FLEXTURAL BEHAVIOR OF SELF COMPACTING

CONCRETE BEAM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

S.ANANTHAN 21010103305
L.DINESH KUMAR 21010103308
N. SIDHARTHAN 21010103320
B. GOKUL 21010103036
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

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 NOVEMBER 2013

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report FLEXTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF SELF

COMPACTING CONCRETE BEAM is the bonafide work of

S. ANANTHAN 21010103305
L. DINESH KUMAR 21010103308
N. SIDHARTHAN 21010103320
B. GOKUL 21010103036
who carried out the Design project work for seventh semester under our
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. M.MAGESWARI, M.E, Ph.D, Mrs RAJA KUMARI, M.E,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Department of civil engg, (Grade-1)

Panimalar engineering college, Panimalar engineering college,

Nazarathpettai, Chennai 600 123 Nazarathpettai, Chennai 600 123

Submitted for the university Project viva voce conducted on 6th NOVEMBER 2013

at Panimalar engineering college, Chennai -600123

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we extend our gratitude to our Honourable Founder &

Chairman Dr. JEPPIAR, M.A., B.L., Ph.D., for being a source of inspiration.

We would like to express our deep gratitude to our beloved secretary and
Correspondent Dr. P. CHINNADURAI M.A., Ph.D., for his kind words and
enthusiastic motivation which inspired us a lot in completing this project.

We also express our gratitude to our principal Dr. K. MANI, M.E., Ph.D.,
who helped us in completing the project.

We are indebted to our Head of the Department Dr. M. MAGESHWARI

M.E., Ph.D., for her support and guidance throughout the entire course of the
project.

We would like to thank, Mrs RAJA KUMARI, M.E, Assistant Professor,

Department of civil Engineering, for his valuable advice and encouragement for
successful completion of the project.

We also sincerely thanks all the teaching and non-teaching staff who
readily helped us for the project. Once again we thank one and all who helped us
directly and indirectly for completion of this project work successfully.

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 Abstract

Self-compacting concrete is a fluid mixture suitable for placing in

structures with congested reinforcement without vibration. Self-compacting
concrete development must ensure a good balance between deformability
and stability. Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that
does not require vibration for placing and compaction. It is able to flow
under its own weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full
compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened
concrete is dense, homogeneous and has the same engineering properties and
durability as traditional vibrated concrete. So to addition to this new
technique we have aimed at creating a more cost effective SCC by partial
replacement of aggregates with powdered coconut husk, burned coconut
husk, powdered coconut shell and burned coconut shell .Thus increasing
strength and also decreasing the cost of production.
And we had tried differently with coconut husk powder as the filler
material instead of conventional fly ash. Because coconut husk is 100%
natural and renewable resource, easily available. Moreover it is a non-
degradable and also it reduces fungus growth . so considering its
characteristics we had chosen the coconut husk. Therefore this concrete will
be economical than that of the conventional concrete.

Our concrete grade is M50 in this we adding the two types of

admixtures. Conplast sp430 used as a strengthening agent and Glenium
B233 used as viscosity modification agent.

Finally our motive is to check out the flexural behavior of self

compacting concrete beam of 1m x 0.23m x 0.23m having 2 nos of 8mm bar
in both the compression and in tension zone with 6mm dia vertical stirrups
at 150mm c/c in single and two point load test.

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 Introduction

SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE (S.C.C)

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was first developed in Japan

(in the mid to late 1980s) as a means to create uniformity in the quality of
concrete by controlling the ever present problem of insufficient compaction
by a workforce that was losing skilled labour and by the increased
complexity of designs and reinforcement details in modern structural
members. Durability was the main concern and the purpose was to develop a
concrete mix that would reduce or eliminate the need for vibration to
achieve consolidation. Self-compacting concrete achieves this by its unique
fresh state properties. In the plastic state, it flows under its own weight and
maintain homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing
around congested reinforcement. In the hardened state, it equals or excels
standard concrete with respect to strength and durability.

The use of SCC concrete has been increasing in the United States also
during the last 5 years. Currently the technology is being primarily applied
to the precast industry. Other segments being targeted are flatwork, columns
and wall construction. The applications of SCC are many, limited only by
the industry's knowledge of it, ability to produce it and acceptance of it. The
usual self-compacting concretes have compressive strengths in the range of
60-100N/mm. However Ultra High Performance Self-Compacting Concrete
(UHPSCC) with strength about 150 N/mm have also been successfully

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developed.The durability of cement concrete is defined as its ability to resist
weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion or any other process of
deterioration. Durable concrete will remain its original form, quality and
serviceability when exposed to its environment.

Self compacting concrete (SCC) is a fluid mixture, which is suitable for

placing difficult conditions and also in congested reinforcement, without
vibration. In principle, a self compacting or self consolidating concrete
must:
Have a fluidity that allows self compaction without external energy
Remain homogeneous in a form during and after the placing process
and
Flow easily through reinforcement
Self consolidating concrete has recently been used in the pre cast
industry and in some commercial applications, however the relatively high
material cost still hinders the wide spread use of such specialty concrete in
various segments of the construction industry, including commercial and
residential construction.

Advantages

SCC lends itself to situations where access to vibrators is difficult or

impossible but full compaction is essential for durability or strength
reasons.

SCC allows concrete to be flowed into confined spaces or complicated

formwork, facilitating innovate design or placing methods.

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 Elimination of vibration enables lighter, less-costly formwork to be
used.
Because vibration is unnecessary, noise is eliminated from the
concrete placing. This has benefits in populated areas, night working
and in internal placement or precast where noise is confined.

SCC does not normally trap or retain air, and so surfaces are more
defect free and require less remedial work. Edges and detailing are
also sharper.

SCC is quick to place by skip, pump and because it does not need
vibration, a reduced work force is required.

Ability to completely ll complex formwork and encapsulate areas of

congested steel reinforcement without any compaction and yet with
reduced risks of voids and honeycombing.

Ability to develop higher early and ultimate strengths and enhanced

durability properties compared with conventional vibrated concretes.
Potential for improved surface nishes with reduced making good
costs related to poorly compacted surfaces.

APPLICATION OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

The characteristics of SCC make it invaluable, particularly for such

applications as

Concreting underwater piles and columns (Many of the VMAs used

by the ready-mixed industry contain admixtures that are used to make
anti-washout concretes and grouts.)

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 Piles and columns with dense rebar cages (SCC was developed to
alleviate the need to vibrate concrete in structures containing dense
rebar).

MIX PROPORTIONS OF REGULAR AND SCC

Materials for self compacting concrete

Mixture proportions for SCC differ from those of ordinary concrete, in that
the former has more powder content and less coarse aggregate. Moreover,
SCC incorporates high range water reducers (HRWR, superplasticisers) in
larger amounts and frequently a viscosity modifying agent (VMA) in small
doses.

PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIALS

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

The cement used in this experimental work is Ultratech 53 grade

Ordinary Portland Cement. All properties of cement are tested by referring
IS 12269 - 1987 Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary Portland cement.

The specific gravity of the cement was 3.15.

The initial and final setting times were found as 74minutes and 385
minutes respectively.
Standard consistency of cement was 30%.

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B. Fine aggregate

Locally available river sand passed through 4.75mm IS sieve was

used.
The specific gravity 2.6 and fineness modulus of 2.806 were used as
fine aggregate .
The bulk density values of sand is 1450x10 3 kg/m3 respectively, the
water absorption of 1.1%.

C. Coarse aggregate

Crushed granite aggregate available from local sources has been

used.
The coarse aggregates with a maximum size of 12mm having the
specific gravity value of 2.8 and fineness modulus of 6.013 were
used as coarse aggregate.
The bulk density values of coarse aggregates is 1500x10 3 kg/m3
respectively, the water absorption of 0.4%.

Coconut husk

Coconut husk is the outer layer of the coconut fruit, consisting of

long fibers and sponge-like pith particles. In nature, the husk protects the
inner germinating seed by resisting excess saturation and salt. The husk,
which naturally helps the coconut stay a float in water, also stays uniformly
moist and does not rot. With diminishing sources of quality tree bark, the
unique properties of Sai Coconut Husk Chips make it a superior alternative
to barkbased growing medium. Currently, many orchid and cut-flower

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growers are successfully using coconut husk chips instead of bark, fi nding it
has signifi cant advantages in terms of quality, consistency, and even lower
production costs.

Advantages:
Lasts longer than bark with no degradation (5 plus years) Very clean,
uniform and no wastage
Wet coconut husk chips hold water and air like a sponge
Excellent drainage, high caution exchange capacity (CEC)
Cuts down fertilizer application up to 30%
Prevents stress after repotting
Neutral pH and innate buffering capacity
Resists fungal growth
100% natural and renewable resource

Strength modification agent (Conplast sp430)

Uses

To provide excellent acceleration of strength gain at early ages and

major increases in strength at all ages by significantly reducing water
demand in a concrete mix.
Particularly suitable for precast concrete and other high early strength
requirements.
To significantly improve the workability of site mixed and precast
oncrete without increasing water demand.
To provide improved durability by increasing ultimate strengths and
reducing concrete permeability.

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Advantages

Major increases in strength at early ages without increased cement

ontents are of particular benefit in precast concrete, allowing earlier
stripping times.
Makes possible major reductions in water:cement ratio which allow
the production of high strength concrete without excessive cement
contents.
Use in production of flowing concrete permits easier construction
with quicker placing and compaction and reduced labour costs
without increasing water content.
Increased workability levels are maintained for longer than with
ordinary sulphonated melamine admixtures.
Improved cohesion and particle dispersion minimizes segregation and
bleeding and improves pumpability.
Chloride free, safe for use in prestressed and reinforced concrete.

Viscosity modification agent (Glenium B233)

Plasticizers are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of

the material to which they are added; these include plastics, cement,
concrete, wallboard, and clay. Although the same compounds are often used
for both plastics and concretes the desired effect is slightly different.
Plasticizers for concrete increase the workability of the wet mix, or reduce
the water required to achieve the desired workability, and are usually not
intended to affect the properties of the final product after it hardens.
GLENIUM B233 is an admixture of a new generation based on modified
poly carboxylic ether. The product has been primarily developed for

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applications in HPC where the highest durability and performance is
required. GLENIUM B233 is free of chloride and low alkali. It is compatible
with all types of cements.
Advantages of super plasticizer are

Elimination of vibration and reduced labor cost in placing

Marked increase in early & ultimate strengths.
Improved adhesion to reinforcing and stressing steel.
Better resistance to carbonation and other aggressive atmospheric
condition.
Lower permeability - increased durability
Reduced shrinkage and creep
GLENIUM B233 consists of a carboxylic ether polymer

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

H.J.H. Brouwers and H.J. Radix (2005)

Based on these considerations, three mixes have been composed
and tested [3]. Another objective was to meet these theoretical requirements
while using the most economical ingredients. This has resulted in three
mixes with a low content of powder, 480 kg/m3 of concrete. The fresh
concrete has been evaluated with the Slump-flow, V-funnel and J-ring tests,
and its air content has been measured. All mixes meet the criteria set by
these tests, whereby the use of superplasticizer could be limited to 1% of the
powder content, and the use of a viscosity modifying agent can be avoided.

Soo-Duck Hwang, Kamal H. Khayat(2006)

Performance-based specifications are suggested forhigh-

performance SCC designated for the filling ofrestricted sections typically
found in structural applications. Instead of testing the filling capacity of
concrete by using amock-up test or the caisson test, a combination of
passingability and nonrestricted deformability can be used to assessthe
filling capacity of SCC.

Mayur B. Vanjare, Shriram H. Mahure (2012)

The latest researches are concentrating on ways to create new

concrete by using various industrial wastes. The addition of glass powder

13
into concrete was a step that was taken to utilise glass powder obtained from
the waste glass factory in an effective manner. Various properties of the
glass powder integrated SCC mixes such as self compactability, compressive
strength, and flexural strength were evaluated and compared with those of
conventional SCC.

Jin Tao; Yong Yuan; and Luc Taerwe(2009)

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is being used in high-rise

buildings and industrial structures which may be subjected to high
temperatures during operation or in case of an accidental fire. The proper
understanding of the effects of elevated temperatures on the properties of
SCC is necessary. This paper reports the results of laboratory investigations
carried out to study the effects of high temperatures ranging from room
temperature to 800C on the compressive strength of different water-cement
ratio SCC and high-strength concrete. It is found that the hot compressive
strength of SCC decreases with increasing temperature. Compared with
normal-strength SCC, high-strength SCC possesses a larger compressive
strength exposed to high temperature. Another result of tests is that addition
of polypropylene fibers decreased the strength and probability of explosive
spalling.

Slamet Widodo(2012)

Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is a special concrete

which is highly flowable, nonsegregating and by its own weight spread into

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place, completely fill the formwork even in the presence of dense
reinforcement and then encapsulate the rebar without the need of any
additional compaction. Similar with other cement-based materials, SCC also
has a brittle characteristic. This research conducted to evaluate the effects of
polypropylene fiber addition on fresh state characteristics of SCC mixes, and
investigate the effects of polypropylene fiber on some hardened properties of
SCC. In this research, concrete mixes were added with polypropylene fiber
of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% volume fraction. Fresh characteristics were
evaluated based on its passing ability, flowability, viscosity, and segregation
resistance using J-ring, Slump flow, and Sieve Segregation Resistance tests.
After 28 days of curing, compressive, splitting tensile strength, and drop-
weight impact resistance were tested.

Syed Ali Rizwan, and Husnain Ahmad(2006)

A study on high performance (HP) self-compacting concrete

(SCC) is reported. It contains basic information on such systems, their
manufacture and applications. The objective of the paper is to introduce this
wonderful technology of the decade to the engineers in Pakistan. This
technology finds special applications in cases of congested reinforced
sections, rafts, highly reinforced columns, bridge piers, tunnel

linings, placements and underwater repairs. These are some of the situations
where ordinary vibrated concrete can not be effectively utilized. Considering
the current pace of research on SCC in the advanced countries it is likely
that SCC would replace conventional vibrated concrete in the near future
altogether.

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F.M. Almeida Filhoa, B.E. Barragnb,, (2010)

This work presents a statisticalstudy on the variability of the

mechanical properties of hardened self-compacting concrete, including the
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.
The comparison of the experimental results with those derived from several
codes and recommendations allows evaluating if the hardened behaviour of
self-compacting concrete can be appropriately predicted by the existing
formulations. The variables analyzed include the maximum size aggregate,
paste and gravel content. Results from the analyzed self-compacting
concretes presented

variability measures in the same range than the expected for conventional
vibrated concrete, with all the results within a confidence level of 95%.
From several

Miao Liu(2009)
The established benefits of using low volumes of fly ash in
SCC, high volumes of fly ash in NVC and the search for uses of waste glass
led to the research on the possibilities of use higher fly ash contents than
hitherto and ground glass as an addition in SCC whilst maintaining
satisfactory properties. Mix design methods, tests, target properties and
constituent materials were selected. This was followed by investigating the
influence of fly ash and ground glass on the mortar fraction of the SCC and
then using these results to produce concrete mixes with the target fresh
properties. Hardened concrete of these mixes were measured and the
relationships between these investigated.

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SCOPE & OBJECTIVES:
The scope of this work is limited to the development of suitable
mix design to satisfy the requirements of SCC in the plastic stage using
local aggregates and then to determine the strength and durability of such
concrete exposed to thermal and moisture cycles. The general objective
of this study was to conduct an exploratory work towards the
development of a suitable SCC mix design and to evaluate the
performance of the selected SCC mix under thermal and moisture
variations. The specific objectives were as follows:

1. To design a suitable SCC mix utilizing local aggregates, and

2. To assess the strength development and durability of SCC exposed to

thermal and moisture variations.

3. To minimize the fine aggregate consumption by introducing of

coconut husk.

4. To minimize the water consumption by using admixture (conplast

sp430) and thereby reducing the requirements of men power.

5. To minimize the time consumption.

6. To eliminate vibration.

7. Also to reduce the cost than that of the normal concrete.

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Properties of Materials
A.Coarse aggregate:
To find 1, Bulk density

2, Specific gravity

1, Bulk density of coarse aggregate:

Weight of empty container W1 = 0.135 kg

Weight of fine aggregate + container = 6.613 kg

Weight of coarse aggregate + container = 8.485 kg

Weight of water + W1 = 4.27 kg

Weight of coarse aggregate alone, W2 = 8.35 kg

Weight of fine aggregate alone, W3 = 6.478 kg

Weight of water alone, W4 = 4.467 kg

Volume of container = Volume of water

Volume of Water
= Mass of water / Mass density

Mass density = 5.566x 10-3 m

Bulk density of aggregate = weight of aggregate

volume of container

Dry bulk density of coarse aggregate = (W2)/V

= 8.35 / 5.566x10-3

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 = 1500 x103 kg/m3

2) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate:

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = (W 2-W1) / {(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)}

W1 = empty weight of pycnometer, W1 = 0.676 kg

W2 = weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate , W 2 = 1.422 kg

W3 = weight of pycnometer + coarse aggregate + water ,W 3 = 2.015 kg

W4 = weight of pycnometer + water , W4 = 1.531kg

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.8

B.Fine aggregate:

To find 1, Bulk density

2, Specific gravity

1, Bulk density of fine aggregate:

Weight of empty container W1 = 0.135 kg

Weight of fine aggregate + container = 6.613 kg

Weight of coarse aggregate + container = 8.485 kg

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Weight of water + W1 = 4.27 kg

Weight of coarse aggregate alone, W2 = 8.35 kg

Weight of fine aggregate alone, W3 = 6.478 kg

Weight of water alone, W4 = 4.467 kg

Volume of container = Volume of water

Volume of Water
= Mass of water / Mass density

Mass density = 5.566x 10-3 m

Dry bulk density of fine aggregate = (W3)/V

= 6.478 / 4.467x10-3

= 1450x103 kg/m3

2) Specific gravity of fine aggregate:

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = (W2-W1) / {(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)}

W1 = empty weight of pycnometer, W1 = 0.678 kg

W2 = weight of pycnometer + fine aggregate, W2 = 1.392 kg

W3 = weight of pycnometer + fine aggregate + water, W3 = 1.984 kg

W4 = weight of pycnometer + water, W4 = 1.528 kg

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.6

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Details:

Design strength of SCC = 60 MPa

Aggregate size = 12.5 mm

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.8

Bulk density of coarse aggregate = 1500 kg/m3

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.6

Bulk density of fine aggregate = 1450 kg/m3

Specific gravity of cement = 3.14

Volume ratio of the fine aggregate = 54 %

Volume ratio of coarse aggregate = 46 %

Air content in SCC =2%

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 MIX DESIGN OF SCC IS 10362

1) Amount of fine aggregate(Ws) needed per unit volume of scc:

Ws = Bulk density of fine aggregate x volume ratio of fine aggregates
Ws = 1450x0.54
= 780kg/cu.m
2) Amount of coarse aggregate (Wc) needed per unit volume of scc:
Wc = Bulk density of coarse aggregate x volume ratio of coarse
Aggregates
Wc = 1500 x 0.46
= 690 kg/cu.m
3) Amount of cement (C) needed per unit volume of SCC:
Assuming each kg of cement can provide a compressive strength of
0.10 mpa for scc at 28 days.
Amount of cement (c) needed per unit volume of SCC for 60 mpa
strength.

C = 60/0.10
= 600 kg/cu.m
4) Determination of mineral admixtures content:
volume of mineral admixtures (Vma) assuming 1.5% of air content:
Determination of mineral admixtures:
Vma = 1-(690/1000x2.8)-(780/1000x2.6)-(600/1000x3.14)-
(180/1000x1)-0.012
Vma = 0.07cu.m

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Weight of coconut husk:
Wch = 0.07x670
=46.9kg
Weight super plasticizers:

= 0.015x(600+46.9)
= 9.7 kg/m

Results:
Cement = 600 kg/m
Fine aggregates = 780 kg/m
Coarse aggregates = 690 kg/m
Coconut husk = 47 kg/m
Mineral admixtures = 9.7 kg/m
Water content = 180 kg/m

STEP 1: Determination of Coarse and fine aggregate

According to for SCC packing factor = 1

Amount of fine aggregate needed per unit volume = PF x Ws x (S/a)

=packing factor x bulk density x volume of fine aggregate

= 1 x 1450 x 0.54

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 = 780 kg/m3

Amount of coarse aggregate needed per unit volume

= PF x Wg x (1-S/a)

= packing factor x bulk density x volume of coarse aggregate

= 1 x 1500 x0.46

= 690 kg/m3

STEP 2: Determination of cement content :

Assuming each kg of cement can provide a compressive

strength in 28 days = 0.10 MPa

Then the amount of cement required per unit volume of SCC = fck/0.10

= 60/0.10

= 600 kg/m3

STEP 3: Determination of mixing water content required by the cement

For CC the water/cement ratio required = 0.30

The amount of water needed = cement content x w/c ratio

= 600x0.30
= 180 kg/m3

STEP 4: calculation of filler:

Vpf

= 1-(Wca/1000xGca)-(Wfa/1000xGfa)-(Wc/1000xGc)-wa/1000xGwa-Va
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 = 1-(690/1000x2.8)-(780/1000x2.6)-(600/1000x3.14)-180/1000x1-.02

= 1-0.24-0.3-0.19-0.18-0.02

Vpf = 0.07 m3/M3

From the specific gravity of filler the mass of filler in one m3 of concrete be
calculated as

Wf = density x volume of filler

Wf = 670x0.07

Wf = 47 kg/m3

Step 6 : calculation of Super Plasticizers:

The solid content of SP determined. The dosage of super

plasticizer is determined from experience or from experience or from its
saturation point. Water content to be added to be added to the mix can be
corrected to the water content in the SP.

Wsp = 1.5%

= 0.015 x (600+47)

= 9.7kg/m3

Step 7: result:

Cement = 600 kg/m3

Fine aggregate = 780 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate = 690 kg/m3

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Coconut husk = 47 kg/m3

Superplasticizers(glenium) = 9.7 kg/m3

Water = 180 kg/m3

Tests on fresh concrete

Slump flow Filling ability

V-funnel Filling ability
L-box Passing ability
U-box Passing ability

SLUMP FLOW TEST

This is a test method for evaluating the flowability of SCC, where the
slump flow of SCC with coarse aggregates having the maximum size of less
than 40 mm is measured. The basic equipment is the same as for the
conventional slump test. However, the concrete placed into the mold is not
tamped. When the slump cone has been lifted and the sample has collapsed,
the diameter of the spread is measured rather than the vertical distance of the
collapse. Slump flows for an SCC mix can range from 18 to more than 30
inches. Observations of the flow should look for no separation of grout from
the mix, no fringe of water at the edge or on the surface, and an even
distribution of aggregate in the patty . The greater the slump flow, the higher
the level of "flow ability" of the concrete.

26
 FIGURE SLUMP FLOW TEST

PROCEDURE
Place the base plate on level ground. Keep the slump cone centrally
on the base plate. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp. Simply strike
off the concrete level with the trowel. Remove the surplus concrete lying on
base plate. Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow freely.
Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular directions
and calculate the average of the two diameters. This is the slump flow in
mm. note that there is water or cement paste or mortar without coarse
aggregate is seen at the edge of the spread concrete.

V Funnel Test

A test method for evaluating the material segregation resistance of

SCC, using a funnel where the efflux time of SCC with coarse aggregates
having the maximum size of less than 25 mm is measured.

27
 FIGURE V- FUNNEL TEST

Funnel test of concrete equivalent to the Marsh Funnel for grout testing.
A V- shaped box is made with a narrow opening at the bottom. A gate is
fixed, at the bottom of the box. The box is filled with concrete. The gate is
opened and the time for the concrete to flow out of the box is measured.
Low flow times indicate a lower plastic viscosity of the mix. This test
provides a qualitative assessment of the SCC mix viscosity.

PROCEDURE

Place the cleaned V-funnel vertically on a stable and flat ground, with
the top opening horizontally positioned.
Wet the interior of the funnel with the moist sponge or towel and
remove the surplus of water, e.g. through the opening. The inner side
of the funnel should be 'just wet'.
Close the gate and place a bucket under it in order to retain the
concrete to be passed.
Fill the funnel completely with a representative sample of SCC
without applying any compaction or tamping.
28
 Remove any surplus of concrete from the top of the funnel using the
straightedge.
Open the gate after a waiting period of (10 TO 20) seconds. Start
the stopwatch at the same moment the gate opens.
Look inside the funnel and stop the time at the moment when
clear space is visible through the opening of the funnel. The stop
watch reading is recorded as the V-funnel flow time, noted as t.
Clean the V-funnel after testing.
L-Box type

The method aims at investigating the passing ability of SCC. It

measures the reached height of fresh SCC after passing through the
specified gaps of steel bars and flowing within a defined flow distance.
With this reached height, the passing or blocking behaviour of SCC
can be estimated.

FIGURE L-BOX TEST

29
PROCEDURE

Place the L-box in a stable and level position.

Fill the vertical part of the L-box, with the extra adapter mounted,
with 12.7 litres of representative fresh SCC.
Let the concrete rest in the vertical part for one minute ( 10
seconds). During this time the concrete will display whether it is
stable or not(segregation).
Lift the sliding gate and let the concrete flow out of the vertical part
into the horizontal part of the L-box.
When the concrete has stopped moving, measure the average distance,
noted as h , between the top edge of the box and the concrete that reached
the end of the box, at three positions, one at the centre and two at each side.

U BOX TEST

The test was developed by the technology research center of

the taisei corporation in Japan .Sometimes the apparatus is called a box-
shaped test .The test is used to measure the filling ability of self-
compacting concrete .The apparatus consists of a vessel that is divided by a
middle wall in to two compartments .An opening with a sliding gate is fitted
between the two sections. Reinforcing bars with normal diameter of 13mm
are installed at the gate with centre-to-centre spacing of 50mm .this creates a
clear spacing of 35mm between the bars. The left hand section is filled with
20 liter of concrete then the gate lifted and concrete flows upwards in to the
section. The height of the concrete in both the sections is measured.

30
Procedure
About 20 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled
normally.
Set the scoop level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can
open freely and then close it.
Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water.
Fill the one compartment of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
Leave it to stand for 1 minute.
Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow in to the other
compartment.

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 After the concrete has come to rest, measure the height of the concrete
in the compartment that has been filled, in two places and calculate
the mean (H1).Measure also the height in other compartment (H2).
The whole test has to be performed within 5 minutes.

Typical range of value Obtained

S.no Method Unit Maximum Minimum value
1 Slump flow test Mm 650 800 690
2 V-funnel test Sec. 6 12 9
3 U-box test Mm 0 30 18
4 L-box test - 0.8 1.0 0.90

TESTS METHODS FOR HARDENED PROPRTIES OF

CONCRETE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compression test develops a rather more complex system of stresses.

Due to compression load, the cube or cylinder undergoes lateral expansion
owing to the Poissons ratio effect. The steel plates do not undergo lateral
expansion to the some extent that of concrete, with the result that steel
restrains the expansion tendency of concrete in the lateral direction. This
induces a tangential force between the end surfaces of the concrete specimen
and the adjacent steel plates of the testing machine. It has been found that
the lateral strain in the steel plates is only 0.4 of the lateral strain in the
concrete. Due to this the platen restrains the lateral expansion of the concrete

32
in the parts of the specimen near to its end. The degree of restraint exercised
depends on the friction actually developed. when the friction is eliminated
by applying grease, graphite or paraffin wax to the bearing surfaces the
specimen exhibits a larger expansion and eventually splits along its full
length.

FIGURE COMPRESSION TEST

SPLIT TENSILE TEST

Tensile strengths are based on the indirect splitting test on
cylinders. This is also sometimes referred as, Brazilian Test. This test
was developed in Brazil in 1943. At about the same time this was also
independently developed in Japan. The test is carried out by placing a
cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading specimen of a
compression testing machine and the load is applied until failure of the
cylinder, along the vertical diameter. The loading condition produces a
high compressive stresses immediately below the two generators to
which the load is applied. But the larger portion corresponding to depth
is subjected to a uniform tensile stress acting horizontally. In order to
reduce the magnitude of the high compression stresses near the points
of application of the load, narrow packing strips of suitable material

33
such as plywood are placed between the specimen and the loading
platens of the testing machine. The main advantage of this method is
that the same type of specimen and the same testing machine are used
for the compression test can be employed for this test. That is why this
test is gaining popularity. The splitting test is simple to perform and
gives more uniform results than other tension tests.

FIGURE TENSILE TEST

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

The mould should be of metal, preferably steel or cast iron and

the metal should be constructed with the longer dimension horizontal
and in such a manner as to facilitate the removal of the molded
specimens without a damage. The tamping bar should be steel bar
weighing 2 kg, 40 cm long and should have a ramming face 25 mm
square. The testing machine may be of any reliable type of sufficient
capacity for the tests and capable of applying the load at the rate
specified. The permissible errors should not be greater than 0.5% of
the applied load where a high degree of accuracy is required and not

34
greater than 1.5% of the applied load for commercial type of use. The
bed of the testing machine should be provided with two steel rollers, 38
mm in diameter, on which the specimen is to be supported, and these
rollers should be so mounted that the distance from centre to centre is
60mm for 15 cm specimen or 40cm for 10.0 cm specimens. The is
applied through two similar rollers mounted at the third points of the
supporting span, that is, spaced at 20 or 13.3 cm centre to centre. The
load is divided equally between the two loading rollers, and all rollers
are mounted in such a manner that the load is applied axially and
without subjecting specimen to any torsional stresses or restrains.

TESTS METHODS FOR HARDENED PROPRTIES OFBEAM

Deflection in mm
s.no Load in Kg 1 point load 2 point load shear
1 250 0.046 0.054 0.034
2 500 0.088 0.008 0.068
3 750 0.122 0.12 0.094

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4 1000 0.158 0.148 0.122
5 1250 0.194 0.178 0.144
6 1500 0.31 0.204 0.172
7 1750 o.406 023 0.202
8 2000 0.488 0.32 0.236
9 2250 0.576 0.378 0.268
10 2500 0.69 0.438 0.352
11 2750 o.798 0.506 0.416
12 3000 0.892 0.594 0.478
13 3250 1.016 0.684 0.534
14 3500 1.134 0.77 0.592
15 3750 1.238 0.852 0.654
16 4000 1.342 0.918 0.718
17 4250 1.446 0.966 0.782
18 4500 1.532 1.034 0.834
19 4750 1.614 1.138 0.898
20 5000 1.732 1.222 0.98
21 5250 1.83 1.346 1.09
22 5500 1.978 1.68 1.172
23 5750 2.08 1.812 1.264
24 6000 2.212 1.982 1.308
25 6250 2.336 2.02 1.402
26 6500 2.5 2.25 1.562
27 6750 2.648 - 1.806
28 7000 - - 1.93
29 7250 - - 2.062

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Flexural strength of beams:

1. Single point load test

Flexural strength = 3FL / 2bd 2

F is the load (force) at the fracture point (N)

L is the length of the support span (mm)

b is width (mm)

d is thickness (mm)

= ( 3 x 66.218 x 103 x 0.9)

2 x 0.23 x 0.232

= 7.34 x 106 n/m2

0r

= 7.34 n/mm2

37
2. Two Point Load Test

Flexural strength = 3F (L Li ) / 2bd 2

F is the load (force) at the fracture point (N)

L is the length of the support span (m)

Li is the distance between the loads (m)

b is width (m)

d is thickness (m)

= ( 3 x 63.76 x 103 x [0.9-0.45])

2 x 0.23 x 0.232

= 3.53 x 106 n/m2

0r

= 3.53 n/mm2

38
39
40
 REFERRENCES

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