Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Report
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TYPES OF WASTES:
The different types of wastes are:
Domestic waste, Factory waste, Waste from oil factory, E-waste, Construction waste,
Agricultural waste, Food processing waste, Bio-medical waste and Nuclear waste
Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially
common as co-disposal of wastes
Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and
other trash
Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form
Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds,
manufacturing industries and other sources
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO THEIR PROPERTIES:
Bio-degradable which can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable which cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,
cans, Styrofoam containers and others)
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THEIR EFFECT ON HUMAN HEALTH
AND ENVIRONMENT:
Hazardous wastes
Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public
health or the environment. Characteristic hazardous wastes are materials that are
known or tested to exhibit one or more of the following four hazardous traits:
ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity or toxicity.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically
that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping
or disposal in.
Four Rs
Four Rs need to be followed for waste management. They are Refuse, Reuse,
Recycle and Reduce.
Refuse: Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that
are in the house. Refuse to buy new items though you may think they are
prettier than the ones you already have
Reuse: Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the bottles; cover them with
homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small
vases
Recycle: Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which can be used over
and over again [will this come under recycle or reduce?].Segregate your
waste to make sure that it is collected and taken for recycling
Reduce: Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g. carry your own
shopping bag when you go to the market and put all your purchases directly
into it.
Municipal Waste:
Main Sources of Municipal Waste:
House hold waste
Commercials:
Street sweeping
Hotels and restaurants
Clinics and dispensaries
Construction and demolition
Horticulture
Sludge
In most of the Indian cities open dumping is the Common Practices which is
adversely affecting on environment and Public health.
Effects of Open Dumping:
Health effect
Environmental Pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination,
global warming and climate change
EFFECTS OF WASTE:
GHGs are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of human activities,
causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean
temperature to rise.
Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change
precipitation and other local climate conditions.
Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water
supplies.
This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our
national parks might be permanently altered.
Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might
limit warming in some areas.
Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become
wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased
precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils.
Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for
specific areas.
Out of the ten trucks available with the municipal board, 4 trucks are more than 8
years old and needs to be replaced. Out of 10 vehicles used for collection of
garbage, 6 are tippers and 4 are Lorries and with each trip, 5 numbers of helpers
are deployed, as the garbage has to be manually removed and dumped at the
dumping ground. Hence, instead of making two trips per day, each vehicle makes
only one trip. The old trucks should be replaced with hydraulic tippers to reduce
cost of collection and transportation.
PRESENT PROBLEMS:
1. To dump 100 MTS of Urban waste daily, the Corporation need a 1Hectare of
land every year.
In India, all the Municipal Corporation are adopting land filling of low lying areas for
disposal of solid waste. The solid wastes are simply dumped without any treatment
into land (depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the outskirts of the city in an
unscientific manner. The above practice of disposal leads to air and water (surface
and ground water) pollution, releases foul smell and poses public health problems.
In SHILLONG enough and adequate area of land without human settlement around
is not available for regular disposal, besides open dumping invites public criticism
and protest, hence a proper waste management process including safe collection,
transportation, treatment, processing and safe disposal of refuses rejected from the
process will have to be adopted.
M/s. Excel Industries Limited, Bombay, the pioneer in Agro Chemicals and Industrial
Chemicals, have developed a cost effective technology for solid waste
management. Years of research and pilot scale trials have resulted in development
of this Eco-friendly technology. This indigenous technology developed by Excel
Industries Limited, Bombay is being adopted by many Municipal Corporation
throughout India.
The main aim of the project is to implement an Eco-friendly technology for recycling
of solid waste generated in SHILLONG. After evaluating various options available,
SHILLONG Municipal Board has decided to use Excels technology for Bio-conversion
of solid waste into organic manure.
METHODOLOGY:
The technology is basically for controlled bio conversion of city garbage into organic
manure adopting an integrated approach involving following steps: -
The waste management project will be executed under the North East Region
Capital Cities Development Investment Programme (NERCCDIP) formulated by the
Central Government to improve the environment and the wellbeing of urban
residents in five capital cities of the region including Shillong.
Under the waste management project, sewer pipelines will be laid in order to carry
the sewage from individual houses to the sewerage treatment plant (STP) and
manholes will be provided at suitable intervals so as to facilitate regular cleaning
and inspection. To implement the project effectively, the Greater Shillong Planning
Areas (Zone 1) has been divided into seven sub zones.
The first treatment plant would cover parts of Laitumkhrah, Lummawrie, Secretariat
Hills and Oakland, the firm officials informed, adding that the design of the sewer
network is complete and the cost of the pilot project is about Rs 65 crore.
Under the solid waste management programme, segregation of solid waste will be
done at the source, while the method of door-to-door house collection will be done
through waster collectors, primary collection vehicles and mobile garbage bins.
Under the programme, thirty thousand households within the Municipal areas will be
provided with two garbage bins one green and one blue for separate storage of
biodegradable and non- bio-degradable solid wastes. To make people aware about
the initiatives, the consultancy firm has also imparted training to people in certain
localities of the city.
UNIVERSAL WASTE
Universal waste is generally defined as the waste that cannot be disposed of
in a landfill or incinerator, usually containing at least one kind of
contaminant. Examples of universal waste are batteries, electronics,
pesticides, items containing mercury and some type of hazardous waste.
Allowing this type of waste to infiltrate a landfill can be detrimental to human
health, and therefore must be strictly regulated. Official policy should
ensures that it does not enter the black-bag waste stream, individuals at the
college might not be aware of the many items that cant be thrown into a
normal garage can, and therefore can contaminate the steam. The types of
Waste are Mercury lamps, fluorescent bulbs, batteries, and computers
IIM Shillong does not have separate mechanism for treating universal
waste. Batteries, Tube lights waste etc. are either taken away by the
electrician itself or disposed through RSSO by normal mechanism. Battery
Recycling process need to be introduced within the college. Students need to
be educated about the unavailability of the standard process for recycling of
electronic equipment through enough advertisement for the same. Instead of
recycling their batteries, students dispose of them in the regular trash
containers.
Standard Process
Collect the batteries
Recycle the metals and plastics from the batteries after every six
months
Recycling separates the hazardous materials from the batteries, while
the rest of the batterythe metals and plastics is recycled.
Hazardous material would be disposed through contracted company
Proposition of Improvement
FOOD WASTE
Food waste makes up large portion of the garbage generated by the IIM
Shillong community. Efforts are being made to curtail the amount of food
waste that is created. Campaigns need to be implemented across campuses
nationwide to encourage less food wastage, which in turn would lead to
energy, water, and financial savings. However, proper sorting and disposing
of food waste still pose the biggest challenges for these initiatives to be
effective.
IIM Shillong
Currently, food waste collected daily is stored in a common place. Plastic and
paper from food containers and wrappers are not recycled but put into a
black bag and thrown as black bag waste. Remaining waste is send to a
nearby pig farm which is used as fodder for the pigs and hence utilized in an
efficient manner.
Proposals for Improvement
Food waste is a crucial issue because of its bulk. As discussed previously, IIM
Shillong leftover food is donated, but much more could be donated if efforts
were made to decrease the amount of food thrown away by each student.
There are several ways to encourage students to only 'take what they plan to
eat.'
a. Posters in the canteen could explain this program, and possibly display
individual stories from participants or volunteers. If students are aware
that the food is not just thrown away, they might be more inclined to
take less food.
b. Servers can be more wary of the amount of food given in a single
serving, ensuring that it is both healthy and controlled. For self-serve
areas, creative signs can be posted to encourage students to only take
what they plan to eat.
Two separate bins for collecting food waste and paper, plastic & wrappers in
the food area would help in reducing time for separation and make the
process run smoother. In order to increase the recycling efficiency in City, we
propose that clearly marked signs be posted on each recycling receptacle, so
that students can easily identify where to place trash and each type of
recycling. In addition, there should be signs explaining what is acceptable for
each type of recycling.
IIM Shillong
Eco Biz Club of IIM Shillong is planning to implement this process to effectively
utilize the pine briquettes available within the campus and generate energy using
the same. Feasibility study, planning and documentation of the process that need to
be implemented in IIM Shillong has already been completed. The implementation
and scalability of the process depends on the budget that will be approved for the
pine briquettes process by the administration.
COMPOSTING
Composting is the process of accelerating the decay of food or yard waste
with the help of microorganisms and worms. Compost is a practical and
economical way to recycle organic matter and improve soil, since it is an
excellent source of plant nutrients. In addition, compost soil absorbs and
holds water longer than normal soil. Not only is composting beneficial for the
grounds on campus but also for the environment.
Organic waste that would otherwise be landfilled can be reused to fertilize
our grounds. Yard and food waste take up significant portion of municipal
solid waste, and putting this waste to use as compost would save landfill
space
IIM Shillong
Currently no composting is going on.
Leaves and tree clippings are bagged and taken up by RSSO
Main areas with leaves, grass clippings and other compost materials
are in front of admin building, around green houses as well as on way
to auditorium from old mess.
References:
http://smb.gov.in/projects.html
http://www.nswai.com/waste-municipal-solid-waste.php
http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2012/11/01/shillong-solid-waste-
management-project-likely-by-march-next/
http://moud.gov.in/SwachchBharat
http://india.gov.in/spotlight/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-ek-kadam-
swachhata-ki-ore