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AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University
2007
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
Define and apply the concepts of mass
number, atomic number, and isotopes.
4 electrons
Beryllium Atom
Modern Atomic Theory
The Bohr atom, which is
sometimes shown with
electrons as planetary
particles, is no longer a valid
representation of an atom, but
it is used here to simplify our
discussion of energy levels.
A
Z X Mass number
Atomic number Symbol
9
For example, consider beryllium (Be): 4 Be
Example 1: Describe the nucleus of a lithium
atom which has a mass number of 7 and an
atomic number of 3.
A = 7; Z = 3; N = ?
N=AZ= 7-3
neutrons: N = 4
Protons: Z=3
Electrons: Same as Z
7
3 Li Lithium Atom
Isotopes of Elements
Isotopes are atoms that have the same number
of protons (Z1= Z2), but a different number of
neutrons (N). (A1 A2)
3 4
2 He Isotopes 2 He
of helium
Helium - 3 Helium - 4
Nuclides
Because of the existence of so many
isotopes, the term element is sometimes
confusing. The term nuclide is better.
1.6606 x 10-27 kg
m 11.00656 u m
m== 1.83
1.83 xx 10 -26 kg
10-26 kg
1 u
Mass and Energy
Recall Einsteins equivalency formula for m and E:
E mc ; c 3 x 10 m/s
2 8
When converting
amu to energy:
c 931.5
2 MeV
u
Example 3: What is the rest mass energy of
a proton (1.007276 u)?
Proton: EE =
Proton: = 938.3
938.3 MeV
MeV
Similar conversions show other
rest mass energies:
Neutron: EE =
Neutron: = 939.6
939.6 MeV
MeV
Electron: EE =
Electron: = 0.511
0.511 MeV
MeV
The Mass Defect
The
The mass
mass defect
defect isis the
the difference
difference between
between
the
the rest
rest mass
mass of
of aa nucleus
nucleus and
and the
the sum
sum of
of
the
the rest
rest masses
masses of
of its
its constituent
constituent nucleons.
nucleons.
6 p = 6(1.007276 u) = 6.043656 u
6 n = 6(1.008665 u) = 6.051990 u
Total mass of parts: = 12.095646 u
Mass defect mD = 12.095646 u 11.996706 u
m
mDD == 0.098940
0.098940 uu
The Binding Energy
The
The binding energy EEBB of
binding energy of aa nucleus
nucleus isis the
the
energy
energy required
required to
to separate
separate aa nucleus
nucleus intointo
its
its constituent
constituent parts.
parts.
EB 92.2 MeV
7.68 nucleon
MeV
A 12
Formula for Mass Defect
The following formula is useful for mass defect:
By
By using
using the
the mass
mass ofof the
the hydrogen
hydrogen atom,
atom, you
you
avoid
avoid the
the necessity
necessity of
of subtracting
subtracting electron
electron masses.
masses.
Example 4: Find the mass defect for the He
4
2
nucleus of helium-4. (M = 4.002603 u)
Mass defect
mD ZmH Nmn M
mD
m
mDD == 0.030377
0.030377 uu
Example 4 (Cont.) Find the binding energy per
nucleon for helium-4. (mD = 0.030377 u)
AA total
total of
of 28.3
28.3 MeV
MeV isis required
required To
To tear
tear apart
apart
the
the nucleons
nucleons from
from thethe He-4
He-4 atom.
atom.
Neutron number N
120
nuclear
nuclear strong
strong force.
force. nuclei
100
Elements
Elements with
with ZZ >
> 82
82 20 40 60 80 100
are
are all
all unstable.
unstable. Atomic number Z
Radioactivity
As
As the
the heavier
heavier atoms atoms become
become
more
more unstable,
unstable, particles
particles and
and
photons
photons are
are emitted
emitted from from the
the
nucleus
nucleus and
and itit isis said
said to
to be
be
radioactive.
radioactive. All
All elements
elements with
with
AA >
> 82
82 are
are radioactive.
radioactive.
Examples are:
Alpha particles particles (electrons)
Gamma rays particles (positrons)
The Alpha Particle
An alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium
atom consisting of two protons and two
neutrons tightly bound.
- Very penetrating
The Positron
A beta positive particle is essentially an
electron with positive charge. The mass and
speeds are similar.
+ Very penetrating
The Gamma Photon
A gamma ray has very high electromagnetic
radiation carrying energy away from the
nucleus.
Charge = Zero (0)
Mass = zero (0)
Speed = c (3 x 108 m/s)
Most penetrating radiation
Radioactive Decay
As discussed, when the ratio of N/Z gets very
large, the nucleus becomes unstable and often
particles and/or photons are emitted.
Alpha decay 2 results in the loss of two
4
226
88 Ra 226 4
88 2 Y energy
4
2
Radium-226
Radium-226 decays
decays into
into radon-222.
radon-222.
Beta-minus Decay
Beta-minus decay results when a neutron
decays into a proton and an electron. Thus,
the Z-number increases by one.
A
Z X Y energy
A
Z 1
0
1
N N = Number of
Activity R
t undecayed nuclei
One
One becquerel
becquerel ((Bq)
Bq) isis an
an activity
activity equal
equal to
to one
one
disintegration per second (1 s
disintegration per second (1 s ). 1).
--1
One
One curie
curie ((Ci)
Ci) isis the
the activity
activity of
of aa radioactive
radioactive
material that decays at the rate of 3.7
material that decays at the rate of 3.7 x 1010 Bqx 10 10
Bq
or
or 3.7
3.7 xx 10 10 disintegrations
1010 disintegrations per per second.
second.
The Half-Life
The half-life T1/2 of No
Where n is number 1 2 3 4
of half-lives Number of Half-lives
Half-Life (Cont.)
The same reasoning will apply to activity R or to
amount of material. In general, the following
three equations can be applied to radioactivity:
Nuclei Remaining Activity R
n n
1 1
N N0 R R0
2 2
There
There would
would also
also be
be 1/16
1/16 remaining
remaining of
of the
the
mass
mass and
and 1/16
1/16 of
of the
the number
number of
of nuclei.
nuclei.
Nuclear Reactions
It is possible to alter the structure of a nucleus
by bombarding it with small particles. Such
events are called nuclear reactions:
General Reaction: x+XY+y
Charge before = +1 + 3 = +4
Charge after = +2 + Z = +4
Z=42=2 (Helium has Z = 2)
Nucleons before = 1 + 7 = 8
Nucleons after = 4 + A = 8 (Thus, A = 4)
1
1 H Li He He energy
7
3
4
2
4
2
Conservation of Mass-Energy
There is always mass-energy associated with any
nuclear reaction. The energy released or absorbed
is called the Q-value and can be found if the
atomic masses are known before and after.
1
1 H 37 Li 42 He 42 He Q
Q 11 H 37 Li 24 He 24 He
Q is the energy released in the reaction. If Q
is positive, it is exothermic. If Q is negative, it
is endothermic.
Example 8: Calculate the energy released in the
bombardment of lithium-7 with hydrogen-1.
1
1 H 37 Li 42 He 42 He Q
Q 11 H 37 Li 24 He 24 He
1
1 H 1.007825 u 4
2 He 4.002603 u
7
3 Li 7.016003 u 4
2 He 4.002603 u
Substitution of these masses gives:
Q = 0.018622 u(931.5 MeV/u) QQ =17.3
=17.3 MeV
MeV
The positive Q means the reaction is exothermic.
Summary
Fundamental atomic and nuclear particles
Particle Fig. Sym Mass Charge Size
Electron e 9.11 x 10-31 kg -1.6 x 10-19 C
Proton p 1.673 x 10-27 kg +1.6 x 10-19 C 3 fm
Neutron n 1.675 x 10-31 kg 0 3 fm
Beta-minus Decay:
A
Z X Y energy
A
Z 1
0
1
Beta-plus Decay:
A
Z X Y energy
A
Z 1
0
1
Summary (Radioactivity)
The
The half-life TT1/2
half-life 1/2
of
of an
an isotope
isotope is
is the
the time
time in
in
which
which one -half of
one-half of its
its unstable
unstable nuclei
nuclei will
will decay.
decay.