQDQHVWMHHYODVWLWR
SUDYR]DKWLMHYDWLQMH]LQRLVSXQMHQMH
8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDQLMHSRVHEQDYUVWDXJRYRUDQHJRNODX]XODVSRPRX
NRMHWUHDRVREDPRHSRVWDWLYMHURYQLNRPELORNRMHJPRJXHJXJRYRUD,DNR
SRVWDMHYMHURYQLNRPWUHDVHRVREDQHVPDWUDMHGQRPRGXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDwWR
RVWDMHUH]HUYLUDQR]DVWLSXODQWDLSURPLWHQWD8PMHVWRXRELDMHQRJXJRYRUQRJ
GYRVWUDQRJRGQRVDVDGDQDVWDMHWURVWUXNLRGQRVVWLSXODQWsSURPLWHQWVWLSX-
ODQWsNRULVQLNLSURPLWHQWsNRULVQLN3URPLWHQWMHGXQLNLSUHPDVWLSXODQWX
LSUHPDNRULVQLNXGRNVXLVWLSXODQWLNRULVQLNSDUDOHOQLYMHURYQLFLNRMLPRJX
]DKWLMHYDWLLVSXQMHQMHLVNOMXLYRNRULVQLNXDQMLKRYPHXVREQLRGQRVLQWHUQRJ
MHNDUDNWHUD
3UHOD]HLQDSUREOHP]DVQLYDQMDSUDYDWUHHRVREHPRHVHSULPLMHWLWLGD
QH SRVWRML XQLYHU]DOQR VODJDQMH X YH]L V WLP MH OL YROMD XJRYRUQLK VWUDQD GR-
VWDWQDGDVWYRULSUDYRWUHHRVREHLOLVXSRWUHEQLLQHNLREMHNWLYQLNULWHULMLX
SUYRP UHGX SRVWRMDQMH VWLSXODQWRYD LQWHUHVD ,DNR SRVWRML RSD WHQGHQFLMD N
OLEHUDOL]DFLMLXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJDSRVWRMHGUDYHNDRQSU,WDOLMDNRMHMRw
XYLMHN DNWLYQR ]DKWLMHYDMX GD VWLSXODQW X WRPH LPD LQWHUHV , PQRJH GUDYH
NRMHVXRGXVWDOHRGQXQRVWLREMHNWLYQLKNULWHULMDMRwVHXYLMHNQMLPDVOXHNDG
QLwWD QLMH L]ULLWR XJRYRUHQR NDR ]DNRQVNLP LOL VXGVNLP SUHVXPSFLMDPD ]D
RGUHLYDQMHYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDWDNR1MHPDNDL6$',]WRJDSURL]OD]L
GDREMHNWLYQL]DKWMHYLIXQNFLRQLUDMXSUYHQVWYHQRNDRRJUDQLHQMHSRWHQFLMDOQR
SUHwLURNRJNUXJDWUHLKRVREDNRMHELVRE]LURPQDSRWHwNRHXWYULYDQMDSUD-
YHYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDPRJOHLVWDNQXWLVYRMH]DKWMHYHL]XJRYRUD6GUXJH
VWUDQHGUDYHNRMHXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJDWHPHOMHLVNOMXLYRQDYROMLXJRYRUQLK

 &LY*3X0DUNHVLQLV8QEHUDWK-RKQVWRQop. cit.XELOMVWU

Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

VWUDQDXLVWXVHVYUKXPRUDMX]DGRYROMLWLSUHFL]QLMLPUHJXOLUDQMHPVDGUDMDQML-
KRYHYROMH1LMHGRYROMQRXJRYRULWLGDWUHRMRVRELLPDSULSDVWLNRULVWPRUDVH
XJRYRULWLLGDWUHRMRVRELSULSDGDSUDYRQDWXNRULVW'UDYHNRMLPDWXIXQN-
FLMXQDGRPMHwWDSRVWRMDQMHREMHNWLYQLKNULWHULMDHVWRVH]DGRYROMDYDMXLPDQMH
SUHFL]QRPIRUPXODFLMRPSRNRMRMMHGRYROMQRXJRYRULWLNRULVW]DWUHXRVREX
8SRJOHGX]DVQLYDQMDSUDYDWUHHRVREHKUYDWVNRVHSUDYRRSUHGMHOMXMH]DGR-
VWDWQRVWYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDDVDGUDMWHYROMHPRUDELWLWDNDYGDREXKYDWLWUH-
XRVREXXSUDYRNDRQRVLWHOMDVDPRVWDOQRJSUDYD.DGELWUHRMRVRELELODVDPR
XVSXWQRQDPLMHQMHQDNRULVWL]XJRYRUDELODELULMHRQHSUDYRPXJRYRUXXNRULVW
WUHHJDjWHWDwWRVXGRYLXVYRMLPSUHVXGDPDQHSUDYHMDVQLMXUD]OLNXL]PHXSUD-
YLKLQHSUDYLKXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD2VWDMHMRwSXQRSURVWRUDGDVXGVNDSUDNVD
UD]UDGLNULWHULMHUD]OLNRYDQMDLLQWHUSUHWDFLMHYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQD
5D]OLLWRVHSULVWXSDLRSR]LYRVWLSUDYDWUHHRVREH1HVODJDQMDSRLQMXYH
RNRWUHQXWNDXNRMHPNRULVQLNRYRSUDYRSRVWDMHQHRSR]LYRURPDQVNLSUDYQL
NUXJDOLL+UYDWVNDQHRSR]LYRVWYHHX]L]MDYXVDPRJDNRULVQLNDGDSULKYDD
QDPLMHQMHQX PX NRULVW GRN X 1MHPDNRM $XVWULML L 6$'X RQD RYLVL R YROML
XJRYRUQLKVWUDQD2GWLKGYDMXSULVWXSDSUYLYLwHSRJRGXMHNRULVQLNXDGUXJL
VWLSXODQWX L SURPLWHQWX ,SDN V RE]LURP QD XJRYRUQL NDUDNWHU LWDYRJ LQVWL-
WXWDNDRLQDLQWHUSUHWDWLYQR]QDHQMHNRULVQLNRYDSRQDwDQMDNDGVWUDQHQLVX
QLwWDL]ULLWRXJRYRULOHXSUDNVLVHWHUD]OLNHPLQLPDOQRRLWXMX7DNRHUGU-
DYHUD]OLLWRUHJXOLUDMXLNRPHSULSDGDSUDYRQDRSR]LYVWLSXODQWXSULHPX
VH RSR]LY SULEOLDYD MHGQRVWUDQRP YMHURYQLNRYRP UDVSRODJDQMX V YODVWLWRP
WUDELQRP LOL REMHPD VWUDQDPD ]DMHGQR SUL HPX RSR]LY YLwH VOLL L]PMHQL
XJRYRUD =DNRQ R REYH]QLP RGQRVLPD QDYRGL GD VWLSXODQW PRH MHGQRVWUD-
QRQHVDPRRSR]YDWLQHJRLL]PLMHQLWLNRULVWDOLWRWUHEDWXPDLWLXVNODGXV
NRQVHQ]XDOQRPQDUDYLXJRYRUDWDNRGDMHGQRVWUDQDL]PMHQDQHLQLGRGDWQL
WHUHWSURPLWHQWX5D]QROLNDUMHwHQMDQDOD]HVHLRSLWDQMXNRPHVHGDMXL]MDYHR
SULKYDWXRGELMDQMXWHRSR]LYXNRULVWLNDRLXVOXDMHYLPDUDVSRODJDQMDXNRULVW
WUHHJDQDNRQVWLSXODQWRYHVPUWL
3UHPDWRPHKUYDWVNRSUDYRXYLMHNMHLPDORPRJXQRVWELUDWLL]PHXQH-
NROLNRSULVWXSDLRYLVQRRWRPHL]EDODQVLUDWLLQWHUHVHVYLKWULMXVXGLRQLNDXJR-
YRUQRJRGQRVDRHPXXYHOLNHRYLVLNYDOLWHWD]DNRQVNRJXUHHQMD8NXSDQMH
GRMDPGDMHKUYDWVNRSUDYRpX]ODWQRMVUHGLQLqQDHOQRVHSULNODQMDMXLOLEH-
UDOQLMLPUMHwHQMLPDNRMDRPRJXDYDMXODNRXVSRVWDYOMDQMHLMHGQRVWDYDQRSR]LY
SUDYDXNRULVWWUHHJD
,SDNWDNYDRFMHQDKUYDWVNRJSUDYDELODELQHSRWSXQDNDGMXQHELSUDWLORL
UD]PDWUDQMHSROMDSULPMHQHXJRYRUDXNRULVWWUHHJD.DRX]RUKUYDWVNLPVX-
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

GRYLPDPRHSRVOXLWLQMHPDNDSUDNVDNRMDMHGHILQLUDODMHGDQDHVWWLSLQLK
VOXDMHYDXNRMLPDVHWUHLPRVREDPDSUL]QDMXSUDYDL]XJRYRUD7RQDUDYQR
QH]QDLGDLGUXJLXJRYRULQHPRJXLPDWLNODX]XOXXNRULVWWUHHJDQHJRGD
XVOXDMXVXPQMHXJRYRUQHVWUDQHPRJXSUHWSRVWDYLWLXNRMLPHVLWXDFLMDPD
XYLMHNLOLJRWRYRXYLMHNELWLSUHVXHQRXNRULVWWUHHJD1DWDMQDLQVWYDUDVH
SUDYQDVLJXUQRVWDLQVWLWXWXJRYDUDQMDXNRULVWWUHHJDGRELYDVYRMXUD]UDGX
NRMDVHQDVWDYOMDQD]DNRQVNHRGUHGEH
,XKUYDWVNRPSUDYXPRJXVHXRLWLQHNHVLWXDFLMHXNRMLPDVXVXGRYLYLwH-
VWUXNRSUHSR]QDYDOLXJRYRUHXNRULVWWUHHJD8WDNYHSULSDGDMXXJRYRULRRVL-
JXUDQMXXNRULVWWUHHJDXJRYRULL]PHXRVWDYLWHOMDLEDQNHXNRULVWRVREHQD
NRMXSUHOD]HVYDSUDYDVRVWDYLWHOMHYLKUDXQDQDNRQQMHJRYHVPUWLXJRYRULR
UDGXVNODX]XORPXNRULVWUDGQLNDSUHGXJRYRULNRMLPDVHSURPLWHQWREYH]XMHV
WUHLPVNORSLWLXJRYRURNXSRSURGDMLQHNUHWQLQHXJRYRULNRMLPDVHSURPLWHQW
REYH]XMHLVSODWLWLQDJUDGXSREMHGQLFLPDQDQDJUDGQRMLJULXJRYRULRGRLYRW-
QRPX]GUDYDQMXLWG,DNRVXGRVDGDwQMHRGOXNHVXGRYDXJODYQRPLVSUDYQH
WUHEDW H SULHNDWL YHL EURM SUHVXGD GD EL VH PRJOH XVWDQRYLWL QHNH WUDMQLMH
WHQGHQFLMH7DNRHUXPQRJLPDRGWLKXJRYRUDELORMHSULOLQRQHGYRVPLVOHQR
XJRYRUHQRSUDYRXNRULVWWUHHJDSDMHPDQMHULMHRVXGVNRPSUHSR]QDYDQMX
QHNHWLSLQHVLWXDFLMHDYLwHRLVSUDYQRPWXPDHQMXVDPRJXJRYRUQRJL]ULDMD
=DVDGDVHPRHVDPRSUHSR]QDWLGDXJRYRURRVLJXUDQMXXNRULVWWUHHJDYH
SRVYRMRM]DNRQVNRMGHILQLFLMLXYLMHNSUHGVWDYOMDXJRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD
8SUDYR X WRP LGHDOX XVSRVWDYOMDQMD WLSLQLK VLWXDFLMD X NRMLPD VH SUHSR-
]QDMXXJRYRULXNRULVWWUHHJDDGDWRQLMHL]ULLWRXJRYRUQRQDOD]LVHRGJRYRU
QDSLWDQMHRSWLPDOQRJRGQRVDVXEMHNWLYQLKLREMHNWLYQLKNULWHULMDSUL]DVQLYD-
QMXSUDYDWUHHRVREH9HMHREMDwQMHQRNDNRGUDYH]DNRQRGDYQRPNRPEL-
QDFLMRPWLKNULWHULMD]DGRYROMDYDMXVXSURWVWDYOMHQHLQWHUHVHVMHGQHVWUDQH]D
wLURNLPSUL]QDYDQMHPSUDYDwWRGLNWLUDIOHNVLELOQRVWLQHIRUPDOQRVWRGQRVDX
VXYUHPHQRMHNRQRPLMLDVGUXJH]D]DwWLWRPRGSUHYHOLNRJEURMDSRWHQFLMDOQLK
NRULVQLND.DRLXYLMHNQDMEROMLDXVWYDUQRVWLLMHGLQLPRJXLRGJRYRUNULMHVH
QHJGMHXVUHGLQL3URYHGEDWRJpVUHGQMHJqUMHwHQMDRYLVLXSUDYRRVXGRYLPDMHU
VXRQLWLNRMLDSVWUDNWQXQRUPXSULODJRDYDMXNRQNUHWQRPVOXDMX.DGYROMD
XJRYRUQLKVWUDQDQLMHQHGYRVPLVOHQRMDVQDQDVXGRYLPDOHL]DGDWDNGDWUHRM
RVRELSUL]QDMXSUDYRNDGMHWRRSUDYGDQRRHNLYDWLDOLRSHWQDWDNDYQDLQGD
WRQHREXKYDWLSUHwLURNLNUXJRVRED,DNRQHSRVWRMH]DNRQRPRGUHHQLREMHN-
WLYQLNULWHULMLVXGRYLVXXSR]LFLMLpREMHNWLYL]LUDWLqVDPXYROMXXJRYRUQLKVWUD-
QDSURQDOD]HLMXXQHNLPWLSLQLPVLWXDFLMDPD1SUDNRVXGRYLSURQDXGD
MHXJRYRUNRMLVNORSHL]YRDLSRGL]YRDXJRYRUDRJUDHQMXXMHGQRLXJRYRU
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

XNRULVWQDUXLWHOMDRQGDWR]QDLGDYROMXXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDNRQVWUXLUDMXQD
REMHNWLYDQQDLQWDNRGDSURL]OD]LL]ELWLVDPRJLQVWLWXWD7DGDQLMHSRWUHEQR
GRND]LYDWLwWRMHHVWRLQHPRJXHXVYDNRPSRMHGLQRPVOXDMXGDVXEDwWDM
L]YRDLSRGL]YRDLPDOLQDPMHUXSUHQLMHWLVXEMHNWLYQRSUDYRQDNRULVQLND
7DNYDWLSLQDVLWXDFLMDWDGDSRVWDMHVXGVNDSUHVXPSFLMDDXJRYRUQHMXVWUDQH
PRJXL]EMHLVDPRL]ULLWLPVXSURWQLPXJRYDUDQMHP6RE]LURPQDWRGDXVSR-
VWDYOMDQMHWLSLQLKVLWXDFLMDSULGRQRVLSUDYQRMVLJXUQRVWLPRHVHRHNLYDWLGD
HVHRQHVYHYLwHRFUWDYDWLLXSUHVXGDPDKUYDWVNLKVXGRYD
1DNUDMXQHHELWLVXYLwQRQHJRLQVWUXNWLYQRSRGVMHWLWLQDFMHORYLWRXUH-
HQMH QMHPDNRJ SUDYD NRMH VYRMLP GMHORYDQMHP QD YLwH UD]LQD SUDNWLQR L
IOHNVLELOQR XUHXMH XJRYRU X NRULVW WUHHJD 3UYD RG QMLK MHVW EH]XYMHWQR ]D-
NRQVNRRSUHGMHOMHQMH]DGRVWDWQRVWYROMHXJRYRUQLKVWUDQDSULQDVWDQNXSUDYD
WUHHRVREH'UXJDUD]LQDWDNRHU]DNRQVNDMHVWSRVWRMDQMHSUHVXPSFLMDQH-
NLKSR]LWLYQLKDQHNLKQHJDWLYQLKXVOXDMHYLPDSUHX]LPDQMDGXJDXJRYRUD
RRVLJXUDQMXGRLYRWQRMUHQWLWHGDURYDQMXX]XYMHWLVSXQMHQMDWUHHPX7UHD
UD]LQDMHVWRQDXSUDYRVSRPHQXWDRGQRVQRXVSRVWDYOMDQMHVXGVNLKSUHVXPS-
FLMD X QHNLP WLSLQLP VLWXDFLMDPD X NRMLPD VH QDPHH SLWDQMH SUDYD WUHLK
RVREDHWYUWRPUD]LQRPPRJORELVHQD]YDWLHNVWHQ]LYQRVXGVNRWXPDHQMH
NRMHXJRYRUXXNRULVWWUHHJDSULSLVXMHL]DwWLWQRGMHORYDQMHXVYUKXVDQNFL-
RQLUDQMDQHNLKWLSLQLKL]YDQXJRYRUQLKVLWXDFLMDNDRQSUQDNQDGHLVWHHNR-
QRPVNHwWHWH,]VYHJDWRJDMDVQRMHNDNRMHQMHPDNRSUDYRSDOMLYRUD]UDGLOR
RYDMLQVWLWXWGRSULQRVHLSUDYQRMVLJXUQRVWLXELORNRMRMSUHGYLGOMLYRMVLWXDFLML
8QDWRUD]OLLWRVWL]DNRQVNLKUMHwHQMDQMHPDNRSUDYRPRHSRVOXLWLNDRSUL-
PMHUKUYDWVNLPVXGRYLPDNDNRQDVWDYLWLUD]YLMDWLLQVWLWXWXRNYLULPD]DNRQVNH
UHJXODWLYH 7DNRHU WDNR GHWDOMQR SRVYHLYDQMH MHGQRP LQVWLWXWX VYMHGRL R
QMHJRYRMSULODJRGOMLYRVWLLSULPMHQOMLYRVWLQDVLWXDFLMH]DNRMHVHQHELPRJORUHL
GDMHLQLFLMDOQRSUHGYLHQ1DWDMVHQDLQSRWYUXMHSULURGDXJRYRUDXNRULVW
WUHHJD NDR SRVHEQRVWL XJRYRUQRJ SUDYD NRMD GRSXwWD QDVWDQDN SUDYD WUHH
RVREHDGDRQDQLMHL]UD]LODVYRMSULVWDQDN
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD

6XPPDU\

$QWXQ%LOL*207

7+(&2175$&7,1)$9252)7+,5'3$57,(6

7KHVXEMHFWRIWKLVSDSHULVWKHFRQWUDFWLQIDYRURIWKLUGSDUWLHVDVDSDUWRIWKHODZ
RIREOLJDWLRQV$IWHUSUHVHQWDWLRQRIJHQHUDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVPRUHVSHFLILFIHDWXUHVRIWKDW
FRQWUDFWDUHFRQVLGHUHGQDPHO\WKHDFTXLVLWLRQDQGUHYRFDWLRQRIDULJKWE\DWKLUGSDUW\
:KHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIDULJKWWKHPDLQTXHVWLRQLVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ
WKHLQWHQWDQGWKHLQWHUHVWRIWKHSDUWLHVWKHVXEMHFWLYHDQGWKHREMHFWLYHFULWHULDDVZHOO
DVWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHLUH[SUHVVHGLQWHQW(YHU\OHJDOV\VWHPIDFHVWZRFRQWUDU\GHPDQGVs
RQRQHKDQGWRUHOD[WKHSUHUHTXLVLWHVIRUDFTXLVLWLRQRIULJKWVE\DWKLUGSDUW\LQRUGHU
WRPHHWWKHQHHGVRIGHYHORSLQJOHJDOWUDQVDFWLRQVDQGRQWKHRWKHUWROLPLWWKHQXPEHU
RISRWHQWLDOFODLPVZKLFKZRXOGOHDGWRWKHLQVHFXULW\DVWRWKHQXPEHUDQGLGHQWLW\RI
WKH EHQHILFLDULHV 7RGD\ PRVW OHJDO V\VWHPV LQFOXGLQJ WKH &URDWLDQ ODZ UHTXLUH RQO\
WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKH VXEMHFWLYH FULWHULRQ RI SDUWLHVo LQWHQW +RZHYHU WKH\ UHTXLUH WKDW
LQWHQWLVH[SUHVVHGLQDZD\ZKLFKFOHDUO\GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHWKLUGSHUVRQLVWRDFTXLUHDQ
LQGHSHQGHQW FODLP IURP WKH FRQWUDFW &RQFHUQLQJ WKH UHYRFDWLRQ RI D ULJKW WKLV SDSHU
SD\VDWWHQWLRQHVSHFLDOO\WRWKHFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHDXWKRUL]DWLRQWRVXFKUHYRFDWLRQ,Q
&URDWLDQOHJDOV\VWHPWKHSURPLVHHLVDXWKRUL]HGWRUHYRNHWKHFRQWUDFWEXWRQO\XSWRWKH
PRPHQWLQZKLFKWKHWKLUGSHUVRQGHFODUHVDFFHSWDQFHRIWKHFRQIHUUHGEHQHILW7KLVSDSHU
XVHVWKHFRPSDUDWLYHPHWKRGDQGFRPSDUHVWKHVROXWLRQVUHDFKHGE\WKH&URDWLDQODZ
ZLWKWKRVHRIRWKHUOHJDOV\VWHPV7KHRUHWLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDUHIROORZHGE\WKHDQDO\VLV
RIWKHVFRSHRIWKHFRQWUDFWLQIDYRURIWKLUGSDUWLHVDVLWLVIRXQGLQWKHMXGLFLDOSUDFWLFH
%HVLGHVSUHVHQWLQJWKHW\SLFDOVLWXDWLRQVLQZKLFKVXFKFRQWUDFWVDUHIRXQGLQWKHSUHVHQW
GD\&URDWLDQODZWKLVSDSHUFRQVLGHUVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RILQWURGXFLQJWKHFRQWUDFWVZLWK
WKHSURWHFWLYHHIIHFWVWRZDUGVWKHWKLUGSDUWLHVPRGHOHGRQWKHVROXWLRQVRIWKH*HUPDQ
ODZ,QWKHHQGWKHFRQFOXVLRQVDUHGUDZQDQGWKHSHFXOLDULWLHVRIWKHFRQWUDFWLQIDYRU
RIWKLUGSDUWLHVDUHGLVWLQJXLVKHG
.H\ZRUGVDFTXLVLWLRQRIDULJKWE\WKHWKLUGSDUW\DFFHSWDQFHRIDULJKWUHYRFDWLRQ
RIDULJKWFRQWUDFWZLWKWKHSURWHFWLYHHIIHFWVWRZDUGVWKHWKLUGSDUWLHV


*
$QWXQ%LOL//%$VVLVWDQW/HFWXUHU)DFXOW\RI/DZ=DJUHE8QLYHUVLW\7UJPDU-
wDOD7LWD=DJUHE
Zbornik PFZ, 61, (6) 1975-2033 (2011) 

=XVDPPHQIDVVXQJ

$QWXQ%LOL*

'(59(575$*=8*8167(1'5,77(5

'LHVHU%HLWUDJXQWHUVXFKWGHQ9HUWUDJ]XJXQVWHQ'ULWWHUDOV,QVWLWXWGHV6FKXOGUHFKWV
1DFK GHU 'DUVWHOOXQJ GHU DOOJHPHLQHQ 0HUNPDOH ZHUGHQ GLH %HVRQGHUKHLWHQ GLHVHV
9HUWUDJV EHKDQGHOW GLH YRU DOOHP LQ GHU %HJUQGXQJ XQG :LGHUUXIEDUNHLW YRQ
5HFKWHQ 'ULWWHU ]XP $XVGUXFN NRPPHQ %HL GHU %HJUQGXQJ GHV 5HFKWV ZLUG GDV
9HUKOWQLV ]ZLVFKHQ :LOOHQ XQG ,QWHUHVVHQ GHU 9HUWUDJVSDUWHLHQ VXEMHNWLYH XQG
REMHNWLYH .ULWHULHQ VRZLH GLH )UDJH QDFK GHP ,QKDOW LKUHV :LOOHQV EHWUDFKWHW -HGH
5HFKWVRUGQXQJVLHKWVLFK]ZHLJHJHQVW]OLFKHQ)RUGHUXQJHQJHJHQEHU(LQHUVHLWVVROOHQ
GLH %HODQJH GHV 5HFKWVYHUNHKUV XQG GLH )OH[LELOLVLHUXQJ GHV (UZHUEV YRQ $QVSUFKHQ
'ULWWHUEHUFNVLFKWLJWZHUGHQDQGHUHUVHLWVVROOHQHLQHU]XJURHQ$Q]DKOYRQ$QVSUFKHQ
6FKUDQNHQJHVHW]WZHUGHQGDVRQVW8QVLFKHUKHLWKLQVLFKWOLFKGHU=DKOXQG,GHQWLWWGHU
$QVSUXFKVEHUHFKWLJWHQ HQWVWHKHQ NQQWHQ 'LH PHLVWHQ 5HFKWVRUGQXQJHQ XQG VR DXFK
GLH NURDWLVFKH HQWVFKHLGHQ VLFK KHXW]XWDJH GDIU GDVV GDV VXEMHNWLYH .ULWHULXP GHV
:LOOHQVGHU3DUWHLDXVUHLFKWYHUODQJHQDEHUGDVVGHU:LOOHQVLQKDOWNODUGDUDXIDE]LHOW
GDVVHLQ'ULWWHUHLQHVHOEVWVWQGLJH)RUGHUXQJDXVGHP9HUWUDJHUZLUEW,Q%H]XJDXI
GLH :LGHUUXIEDUNHLW GHV $QVSUXFKV 'ULWWHU EHIDVVW VLFK GLHVHU %HLWUDJ LQVEHVRQGHUH
PLWGHQ%HGLQJXQJHQXQG%HUHFKWLJXQJHQ]XHLQHPVROFKHQ:LGHUUXI,PNURDWLVFKHQ
5HFKW LVW GHU 6WLSXODQW ZLGHUUXIVEHUHFKWLJW MHGRFK QXU VRODQJH GHU 'ULWWH QLFKW GLH
$QQDKPH GHU LKP ]XJHGDFKWHQ %HJQVWLJXQJ HUNOUW KDW 'HU JHVDPWH %HLWUDJ IROJW
GHUNRPSDUDWLYHQ0HWKRGHQDFKGHUGLH5HJHOXQJHQGHVNURDWLVFKHQ5HFKWVPLWGHQHQ
DQGHUHU5HFKWVRUGQXQJHQYHUJOLFKHQZHUGHQ
1DFK GHU WKHRUHWLVFKHQ 'DUVWHOOXQJ GHU ZLFKWLJVWHQ 3UREOHPH IROJW GLH $QDO\VH
GHV $QZHQGXQJVEHUHLFKHV IU 9HUWUJH ]XJXQVWHQ 'ULWWHU $XHU W\SLVFKHQ )OOHQ LQ
GHQHQGLHVHU9HUWUDJLQGHUJHJHQZUWLJHQNURDWLVFKHQ5HFKWVSUHFKXQJDQ]XWUHIIHQLVW
HUUWHUW GHU %HLWUDJ GLH PJOLFK $QZHQGXQJ GHV 9HUWUDJV ]X 6FKXW]]ZHFNHQ 'ULWWHU
GLH HLQHU KQOLFKHQ 5HJHOXQJ DXV GHP GHXWVFKHQ 5HFKW IROJW $EVFKOLHHQG ZHUGHQ
6FKOXVVIROJHUXQJHQ IRUPXOLHUW XQG GLH %HVRQGHUKHLWHQ GHV 9HUWUDJV ]XJXQVWHQ 'ULWWHU
YHUJOLFKHQPLWGHQ3ULQ]LSLHQGHV9HUWUDJVUHFKWVKHUDXVJHDUEHLWHW
6FKOVVHOZUWHU %HJUQGXQJ GHV 5HFKWHV 'ULWWHU $QQDKPH GHV 5HFKWV
:LGHUUXIEDUNHLWGHV5HFKWV9HUWUDJPLW6FKXW]ZLUNXQJHQ]XJXQVWHQ'ULWWHU


*
0DJ$QWXQ%LOL$VVLVWHQWDQGHU-XULVWLVFKHQ)DNXOWWLQ=DJUHE7UJPDUwDOD7LWD
=DJUHE
 $QWXQ%LOL8JRYRUXNRULVWWUHHJD