1.Molesandequations.

notebook January14,2015

Chapter1:MolesandEquations

Expressing quantities

Practical Calculating

Gravimetric analysis using chemical concepts:

(by mass) Relative atomic mass
Relative formule mass
volumetric analysis
mole quantity
( by titration and volume)
stoichiometry

spectometry
(Abundance)

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1. DEFINITIONS

Relative atomic mass (Ar): is the weighted average mass of

naturally occuring atoms of an element on a scale where an atom
of carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 units.

Relative isotopic mass is the mass of a particular isotope of an

element on a scale where an atom of carbon-12 has a mass of
exactly 12 units

Relative molecular mass (Mr) of a compound is the relative mass

of one molecule of the compound on a scale where one atom of
carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 units

Relative formula mass (Mr) of a compound containing ions is

the relative mass of one unit of the compound on a scale
where one atom of carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 units.

One mole of a substance is the amount of that substance that

has the same number of specific particles (atoms, molecules or
ions) as there are atoms in exactly 12g of the carbon-12 isotope.

Molar mass (M) is the mass of exactly one mole of a substance.

It has the unit g.mol-1

Avogadro constant (L) is the number of specific particles

(atoms, molecules or ions) in exactly one mole of that
substance

Empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole number

ratio of the elements present in one molecule or formula unit of
the compound

Molecular formula is the total number of atoms of each element

present in a molecule

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2. ISOTOPES

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with differing mass

numbers due to a different number of neutrons in the nucleus.

A mass spectrometer measures the abundance of each isotope

present in a sample of an element, allowing us to calculate an
average relative atomic mass.

To determine Mr:
multiply each isotopic mass by % abundance
add the figures together
divide by 100

Ar of silicon =

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Identify the element by determining its RAM:

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3. AMOUNTOFSUBSTANCE(themole)

concentration
mass in m= c xv in mol.dm-3
grams
nx
M n= ns
io
lut n
so
c=
m v
n= one
M
mole
V Av n=
no
n= P og
Vm
tS
T ad L
sa ro
gase Vm no
=n
x
n x number of
V in dm3 = L
V particles
Vm = 22,4 dm3 (the volume of 1 mole of gas
at 273K and 1atm

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3.2. Stoichiometric calculations

A Mass-mass calculations

Balance the equation

Use balancing numbers to determine the ratio in which the reactants react.
Identify what has been given and what is being asked.
Determine the number of moles of the given substance using n = m/M
Use the mole ratio to determine the quantity of the other reagents.
Use the formula m = n xM to determine the required mass

B. Volume-volume calculations

This method can only be used if ALL the reactants and products are GASES.
The reaction does not have to be at STP
The volume ratio between the reagents is the same as the mol-ratio.
Use the RIDE method if one of the substances is in excess

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3.3. More complex stoichiometry

A. Limitingreactantsusingmass

TheLimitingreactantisthereagentthatisusedupcompletely.

TheExcessreactantisthereactantpresentinquantitiesgreaterthannecessary.
Someexcessreactantremainsbehindattheendofthereaction.

Somereactionspurposefullyhaveanexcessreactanttoensurethatanother
reactantiscompletelyusedup.

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B. Percentage Yield

Theoreticalyieldisthemaximumamountofproductthatcanbeobtainedfromtheamountof
limitingreactant.
Actualyieldistheamountofproductobtainedexperimentally.

n(CaCO3)=

theoreticalyieldofCaO=

actualyieldofCaO=

%yield=

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4. DEDUCINGFORMULAE

4.1 using the formulae to determine % composition:

atomic mass x number of moles of the element in the compound

% by mass =
molar mass of the compound

4.2 Empirical formula

the formula of an ionic compound is always its emprirical formula

the empirical formula and molecula formulae for simple inorganic
compounds are often the same
organic molecules have different empirical and molecular formulae

compound Molecularformula Empiricalformula

water H2O H2O
hydrogenperoxide H2O2 HO
sulfurdioxide SO2 SO2
butane C4H10 C2H5
cyclohexane C6H12 CH2

To determine empirical formula from mass:

determine the number of moles for each element present.
divide through by the lowest figure
if needed, obtain the lowest whole number ratio to get emprircal formula
to derive the molecular formule yo need to now the molar mass for the
compound:
-divide the molar mass by the total mass of the empirical compound
-multiply the number of atoms in the empirical formula by the answer

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5. WRITINGEQUATIONS

5.1 Acid-base equations

Whenanacidandabasereactinanaqueousmedium,salt+
water(exceptformetals)form

NB:Asaltisasubstancewherethehydrogenionoftheacid
hasbeenreplacedbyacation.
hydrochloric acid forms chloride salts
sulfuric acid forms sulfate salts
nitric acid forms nitrate salts
ethanoic acid forms ethanoate salts

1. Acid + Metal salt + hydrogen gas (a redox reaction)

2. Acid + metal oxide salt + water

3. Acid + hydroxide salt salt + water

4. Acid + carbonate salt + water + carbon dioxide

Naming the salt:

+ -

positive ion of negative ion

the base of the acid

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5.2 Ionic equations

When an ionic compound or an acid reacts in solution, the

compounds separate into ions.
Not all the ions react. Those that do not react are called
spectator ions.
In ionic equations the spectator ions are omitted.

eg:hydrochloricacid+sodiumhydroxide

Fullequation:HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)NaCl(aq)+H2O
Ionicequation:H+(aq)+OH(aq)H2O(l)

magnesium+ironsulfateiron+Magnesiumsulfate

Fullequation:Mg(s)+FeSO4(aq)Fe(s)+MgSO4(aq)

IOnicequation:Mg(s)+Fe2+(aq)Fe(s)+Mg2+(aq)

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