FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Introduction

FOUR-STROKE CYCLE ENGINES

Four Stroke Petrol engine
Four Stroke Diesel engine

FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE

The four stroke-cycles refers to its use in petrol engines, gas engines, light,
oil engine and heavy oil engines in which the mixture of air fuel are drawn
in the engine cylinder. Since ignition in these engines is due to a spark,
therefore they are also called spark ignition engines.

SUCTION STROKE: In this Stroke the inlet valve opens and proportionate
fuel-air mixture is sucked in the engine cylinder. Thus the piston moves from
top dead centre (T.D.C.) to bottom dead centre (B.D.C.). The exhaust valve
remains closed through out the stroke.
COMPRESSION STROKE: In this stroke both the inlet and exhaust
valves remain closed during the stroke. The piston moves towards (T.D.C.)
and compresses the enclosed fuel-air mixture drawn. Just before the end of
this stroke the operating plug initiates a spark which ignites the mixture and
combustion takes place at constant pressure.

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POWER STROKE OR EXPANSION STROKE: In this stroke both the

valves remain closed during the start of this stroke but when the piston just
reaches the B.D.C. the exhaust valve opens. When the mixture is ignited by
the spark plug the hot gases are produced which drive or throw the piston
from T.D.C. to B.D.C. and thus the work is obtained in this stroke.
EXHAUST STROKE: This is the last stroke of the cycle. Here the gases
from which the work has been collected become useless after the completion
of the expansion stroke and are made to escape through exhaust valve to the
atmosphere. This removal of gas is accomplished during this stroke. The
piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. and the exhaust gases are driven out of
the engine cylinder; this is also called SCAVENGING.

Theoretical P-V diagram of a four-stroke engine

FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

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SUCTION STROKE: With the movement of the piston from T.D.C. to

B.D.C. during this stroke, the inlet valve opens and the air at atmospheric
pressure is drawn inside the engine cylinder; the exhaust valve however
remains closed. This operation is represented by the line 5-1
COMPRESSION STROKE: The air drawn at atmospheric pressure during
the suction stroke is compressed to high pressure and temperature as the
piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. Both the inlet and exhaust valves do not
open during any part of this stroke. This operation is represented by 1-2
POWER STROKE OR EXPANSION STROKE: As the piston starts
moving from T.D.C to B.D.C, the quantity of fuel is injected into the hot
compressed air in fine sprays by the fuel injector and it (fuel) starts burning
at constant pressure shown by the line 2-3.
At the point 3 fuel supply is cut off. The fuel is injected at the end of
compression stroke but in actual practice the ignition of the fuel starts before
the end of the compression stroke. The hot gases of the cylinder expand
adiabatically to point 4. Thus doing work on the piston.
EXHAUST STROKE: The piston moves from the B.D.C. to T.D.C. and the
exhaust gases escape to the atmosphere through the exhaust valve. When the
piston reaches the T.D.C. the exhaust valve closes and the cycle is
completed. This stroke is represented by the line 1-5.

Theoretical p- V diagram of a four-stroke Diesel Engine

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CHAPTER 2

PRNCIPLE & THEORY

2.1PRINCIPLE

A four-stroke engine (also known as four cycle) is an internal

combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes
while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston
along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

1. Intake: also known as induction or suction This stroke of the piston

begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center
(B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position
while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by
producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward
motion.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the
suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses
the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power
stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during
this stage.
3. Combustion: also known as power or ignition This is the start of the
second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft
has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at
T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel
mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat
generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning
the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the
engine to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston
once again returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is
open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the
exhaust valve.

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2.2THEORY

The most common internal combustion engines of today can be defined as

either four-stroke or two-stroke cycle. Two-stroke or four-stroke refers to the
number of strokes the piston makes in the cylinder to complete one power
cycle. A stroke is the movement of the piston in one direction, moving the
piston from the top to the bottom of the cylinder is one stroke. A running
internal combustion engine continually repeats a power cycle called: intake,
compression, power and exhaust. Your automobile or stern drive engine is
most likely a four stroke design. The majority of existing outboard motors
use two stroke technology. However the current movement in emissions
regulations is pushing the design of current outboards towards the 4 stroke
and direct injection two stroke design. Efforts to build a 4 stroke outboard in
the past have been many and varied, mostly unsuccessful as the design
technology and precision production that can be achieved today were
impossible to achieve then. Resulting motors were bulky and unreliable.
Those motors that were viable were for the most part rejected by the boating
public.

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CHAPTER 3

DETAIL INFORMATION

3.1 CONSTRUCTION

A four-stroke engine (also known as four cycle) is an internal

combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes
while turning a crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston
along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

1. Intake: also known as induction or suction This stroke of the piston

begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center
(B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position
while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by
producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward
motion.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the
suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses
the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power
stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during
this stage.
3. Combustion: also known as power or ignition This is the start of the
second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft
has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at
T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel
mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat
generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning
the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the
engine to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston
once again returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is
open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the
exhaust valve.

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3.2 WORKING

Diesel engine which is also known as compression ignition engine is widely

used in automobile industries. Many big vehicles such as truck, bus, car etc.
used diesel engine as the power unit because of its higher torque and greater
mileage than petrol engine. Diesel engine is very popular in Indian market as
well as in other countries because of lower price of diesel than petrol in
many countries. So the requirement of diesel engine is much more than
petrol engine.
The ignition temperature of diesel is lower than petrol so the working of
diesel engine is slightly different than petrol engine.

Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

The power generation process in four stroke diesel engine is also divided
into four parts. Each part is known as piston stroke. In IC engine, stroke is
referred to the maximum distance travel by the piston in a single direction.
The piston is free to move only in upward and downward direction. In four
stroke engine the piston move two time up and down and the crankshaft
move two complete revolution to complete four piston cycle. These are
suction stroke, compression stroke, expansion stroke and exhaust stroke.

Suction stroke:

In the suction stroke or intake stroke of diesel engine the piston start moves
from top end of the cylinder to bottom end of the cylinder and
simultaneously inlet valve opens. At this time air at atmospheric pressure
drawn inside the cylinder through the inlet valve by a pump. The inlet valve
remains open until the piston reaches the lower end of cylinder. After it inlet
valve close and seal the upper end of the cylinder.

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Compression stroke:

After the piston passes bottom end of the cylinder, it starts moving up. Both
valves are closed and the cylinder is sealed at that time. The piston moves
upward. This movement of piston compresses the air into a small space
between the top of the piston and cylinder head. The air is compressed into
1/22 or less of its original volume. Due to this compression a high pressure
and temperature generate inside the cylinder. Both the inlet and exhaust
valves do not open during any part of this stroke. At the end of compression
stroke the piston is at top end of the cylinder.

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Power stroke:

At the end of the compression stroke when the piston is at top end of the
cylinder a metered quantity of diesel is injected into the cylinder by the
injector. The heat of compressed air ignites the diesel fuel and generates high
pressure which pushes down the piston. The connection rod carries this force
to the crankshaft which turns to move the vehicle. At the end of power stroke
the piston reach the bottom end of cylinder.

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Exhaust stroke:

When the piston reaches the bottom end of cylinder after the power stroke,
the exhaust valve opens. At this time the burn gases inside the cylinder so
the cylinder pressure is slightly high from atmospheric pressure. This
pressure difference allows burn gases to escape through the exhaust port and
the piston move through the top end of the cylinder. At the end of exhaust all
burn gases escape and exhaust valve closed. Now again intake valve open
and this process running until your vehicle starts.

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CHAPTER 4

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION

Advantages-
1. More torque :- In general, 4 stroke engines always make extra torque
than 2 stroke engine at low RPM. Although 2 stroked ones give higher
torque at higher RPM but it has a lot to do with fuel efficiency.
2. More fuel efficiency :- 4 stroke engines have greater fuel efficiency
than 2 stroke ones because fuel is consumed once every 4 strokes.
3. Less pollution :- As power is generated once every 4 strokes & also
as no oil or lubricant is added to the fuel; 4 stroke engine produces less
pollution.
4. More durability :- We all know that more the engine runs, quicker it
wears out. 2 stroke engines are designed for high RPM. If an engine can
go for 10000 rpms before it wears out; a 4 stroke engine with 100 rpm
will run for 100 minutes than the other 2 stroke engine which has a
higher rpm of 500 & will run for only 20 minutes.
5. No extra addition of oil :- Only the moving parts need lubrication
intermediately. No extra oil or lubricant is added to fuel.

Limitations-

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1. Complicated design :- A 4 stroke engine has complex valve

mechanisms operated & controlled by gears & chain. Also there are
many parts to worry about which makes it harder to troubleshoot.
2. Less powerful :- As power gets delivered once every 2 rotations of
crankshaft(4 strokes), hence 4 stroke is less powerful.
3. Expensive :- A four stroke engine has much more parts than 2 stroke
engine. So they often require repairs which leads to greater expense

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CHAPTER 5

APPLICATIONS & USES

Used in heavy vehicles
It is used in pump
It is used in some aeroplanes

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Diesel is used in most industrial sectors overwhelmingly because it provides

more power per unit of fuel and its lower volatility makes it safer to handle.
One really exciting prospect of diesel over petrol is the possibility of
eliminating petroleum consumption entirely. Most diesel engines can be
coaxed into burning vegetable oil instead of diesel and all of them can burn
various processed forms of vegetable oil without loss in life or efficiency.

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REFERENCES

[1] http://www.engr.uvic.ca/~mech410/lectures/FEA_Theory.pdf.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_element_method
[3] http://www.ansys.com
[4] www.ijergs.org

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