Z - PARAMETERS OF TWO PORT NETWORK

AIM:

To calculate and verify 'Z' parameters of two-port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Power Supply, Bread Board, Five resistances, Connecting Leads. Voltmeter , Ammeter

THEORY:

In Z parameters of a two-port, the input & output voltages V 1 & V2 can be expressed in terms
of input & output currents I1 & I2. Out of four variables (i.e V1, V2, I1, I2) V1 & V2 are dependent
variables whereas I1 & I2 are independent variables. Thus,

V1 = Z11 I1+ Z12 I2 -----(1)

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ----(2)

Here Z11 & Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12 & Z21 are the reverse
& forward transfer impedances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
2. First open the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P Voltage & I/P Current.
3. Secondly, open I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P Voltage & O/P current using
multi-meter.
4. Calculate the values of Z parameter using Equation (1) & (2).
5. Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.

TABULATION:
CALCULATION:

(1) When O/P is open circuited i.e. I2 = 0

Z11 = V1/I1

Z21 =V2 /I1

(2) When I/P is open circuited i.e. I1 = 0

Z12 = V1/I2

Z22 = V2 /I2

RESULT:

The Z-parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified.

Y - PARAMETERS OF TWO PORT NETWORK

AIM:

To calculate and verify 'Y' parameters of two-port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Power Supply, Bread Board, Five resistances, Connecting Leads. Voltmeter , Ammeter

THEORY:

In Y parameters of a two-port, the input & output currents I 1 & I2 can be expressed in terms of
input & output voltages V1 & V2 . Out of four variables (i.e I 1, I2, V1, V2) I1 & I2 are dependent
variables whereas V1 & V2 are independent variables.

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 ------(1)

I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 -------(2)

Here Y11 & Y22 are the input & output driving point admittances while Y12 & Y21are the reverse
& forward transfer admittances.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & switch ON the experimental board.
2. First short the O/P terminal & supply 5V to I/P terminal. Measure O/P & I/P current
3. Secondly, short I/P terminal & supply 5V to O/P terminal. Measure I/P & O/P current using multi-
meter.
4. Calculate the values of Y parameter using Eq. (1) & (2).
5. Switch off the supply after taking the readings.

TABULATION:
CALCULATION:

(1) When O/P is short circuited i.e. V2 = 0

Y11 = I1/V1

Y21 = I2 /V1

(2) When I/P is short circuited i.e. V1 = 0

Y12 = I1/V2

Y22 = I2 /V2

RESULT:

The Y-parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified.

LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS PASSIVE FILTERS

AIM:

To design and study the response of constant-k or prototype T-section and -section, Low Pass
and High Pass filters using ORCAD PSPICE software.

THEORY:

Filter networks are widely used in communication systems to separate various voice channels
from the carrier frequency. Filters are classified as low-pass, band-pass, high-pass band-reject etc.
depending on frequency range to be passed to the load or blocked. Filters are also classified as Active
and Passive filters depending on the active or passive components used. Conventional or passive filters
use passive components R, L and C.

PROCEDURE:

1. Design a constant-k or prototype T-section and -section Low Pass filter with cut-off frequency of
8kHz and load resistance of 500.

2. Design a constant-k or prototype T-section and -section High Pass filter with cut-off frequency of
8kHz and load resistance of 500.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A. CONSTANT K LOW PASS FILTER:

T Section LP Filter Section LP Filter

CALCULATION:

B. CONSTANT K HIGH PASS FILTER:

T Section HP Filter Section HP Filter

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT

AIM:

To design and simulation of parallel resonant circuit using ORCAD PSPICE software.

THEORY:

The resonance phenomenon occurs in a second-order system containing capacitors and

inductors. A circuit containing resistance, capacitance, and inductance will become purely resistive at
the resonant frequency when the inductive reactance equals the equal capacitive reactance. Selectivity
is the ability of the resonant circuit to extract the resonant frequency and attenuate other frequencies.

PROCEDURE:

1. Build the schematic circuit

Vin is an AC voltage source. Set the magnitude to VAC 1 volt & VDC 0 volt.
L1 is an ideal inductor from the Analog Library. Set for 470uH.
R is an ideal resistor from the Analog Library. Set for Rs = 5k & Rc =10.
C5 is an ideal capacitor from the Analog library. Change the value to 5.4nF.
2. Do analysis setup
On the ORCAD Capture CIS menu select new simulation profile
Choose AC Sweep/Noise in the Analysis type menu
Set the Start Frequency at 100, the End Frequency at 10Meg and the Points/Decade at 1000
Make sure Logarithmic is selected and set to Decade
Click OK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

RESULT:
 SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT

AIM:

To design and simulation of series resonant circuit using ORCAD PSPICE software.

THEORY:

The resonance phenomenon occurs in a second-order system containing capacitors and

inductors. A circuit containing resistance, capacitance, and inductance will become purely resistive at
the resonant frequency when the inductive reactance equals the equal capacitive reactance. Selectivity
is the ability of the resonant circuit to extract the resonant frequency and attenuate other frequencies.

PROCEDURE:

1. Build the schematic circuit

Vin is an AC voltage source. Set the magnitude to VAC 5 volt & VDC 0 volt.
L1 is an ideal inductor. Set to 470H.
R is an ideal resistor. Set to 200 .
C1 is an ideal capacitor. Set to 10nF.
2. Do analysis setup
On the ORCAD Capture CIS menu select new simulation profile
Choose AC Sweep/Noise in the Analysis type menu
Set the Start Frequency at 10k, the End Frequency at 1Meg and the Points/Decade at 1000
Make sure Logarithmic is selected and set to Decade
Click OK

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

RESULT: