Method to Stabilize Suspended Decks in Double Walled Storage Tanks

METHOD TO STABILIZE SUSPENDED DECKS
IN DOUBLE WALLED STORAGE TANKS
BY
ERIC J GNADE
DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Civil Engineering
in the Graduate College of the
Illinois Institute of Technology
Approved _________________________
Adviser
Chicago, Illinois
December 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1
1.1 Issue Statement ...................................................................... 1

1.2 Scope of Thesis ........................................................................... 2
2. STANDARD DESIGN PRACTICE ................................................... 3
2.1 Explanation of Tank Systems ................................................ 3

2.2 Industry Code Requirements ................................................. 8
2.3 Performance Criteria for Suspended Decks ........................... 8
3. DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TANK COMPONENTS .................. 10
3.1 Structural Dynamics Overview .............................................. 10

3.2 Outer Tank ............................................................................. 11
3.3 Inner Tank .............................................................................. 12
3.4 Suspended Deck ..................................................................... 15
4. AS-BUILT DESIGNS ........................................................................ 20
4.1 Bent Annular Suspended Deck .............................................. 20

4.2 Flat Annular Suspended Deck ............................................... 23
5. METHOD TO STABILIZE SUSPENDED DECK ............................ 28
5.1 Overview ................................................................................ 28

5.2 Braced Frame ......................................................................... 28
iii
6. MODIFIED DESIGNS ....................................................................... 32
6.1 Bent Annular Suspended Deck .............................................. 32

6.2 Flat Annular Suspended Deck ............................................... 33
7. CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 34
APPENDIX
A. AS-BUILT DESIGN: BENT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK ...... 35
B. AS-BUILT DESIGN: FLAT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK ...... 43
C. MODIFIED DESIGN: BENT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK .... 49
D. MODIFIED DESIGN: FLAT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK ..... 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 60
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3.1 Force Reduction Factors for Inner Tank per API Standard 620 ................ 14
4.1 Bent Annular Tank Dimensions ................................................................. 20
4.2 Bent Annular Deck Dimensions (Metric) .................................................. 21
4.3 Bent Annular Deck Dimensions (Imperial) ............................................... 21
4.4 Dynamic Properties of Bent Annular Tank (Metric) ................................. 22
4.5 Dynamic Properties of Bent Annular Tank (Imperial) ............................... 23
4.6 Summary of Displacements for Bent Annular Deck .................................. 23
4.7 Flat Annular Tank Dimensions .................................................................. 24
4.8 Flat Annular Deck Dimensions (Metric) .................................................... 24
4.9 Flat Annular Deck Dimensions (Imperial) ................................................. 25
4.10 Dynamic Properties of Flat Annular Tank (Metric) ................................. 26
4.11 Dynamic Properties of Flat Annular Tank (Imperial) ............................... 26
4.12 Summary of Displacements for Flat Annular Deck ................................. 27
6.1 Summary of Modified Bent Annular Deck Displacements ...................... 32
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Single Containment Tank System .............................................................. 3
2.2 Full Containment Tank System .................................................................. 4
2.3 Double Containment Tank System ............................................................ 5
2.4 Cross-Section View of Suspended Deck with Bent Annular Plate ............ 6
2.5 Cross-Section View of Suspended Deck with Flat Annular Plate ................ 7
3.1 Empirical Curve for Coefficient Ci from Equation 3.3.1-1 ........................... 8
3.2 Layout of Required Tank Dimensions .......................................................... 17
3.3 Minimum Required Spacings of Top Stiffener ............................................. 19
4.1 Bent Annular Tank Design Response Spectrum ........................................... 22
4.2 Flat Annular Tank Design Response Spectrum ............................................ 26
vi
ABSTRACT
The safe storage of natural resources, such as liquefied natural gas or propane, is
essential to the public and companies that distribute these resources. Large diameter,
double walled cylindrical storage tanks are the typical structure used to store these natural
resources. One of the design factors that commonly govern the structural integrity of the
tank is the design seismic response spectra.
A component of the tank that is not given much consideration in the industry
codes is the suspended insulated deck. The purpose of the deck is to provide a layer of
insulation just above the liquid level of the product. This helps control the release of
gases that boil off from the product. Despite this deck being made of thin plate material,
this can be a considerable mass on large diameter tanks once the insulation and deck
stiffeners are accounted for. The supports for the deck are typically one-half inch or
sixteen millimeter square rods, which do not provide much lateral resistance. The
concern this thesis investigates is what occurs to the suspended deck during an
earthquake.
By treating the outermost ring of rods as a moment frame, the summation of each
rods lateral stiffness provides the total deck stiffness and natural period of the structure
as a single-degree-of-freedom system. It is determined the standard design is likely to
collide with other vital components of the tank under certain seismic events. In order to
prevent the deck from potentially damaging these components, the conservative route is
to increase the stiffness of the deck until the displacements are within an allowable range.
vii
This is done by installing a tank specific number of braced frames around the outer
perimeter of the deck.
The above procedure is a simple method to ensure there are no unexpected
collisions between tank components. More time consuming methods, such as finite
element analysis may show that the standard design can sufficiently withstand any
collisions. However, the ability to provide a quick, easy solution with minimal added
construction materials is a considerable advantage when ensuring the safety of the storage
tank.
viii
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Issue Statement
The safe and reliable storage of natural resources is an essential part to any
companys ability to distribute to civilians for everyday use or production facilities for
manufacturing. The failure of a storage facility can cause dangerous hazards to the
public by either leaking toxic gases to the atmosphere or stopping the distribution of
natural gas to houses during the winter. A tank failure can also cause expensive delays in
production for a company. This is particularly the case for cryogenic and low
temperature storage tanks that store such products as natural gas (methane), propylene,
ethylene, propane, anhydrous ammonia, and butane in a liquid state. A substantial upfront
investment is required to construct these storage facilities, so the owners expect to receive
a final product from the engineering and construction firms that will last for the duration
of the production facility. The engineers must design the tank to withstand extreme
weather conditions or probable seismic activity without causing a catastrophic failure.
With these large, cylindrical tanks storing massive amounts of liquid product,
seismic activity is naturally a major design consideration. A variety of industry code
checks are required to certify that the tank can withstand expected seismic activity.
However, one commonly used tank component, a suspended insulated deck, does not
have clear code requirements that specify what behavior is acceptable during a seismic
event.
2
1.2 Scope of Thesis
This thesis will provide a method for tank designers to determine whether or not
the standard design of a suspended insulated deck is sufficient for a given site specific
seismic requirement. The process utilizes simple structural dynamic methods so the
designer can perform quick and reliable hand calculations instead of requiring expensive
and time consuming finite element analysis computer programs. Since the suspended
decks hang from long, thin steel rods or bars, lateral displacement is expected. However,
if the deck sways too much, it could potentially cause damage to the primary containment
of the tank. The bottom line of the calculations is to ensure that the lateral displacement
of the suspended deck during a seismic event is within a determined limit.
In the situation that the standard design of the suspended deck allows for an
unacceptable level of lateral displacement, there is a simple way to stabilize the
suspended deck. This would entail installing simple braced frames around the perimeter
of the suspended deck to act as the seismic force resisting system. The intent of this
solution is to make the supporting elements of the deck stiffer, so lateral displacements
are limited to prevent tank components from colliding. This thesis will go through the
calculations required to determine the size and quantity of cross bracing needed to
stabilize the deck from collisions.

3
CHAPTER
R2
STANDARD DESIGN
N PRACTIC
CE
2.1 Expla
anation of Tank
T System
ms
2.1.1 nment. Therre are a varieety of orienttations possiible for a

Typess of Contain
crryogenic or low temperaature storagee tank. It is aall dependennt on the neeeds of the ow
wner
an
nd what prod
duct is being
g stored. Acccording to thhe Americann Petroleum Institute (A
API),
th
he storage op
ptions are sin
ngle, doublee, or full conttainment. A single conttainment tankk is
ty
ypically a sin
ngle-wall tan
nk that is liqu
uid and vapoor-tight as shhown in Figuure 2.1.
However,
H a siingle contain
nment tank may
m also havve a similar design to thee full
co
ontainment tank
t shown in
i Figure 2.2
2. The diffe rence betweeen a single aand full
Fig
gure 2.1. Sin
ngle Containm
ment Tank S
System
co
ontainment tank
t is that the
t outer con
ntainer for a single contaainment tankk is only desiigned
to
o contain pro
oduct vapor and not prod
duct liquid inn an event of a leak. Onn the other haand,
4
th
he full containment tank must be dessigned so thee outer shell is able to coontain both tthe
prroduct liquid
d and vapor (API Standaard 625 5-6).. A double ccontainmentt tank is basiically
a single contaainment tank

k surrounded
d by an addittional liquid container. A
As an exampple,
Figure 2.3 sho

ows that thiss secondary containmentt does not coontain any of the producct
vapor and is designed

d to only
o contain
n any leakagee of product from the primary contaiiner
(A
API Standard
d 625 5-4). In the case of
o the doublee and full coontainment taanks, the
seecondary liq
quid containm
ment may bee design as loow temperatture or cryoggenic steel orr
prre-stressed concrete.
c
Fiigure 2.2. Fu
ull Containm
ment Tank Syystem
5
Fig
gure 2.3. Dou
uble Containnment Tank System
2.1.2 Required Insulattion. An inttegral part off these storagge tanks are the insulatioon
sy
ystems used. The insulaation is requiired to preveent excessivee amounts off the liquid
prroduct from boiling off and

a being veented away ffrom the tankk. Boil off ggases are alw
ways
ex
xpected and accounted for
f in the plaant design, buut cost savinngs can be suubstantial byy
having an effficient insulaation system.. Varying tyypes of insullation are plaaced around the
prrimary liquid
d container. Layers of cellular
c glasss blocks are placed undeerneath the taank
bottom. For a single conttainment tan

nk with a sinngle shell, theere is typically a foam-inn-
place insulation sprayed on

o the outsid
de of the sheell. For any ddouble-walled tank, therre are
wo insulation
tw n options to be used in th
he annular sppace dependding on the aallowable ratte of
boil off. The annular spaace is the parrt of the tankk that is in beetween the innner and outter
sh
hells. The fiirst and mostt commonly
y used insulattion in the an
annular spacee for cryogennic,
fu
ull containm
ment tanks is perlite fill in
nsulation. T
This is a lighttweight perliite ore insulaation
th
hat is blown into the ann
nular space as
a shown in F
Figure 2.2. F
For low tem
mperature tannks
6
with
w double-w
walls, it is more
m common
n to use the ffoam-in-placce on the ouutside of the
prrimary contaainer. The final

fi area thaat requires innsulation is aabove the liqquid product.. It
iss necessary to
t have fiberrglass blankeet insulation on the deckk suspended ffrom the rooof
sttructural mem
mbers.
2.1.3 n. The suspended deck is a relativelly simple

Suspeended Deck Orientation
sttructure as sh
hown in Figu
ure 2.4. It iss a flat, circuular plate noormally madee of aluminuum or
caarbon steel that

t can be as
a thin as threee-sixteenthss of an inch.. There are ccircumferenttial
plate stiffenerrs spaced inttermittently across the deeck. Carbonn or stainlesss steel rods aare
th
hen attached
d from deck stiffeners
s to the roof girdders or rafterrs. The susppended deckss
reequire a deck
k annular plaate to provid
de a vapor seeal between tthe liquid prroduct and thhe
vapor space above

a the priimary contaiinment.
There are two diffferent orientations for thhis deck annuular plate. T
The first is shhown
in
n Figure 2.4 for a full containment taank. This is a plate bentt at a right anngle in
Figure 2.4. Cross-S

Section View
w of Suspendded Deck with Bent Annnular Plate
orrder to lap over

o the top shell
s stiffeneer of the prim
mary containnment. The flange of thee
deck annular plate is not welded

w to th
he web of thee top shell sttiffener, whiich allows foor
7
th
hermal contrraction of thee deck and sh
hell withoutt inducing a ttransfer of looads. The siize
of the top inn

ner shell stifffener is sized
d to intentionnally allow ffor some relaative
displacement between thee suspended deck and innner shell.
The seecond deck annular

a platee orientationn shown in F
Figure 2.5 is primarily foor a
siingle-walled
d tank but can
n be used on
n a double-w
walled tank iff the foam-inn-place
in
nsulation is used
u inside the
t annular space
s insteadd of the perliite fill insulaation. This ssetup
siimply has a flat

f annular plate that is lap welded tto the deck pplate and is llapped withoout
welds
w over a bar stiffenerr on the shelll. Similarly to the previoous examplee, by not wellding
th
he annular pllate to this bar
b stiffener, the suspendded deck is aallowed movvement due too
th
hermal contrraction and expansion
e alo
ong with seiismic events.
The reequired behaavior during a seismic evvent will be considered ffor both of thhese
su
uspended deeck orientatio
ons througho
out this thesiis. Henceforrth, the susppended deck
orrientations with
w the bentt annular plaate and the fllat annular pplate will be referred to aas the
b
bent annularr deck and flat
annularr deck, resppectively.
Figuree 2.5. Cross-Section View

w of Suspennded Deck w
with Flat Annnular Plate
8
2.2 Industry Code Requirements
API Standard 620 has performance criteria for how storage tanks should be
affected by seismic events. The two seismic events that are of concern for the suspended
deck are the Operating Level Earthquake, referred to as OLE or OBE, and the
Contingency Level Earthquake, referred to as CLE or SSE. In Appendix L of API
Standard 620, it is stated that after an OLE the tank system will remain operational with
only minor repair required (API Standard 620 L-4). It is also required that after a CLE
event, the primary liquid container will survive and contain the liquid (with only minor
leaks permitted) to protect the public but extensive damage may occur and the tank
system may not be repairable after this event (API Standard 620 L-4). These
requirements need to be taken into consideration when analyzing the suspended decks
behavior during an earthquake.
2.3 Performance Criteria for Suspended Decks
By following the industry code requirements, the two suspended deck orientations
will have different performance criteria during a seismic event. The bent annular deck
from Figure 2.4 will require calculations to be based on an OLE event while the flat
annular deck from Figure 2.5 requires the CLE event to govern.
The OLE basis for the bent annular deck is in order to ensure that the suspended
deck will not cause damage to the deck seal at the bent annular plate to inner shell top
stiffener junction. The seal is a vital component to the prolonged operation of the tank.
To consider this, the design of the suspended deck must restrict the amount of lateral
displacement enough to prevent impacts with the inner shell or flange of the top stiffener.
9
The required spacing between the bent annular plate and the flange of the top stiffener is
a function of the seismic induced displacement of the inner shell, sloshing liquid product
and suspended deck. The spacing between the bent annular plate and inner shell is only
based on the displacement of the suspended deck and inner shell. This neglects the
product because the sloshing liquid causes the inner shell to displace away from the
suspended deck. The CLE event is not considered for the bent annular deck because the
tank no longer needs to be operational afterward. This being the case, damage to the
inner shell and deck seal is acceptable.
The flat annular deck is limited to the CLE event because damage to the outer
shell induced by the suspended deck is not desired in any situation. Although the outer
shell can withstand a certain magnitude of impact from the suspended deck, the
conservative approach is to prevent any impact from occurring. This will be done by
limiting the lateral displacement of the deck such that it will not impact the outer shell
under a CLE event.

10
CHAPTER 3
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TANK COMPONENTS
3.1 Structural Dynamics Overview
3.1.1 Assumptions. The dynamic properties are required for the outer tank, inner tank,
and suspended deck, so the behavior of the tank and interaction between each component
can be estimated in the event of an earthquake. In order to maintain the simplicity of
these methods, there are a few assumptions that must be made when calculating the
natural period of the components. These assumptions are as follows:
The shell and suspended deck are considered to have a single-degree-of-
freedom (SDOF).
All insulation between components is neglected, so the free vibration of each
component can be considered independently. (i.e. perlite fill insulation
between the inner and outer shells and the fiberglass blanket in between the
bent annular flange and inner shell)
The tank is on a rigid base.
The outer shell is considered rigid.
3.1.2 Design Response Spectrum. There are many different ways in which seismic
requirements can be determined. A seismologist can provide site-specific ground
motions for a site that is within close proximity to a fault. The American Society of Civil
Engineers Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures code, referred to as
ASCE 7-10, may be used to create the design response spectrum if the code is specified
or the site is located within the United States. The minimum information required in this
11
case is the short period spectral acceleration, SS, and the spectral acceleration at a one-
second period, S1. Another option is to use section E.4.3 of API Standard 650 when just
the peak ground acceleration is given. A response spectrum shape can be determined by
multiplying the peak ground acceleration by two-and-a-half for the short period
acceleration and one-and-a-quarter for the acceleration at a one-second period.
The examples used for this thesis will use the methods provided in Chapter 11 of
ASCE 7-10 to determine the design short period spectral acceleration, SDS, and one-
second period spectral acceleration, SD1, for the response spectra. Appendix L of API
Standard 620 determines the suggested levels of earthquake the response spectra must
represent. For the OLE case, the two spectral response accelerations are based on a five
percent damped earthquake with a ten percent probability of exceedance in fifty years.
This is also known as an earthquake with a 475-year mean return period.
For the CLE case, the accelerations are based on a five percent damped earthquake with a
two percent probability of exceedance in fifty years. This is a considered a 2475-year
return period earthquake (API Standard 620 L-7). This is equivalent to the maximum
considered earthquakes in ASCE 7-10 and API 650, Appendix E.
These design response spectra are plotted such that the accelerations are a
function of the natural period of any structural system. The accelerations imposed on the
tank and suspended deck will be determined by finding the acceleration that is related to
the natural period of the respective tank component.
3.2 Outer Tank
The outer tank is assumed to be a rigid structure. There are two primary reasons
for this assumption. First, the combination of the outer shell and roof is a very stiff
12
structure with a natural period typically less than one second. The outer containment is
even stiffer when it consists of prestressed concrete. The other reasoning is that it will
make the problem more complicated for hand calculations if the movement of the outer
tank is taken into account. Since the suspended deck is hanging from the roof, the
response of the outer shell and the roof directly impacts the movement of the suspended
deck. By considering the outer shell rigid, the seismic movements at the roof level are
considered equivalent to those at ground level. This removes any need of considering a
multi-degree-of-freedom system for the outer shell to suspended deck interface.
3.3 Inner Tank
3.3.1 Period Calculation. The sloshing of the liquid product and the movement of the
shell must be considered when calculating the dynamic properties of the inner tank. This
can be very difficult to calculate by hand, so an empirical formula can be used from API
Standard 650 to calculate the impulsive and convective periods. The impulsive period is
an estimate of the period of the tank system using equation E.4.5.1-1b of API Standard
650.

1 Ci H
Ti (3.3.1-1)
27.8 tu E

D
The required information for equation 3.3.1-1 is the maximum design liquid level (H),
tank diameter (D), liquid density ( ), Youngs Modulus of the shell material (E), and the
equivalent uniform shell thickness (tu). The coefficient Ci is determined by the empirical
curve shown in Figure 3.1, which originates from Figure E-1 of API Standard 650.
13
gure 3.1. Em
Fig mpirical Curv
ve for Coeffiicient Ci from
m Equation 33.3.1-1
The
T convectiv ode sloshingg wave periood (API Stanndard 650). The
ve period is the first mo
eq
quation from
m API Standaard 650 is ass follows:
Tc K s D (3.33.1-2)
with
w
0.578
Ks (3.33.1-3)
3.68
8H
tanh
D
3.3.2 Displa alculation. The

acement Ca T spectrall accelerationn and naturaal period are the
nly factors required

on r to calculate the maximum ddeflection in a SDOF sysstem. The
mpulsive accceleration for the inner taank is calcullated using tthe followingg function frrom
im
API
A Standard
d 650.
I
Ai S DS (3.33.2-1)
R wi
The
T convectiv
ve acceleratiion from thee liquid is callculated usinng the follow
wing set of
eq
quations from
m section E..4.6.1 of API Standard 6650.
14
When TC TL
1 I (3.3.2-2)
Ac S D1
TC Rwc
When TC > TL
T I (3.3.2-3)
Ac S D1 L2
TC Rwc
According to API Standard 650, the value of TL shall be four seconds unless specified
otherwise. For the cases of this thesis, TL will be used as four seconds (E-11).
The above equations are utilized differently for an OLE and CLE case.
According to L.4.2.2 of API Standard 620, the OLE design forces shall not be adjusted
by an importance factor, I, or force reduction factor, R. For a CLE case, the importance
factor is also set to one. The force reduction factor is dependent on the product
temperature and whether or not the tank is self-anchored or mechanically-anchored.
Table 3.1 summarizes the force reduction factors for an inner tank from API Standard
620 Appendix L. In both the OLE and CLE cases, the two-thirds factor used to calculate
the SDS and SD1 in equations 11.4-3 and 11.4-4 of ASCE 7 shall be neglected (API
Standard 620 L-5).
Table 3.1 Force Reduction Factors for Steel Inner Tank per API Standard 620
Self-Anchored Mechanically-Anchored
Product
Rwi Rwc Rwi Rwc
Temperature
-60oF to +40oF 2.25 1.5 2.5 1.5

-325oF or warmer 1.5 1.0 1.75 1.0
15
With the equations determined for the spectral accelerations, the maximum
spectral displacement of the inner tank can be calculated. The equation to calculate
maximum displacement of a SDOF system in response to an earthquake ground motion is
Equation 3.3.2-4 (Chopra 210). This is applied to both the impulsive and convective
displacements.
T 2
D A n (3.3.2-4)
2
3.4 Suspended Deck
3.4.1 Period Calculation. The only information required to determine the period of a
suspended deck is the lumped mass, which includes the deck and deck stiffeners, and the
lateral stiffness of the hanging rods. The mass of the system is simply based on the size
and material of the deck and stiffeners. The calculation for the lateral stiffness is more
complicated.
The hanging rod system is going to be treated as a moment frame resisting
system. The outermost ring of rods is treated as vertically oriented cantilever beams with
a fixed connection at the roof rafter and a pinned connection at the deck stiffener. All of
the remaining rings of rods are treated as the gravity system to hold the remaining weight
of the deck and insulation. The stiffness of a rod is the lateral force required to induce a
unit of deflection at the level of the deck. The equation for this can be determined by
different methods of structural analysis, such as the Moment Area Method, but a quick
reference is Table 3-23 of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Manual
for Steel Construction (3-220). Case 22 provided in this table shows that the deflection at
16
the end of the cantilever is as shown in Equation 3.4.1-1, which can be rearranged to be
the stiffness of the member.
PL3
(3.4.1-1)
3EI
3EI
KP 3 (3.4.1-2)
L
The total stiffness of the system will be determined in the direction of ground
motion. The total stiffness is the summation of the stiffness for each individual rod in the
specified direction. Since the angle of rotation of the rod axes with respect to the
direction of motion is different for each rod, the rod stiffness will not necessarily be
constant. This is accounted for by transforming the moment of inertia of the rod for the
corresponding amount the rod has rotated with respect to the direction of motion. The
moment of inertia transformation equations are provided below. Since the rotation is
about the centroid of the rods, the Ixy terms will be set equal to zero.
Ix Iy Ix Iy
I x cos 2 I xy sin 2 (3.4.1-3)
2 2
Ix Iy Ix Iy
I y cos 2 I xy sin 2 (3.4.1-4)
2 2
The remaining values required to calculate the stiffness are the Youngs Modulus
(E) and member length (L). The Youngs Modulus will vary according to the material
used for the rods. It will be 29000 and 28000 kips per square inch for carbon steel and
stainless steel, respectively. The length is a function of the height from the deck to the
bottom of the roof (Hdeck), the roof radius (Rr), tank diameter (Do), the outermost deck
stiffener radius (RSO), and the deck stiffener thickness (tDS) and depth (dDS) as shown in
17
eq
quation 3.4.1-5 and Figu
ure 3.2. Sincce all of the rods are at thhe same radius from thee
ceenterline of the
t tank, theey will have the same lenngths.
D 2
L Rr2 RSO
2
Rr2 o H Deck t DS d DS (3.4.1-5)
2
Figure 3.2 Layou

ut of Requireed Tank Dim
mensions
Now that
t all necessary variables have beeen determineed to calculatte the stiffneess of
th
he suspended m, the natural period cann be calculatted. Since thhe suspended
d deck system
deck is being treated as a SDOF, undamped systeem, the naturral period eqquations is ass
ollows:
fo
m
Tn 2 (3.44.1-6)
K
18
3.4.3 Displacement Calculation. The suspended deck displacement will be calculated
identically to Equation 3.3.2-4 above. The natural period of the suspended deck is used
to determine the horizontal acceleration from the response spectrum. However, the
acceleration is not reduced for the suspended deck as it was for the inner tank. This is
because the structure does not have any redundancy. Using a force reduction factor of
one ensures that the structure will not come close to any inelastic behavior since
reduction factors greater than three mean inelastic deformations are expected.
Since the three components under consideration typically have varying natural
periods, the maximum displacements of all components will not occur at the same time.
Because of this, the individual maximum displacements cannot be directly added to each
other. This would be overly conservative. Instead, a common practice is to take the
square-root-of-sum-of-squares (SRSS) of the displacements. This provides a more
accurate estimate for the peak total displacement (Chopra 563). Equation 3.4.3-1
provides the combined displacement of the suspended deck, inner shell impulsive, and
convective displacements, which must be less than the spacing between the deck annular
flange and the top stiffener flange. Equation 3.4.3-2 combines only the suspended deck
and inner shell impulsive displacements for the minimum spacing from the inner shell to
the deck annular flange. The two displacement calculations are shown in Figure 3.3. The
deck annular flange to the inner shell spacing excludes the convective displacement
because sloshing of liquid counteracts the impulsive displacement of the shell, which
would actually increase the gap between the deck annular flange and inner shell. The
total required width of the top stiffener web is the summation of DSDtoTSF, DSDtoIS, and the
thickness of the deck annular flange.

19
D SDtoTTSF Di2 Dc2 D SD2 (3.44.3-1)
DSDtoIIS Di2 D SD2 (3.44.3-2)
Figure 3..3 Minimum

m Required S
Spacings of T
Top Stiffenerr
20
CHAPTER 4
AS-BUILT DESIGNS
4.1 Bent Annular Suspended Deck
4.1.1 Tank Design. The first tank example is a full containment tank that stores
liquefied natural gas at -168oC (-270oF). The cryogenic temperatures require the annular
space to have perlite insulation, so the deck annular plate is bent and rests on the top
stiffener of the inner shell. The suspended deck material is five-millimeter thick
aluminum plate with square stainless steel rods of sixteen millimeters thick each way.
The inner shell top stiffener is a T with a 586 millimeter web and a 200 millimeter
flange. Also, the flange of the deck annular plate is ten millimeters thick. The remaining
tank dimensions required are provided in Table 4.1. As shown in Table 4.2 and Table
4.3, there are six deck stiffeners required for this tank.
Table 4.1. Bent Annular Tank Dimensions
Dimensions
Description Variable
Metric Imperial
Product Density 480 kg/m3 29.97 pcf

Outer Tank Diameter Do 80000 mm 262.5 ft
Outer Tank Height Ho 39500 mm 129.6 ft
Inner Tank Diameter Di 78000 mm 255.9 ft
Inner Tank Height Hi 35784 mm 117.4 ft
Maximum Design Liquid Level H 34300 mm 112.5 ft
Equivalent Uniform Thickness tu 19.88 mm .7825 in
Roof Radius Rr 56000 mm 183.7 ft
Deck to Roof Height HDeck 2971 mm 9.75 ft
Radius to Outer Stiffener RSO 37500 mm 123.0 ft
21
Table 4.2. Bent Annular Deck Dimensions (Metric)
Deck Stiffeners
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Rods Nr 14 48 72 90 105 105
Radius to Stiffener (mm) RS 2137 10346 18333 25921 32944 37500
Thickness (mm) tDS 12 12 12 12 15 25
Depth (mm) dDS 150 150 150 150 230 400
Width (mm) wDS N/A N/A N/A N/A 230 400
Table 4.3. Bent Annular Deck Dimensions (Imperial)
Deck Stiffeners
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Rods Nr 14 48 72 90 105 105
Radius to Stiffener (ft) RS 7.00 33.94 60.15 85.04 108.08 123.03
Thickness (in) tDS 0.472 0.472 0.472 0.472 0.591 0.984
Depth (in) dDS 5.91 5.91 5.91 5.91 9.06 15.75
Width (in) wDS N/A N/A N/A N/A 9.06 15.75
4.1.2 Seismic Accelerations and Displacements. Since the suspended deck for this
tank is a bent annular deck, an OLE event is the required seismic event for which the
suspended deck design must be analyzed. The tank is located on a Site Class D site with
OLE spectral response accelerations of 0.417g at a 0.2 second period and 0.155g at a one-
second period. Using the methods discussed previously, the design response spectrum
can be created as shown in Figure 4.1.
With all of the required information summarized, the impulsive and convective
acceleration; lateral displacement for the inner tank; and stiffness, horizontal acceleration
22
and displacement of the suspended deck can be calculated. The calculations for
determining the design response spectrum and the dynamic response of the tank are
provided in Appendix A. Table 4.4 and Table 4.5 provide a summary of the natural
periods, accelerations, and displacements for the inner tank and suspended deck. Table
4.6 shows the displacement components required to design the web width of the inner
shell top stiffener. For the current design, the required web width is 821 mm, which
exceeds the existing web width by 235 mm.
0.7
0.6
SpectralResponseAcceleration(g)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Period(s)
Figure 4.1 Bent Annular Tank Design Response Spectrum
Table 4.4. Dynamic Properties of Bent Annular Tank (Metric)
Inner Tank
Dynamic Components Suspended Deck
Impulsive Convective
Periods (s) 0.49 9.17 49.4
Acceleration (g) 0.349 0.016 0.0006
Maximum Displacement (mm) 21 336 336
23
Table 4.5. Dynamic Properties of Bent Annular Tank (Imperial)

Inner Tank
Periods (s) 0.49 9.17 49.4
Acceleration (g) 0.349 0.016 0.0006
Maximum Displacement (in) 0.82 13.22 13.22
Table 4.6. Summary of Displacements for Bent Annular Deck
Units
(mm) (in)
Required Top Stiffener Flange to Deck Annular Flange Spacing 336 13.22
Required Inner Shell to Deck Annular Flange Spacing 475 18.69
Deck Annular Flange Thickness 10 0.39
Web Width of Top Stiffener 586 23.07
Amount of Excessive Displacement 235 8.84
4.2 Flat Annular Suspended Deck
4.2.1 Tank Design. The second tank example is a full containment tank that stores
liquefied propane gas at -50oC (-58oF). This tank does not have perlite in the annular
space, so the deck annular plate is flat and extends over the inner shell to outer shell. The
suspended deck material is five-millimeter thick carbon steel plate with rectangular
carbon steel rods of six millimeters thick by fifty millimeters wide as the support rods.
The deck insulation is 500 millimeters thick. The edge of the deck annular plate is
spaced 264 millimeters from the outer shell of the tank. The remaining tank dimensions
required for the calculations in Appendix B are provided in Table 4.7. As shown in Table
4.8 and Table 4.9, there are five deck stiffeners required for this tank.
24
Table 4.7. Flat Annular Tank Dimensions
Dimensions
Metric Imperial
Product Density 590 kg/m3 36.83 pcf

Outer Tank Diameter Do 68600 mm 225.1 ft
Outer Tank Height Ho 34430 mm 123.0 ft
Inner Tank Diameter Di 66000 mm 216.5 ft
Inner Tank Height Hi 32900 mm 107.9 ft
Maximum Design Liquid Level H 32300 mm 106.0 ft
Equivalent Uniform Thickness tu 19.6 mm 0.773 in
Roof Radius Rr 68600 mm 225.1 ft
Deck to Roof Height HDeck 1354 mm 4.44 ft
Radius to Outer Stiffener RSO 33634 mm 106.3 ft
Table 4.8. Flat Annular Deck Dimensions (Metric)
Deck Stiffeners
1 2 3 4 5
Number of Rods Nr 15 50 75 90 90
Radius to Stiffener (mm) RS 2134 10349 18414 26214 32410
Thickness (mm) tDS 10 10 10 10 20
Depth (mm) dDS 127 127 127 127 330
Width (mm) wDS N/A N/A N/A N/A 330
25
Table 4.9. Flat Annular Deck Dimensions (Imperial)
Deck Stiffeners
1 2 3 4 5
Number of Rods Nr 15 50 75 90 90
Radius to Stiffener (ft) RS 7.00 33.95 60.42 86.00 106.33
Thickness (in) tDS 0.394 0.394 0.394 0.394 0.787
Depth (in) dDS 5 5 5 5 13
Width (in) wDS N/A N/A N/A N/A 13
4.2.2 Seismic Accelerations and Displacements. Since the suspended deck for this
tank is a flat annular deck, a CLE event is the required seismic event for which the
suspended deck design must be analyzed. The tank is located on a Site Class D site with
OLE spectral response accelerations of 0.56g at a 0.2 second period and 0.22g at a one-
second period. Using the methods discussed previously, the design response spectrum
can be created as shown in Figure 4.2.
Since the outer shell is considered to be rigid, the only displacement calculation
required is that of the suspended deck. The calculations for determining the design
response spectrum and the dynamic response of the tank are provided in Appendix B.
Table 4.10 and Table 4.11 provide a summary of the natural periods, accelerations, and
displacements of suspended deck. Table 4.12 shows a comparison of the current spacing
of the outer shell to suspended deck and notes how much the spacing is exceeded by the
amount the suspended deck displaces. For the current design, the spacing is exceeded by
128mm (5.06in).
26
0.80
DesignSpectralAcceleration,(g) 0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Period,(seconds)
Figure 4.2 Flat Annular Tank Design Response Spectrum
Table 4.10. Dynamic Properties of Flat Annular Tank (Metric)
Inner Tank
Periods (s) N/A N/A 26.8
Acceleration (g) N/A N/A 0.0024
Maximum Displacement (mm) N/A N/A 428
Table 4.11. Dynamic Properties of Flat Annular Tank (Imperial)
Inner Tank
Maximum Displacement (in) N/A N/A 16.87
27
Table 4.12. Summary of Displacements for Flat Annular Deck
Units
(mm) (in)
Outer Shell to Suspended Deck Relative Displacement 428 16.87
Allowable Relative Displacement 264 10.39
28
CHAPTER 5
STABILIZING THE SUSPENDED DECK
5.1 Overview
It was discovered in the previous chapter that the top stiffener design was not
wide enough to prevent the suspended deck from interacting with the inner shell or the
flange of the stiffener. In the case of the flat annular deck example, the annular plate and
outer shell were spaced too closely to each other. In some instances for the bent annular
deck, the web size for the top stiffener could be increased to facilitate the larger deck
displacements. However, the top stiffener can only get so large before it becomes
uneconomical to provide the required bracing around the tank. The next option is to
consider how to reduce the horizontal displacement.
As discussed, the three components that determine the required top stiffener web
width for the bent annular decks are displacements from the impulsive, convective, and
the suspended deck displacement. Since the inner tank design and the liquid levels are
set, the impulsive and convective displacements cannot be modified. The only remaining
option is to reduce the displacement of the suspended deck. Likewise, the allowable
displacement of the flat annular deck is only based on the suspended deck displacement.
To reduce the displacement of the deck, the design must be modified to make the
structure stiffer. The most economical option described below is a braced frame system.
5.2 Braced Frame
A braced frame is the preferred method when a substantial decrease in
displacement is required. This would primarily be required for high seismic risk areas to
29
significantly reduce the displacement. The design is a relatively straight forward but
iterative process for cross bracing the suspended deck. The cross brace consists of bars
used for the tension only members. The sizes would be similar to those used for the
hanging rods. Since the brace typically will have an effective slenderness ratio greater
than 200, the compressive strength of the brace is neglected. The vertical members of the
brace are standard wall thickness pipe. All other vertical members on the deck stiffener
are the same deck hanger rods used on the other deck stiffeners.
The first step in designing the cross bracing is to ensure the suspended deck
displacement limitations are met. In order to have the tensile stiffness of the cross braces
act in a more horizontal direction, the width of the braced frames is the chord length of
every other hanging rod on the deck stiffener, as shown in Equation 5.2-1.
360
Wbf 2 R SO sin (5.2-1)
Nr
With the width of the brace frame determined, the length of the tension brace and the
angle it is from horizontal can be easily calculated. This allows for the tensile stiffness of
the rod and the lateral stiffness of the brace frame to be calculated as in equations 5.2-2
and 5.2-3, respectively, with being the angle of the tension brace from the horizontal
plane.
Er Ar
T (5.2-2)
Ltr
Kb T cos2 ( ) (5.2-3)
The initial design begins with eight equally spaced cross braces around the
outermost deck stiffener with cross members equal in size to the deck hangers. The total
30
deck stiffness is simply the summation of the brace stiffness with a directional
component parallel to the direction of ground motion. For example, with eight braces
around, there are two braces that provide their full stiffness; two that provide zero
stiffness; and four that provide 22 of the brace stiffness since they are rotated forty-
five degrees from the ground motion.
Calculating the natural period and spectral acceleration of the deck is the same as
before. If the calculated displacement of the suspended deck meets the requirements,
then further design of the braced frame members is required. Following the guidelines of
the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure found in Section 12.8 of ASCE 7-10, the base
shear load will be the spectral acceleration times the weight of the deck. To check the
design of the braced frames, the ratio of a single brace to the total deck stiffness
multiplied by the base shear load provides the maximum lateral force into a single brace.
The dead load on each vertical member of the brace is the same as all of the other
hanging rods. The dead load is simply the equally divided weight of the deck stiffener
along with the deck and insulation in the tributary area between the edge of the deck and
midpoint between the outermost and second outermost deck stiffener.
The load combinations used for the member design are the Allowable Stress
Design combinations five and eight from ASCE 7-10. Since the dead loads are carried by
the vertical members, the tension brace only needs to be designed for the horizontal
seismic load based on Section 12.4.2.1 of ASCE 7-10, where = . The provisions
for , the redundancy factor, are found in 12.3.4 of ASCE 7-10, and QE is the horizontal
seismic force. The vertical pipe must be designed for compression and tension. The
31
compression is governed by load combination eight because the amount of dead load
opposing the compression induced by the tension rod is reduced.
0.6 0.14 ) + 0.7 (5.2-3)
The tension in the vertical pipe is then governed by load combination five. This provides
the maximum dead load acting downward on the pipe. The vertical member considered
here is the one connected to the inactive brace.
1.0 + 0.14 ) + 0.7 (5.2-4)
The allowable strength of the members is calculated per the Steel Construction
Manual as shown in the appendices. The tension brace is the first member to be
designed. If the initial design of the tension brace is not sufficient, there are two options.
The bar size may be increased, but that may become uneconomical at a certain point.
The ultimate goal is to purchase the tension brace out of bar stock instead of having to cut
them to size. If a bar stock size is not sufficient, the next option is to increase the number
of brace frames around the suspended deck. This will decrease the maximum lateral
force for the individual brace design, which may allow for more reasonable member sizes
to be used. Once the tension brace is sized with the specified number of braced frames,
the vertical pipe can be sized to meet the loading requirements as discussed above.
32
CHAPTER 6
MODIFIED DESIGNS
6.1 Bent Annular Suspended Deck
This suspended deck example was successfully modified to prevent the deck from
clashing with the inner shell or flange of the top stiffener. As shown in Appendix C, the
modified design requires twelve braced frames equally spaced around the outer deck
stiffener. Each tension brace needs to be a 100mm by 16mm bar made of stainless steel
material. The hanging columns of the braces must be at least standard weight NPS 4
made of ASTM A312 304 stainless steel pipe.
The new design increased the stiffness significantly enough to change the natural
period of the deck to 0.2 seconds. The new spectral design spectral acceleration is the
design short period acceleration of 0.611g. Although this causes a substantial increase in
the lateral force to be resisted by the braces, the maximum lateral displacement of the
deck decreased to seven millimeters. This equates to a total required top stiffener web
width of only 368 millimeters, which is approximately 225 millimeters less than the
existing design.
Table 6.1 Summary of Modified Bent Annular Deck Displacements
Units
(mm) (in)
Minimum Web Width Required 368 14.47
33
6.2 Flat Annular Suspended Deck
The modification of the flat annular suspended deck was also successful. This
design required a braced frame every twenty degrees around the outer deck stiffener for a
total of eighteen. The maximum deck displacement was calculated to be only four
millimeters with a natural period of 0.14 seconds and a design spectral acceleration equal
to the short period acceleration of 0.757g.
More braced frames were required not to reduce the displacement further, but to
be able to withstand the seismic forces. Considering the high spectral acceleration and
the added weight of carbon steel opposed to aluminum, the horizontal forces are expected
to be higher. The final design required 100mm by 12mm tension braces made of A36
carbon steel. Since the height of the braced frames are only 1384 millimeters, compared
to 4944 millimeters in the bent annular deck design, the compressive capacity of the
vertical pipe increased. This made it so only a standard weight NPS 3 A53 carbon
steel pipe is required for the compression and tension loads.

34
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
This thesis has given a method in which a tank designer can quickly determine
whether or not a suspended deck can sufficiently withstand a seismic event without
causing potential damage to other tank components, such as the inner shell, deck seal, or
outer shell. It has been determined that providing multiple braced frame systems around
the outermost deck stiffener can sufficiently stiffen up the structure so displacements are
no longer a concern. A finite element analysis could conclude that the impacts from the
initial designs do not cause failure to the tank components, but that would be a time
consuming, expensive process to run for each tank design. The procedure provided in this
thesis lays out a straightforward method that ensures a safe suspended deck design with a
small increase in the overall weight of the tank.

35
APPENDIX A
AS-BUILT DESIGN: BENT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK

36
Determination of Bent Annular Suspended Deck

Design Response Spectra
Ss = 0.417 g Short Period Spectral Acceleration
S1 = 0.155 g 1-s Period Spectral Acceleration
SC = D Site Class
Table 11.4-1 of ASCE 7-10 for Site Coefficient, Fa

Site Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Period
Class 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1 1 1 1 1
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1 1
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
Table 11.4-2 of ASCE 7-10 for Site Coefficient, Fv

Site Spectral Response Acceleration at 1-s Period
Class 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1 1 1 1 1
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4
Fa = 1.466 Site Coefficient for Short Period Acceleration

Fv = 2.180 Site Coefficient for 1-s Period Acceleration
Site Class Adjusted Spectral Accelerations

Short Period Spectral Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn. 11.4-1)
Sms = 0.611 g
1-s Period Spectral Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn. 11.4-2)

Sm1 = 0.338 g
Design Spectral Accelerations. 2/3 factor neglected per Section 3.3.2

of thesis
Design Short Period Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn 11.4-3)
Sds = 0.611 g
Design 1-s Period Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn. 11.4-4)
Sd1 = 0.338 g
37
Periods of Interest for Response Spectrum

To = 0.11 s = 0.2*Sd1/Sds
Ts = 0.55 s =Sd1/Sds
TL = 4s Long-Period Transition (As discussed in 3.3.2)
T Sa ASCE 7
(sec) (g) Equations
0 0.245 11.4-5
(To) 0.11 0.611 (Sds)
(Ts) 0.55 0.611 (Sds)
0.60 0.563 11.4-6
0.7 0.483 11.4-6
0.8 0.422 11.4-6
0.9 0.375 11.4-6
1 0.338 (Sd1) 11.4-6
1.5 0.225 11.4-6
2 0.169 11.4-6
3 0.113 11.4-6
(TL) 4 0.084 11.4-6
5 0.054 11.4-7
6 0.038 11.4-7
7 0.028 11.4-7
Bent Annular Deck Design Response Spectrum
0.700
0.600
Design Spectral Acceleration, (g)
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Period, (seconds)
38
Dynamic Properties of the Inner Tank
Material Properties
_liq = 480 kg/m3 Product Density 29.97 lb/ft3
E= 196.8 GPa Young's Modulus of Shell 28550 ksi
Material (9% Ni)
Tank Geometry
Hi = 35784 mm Inner Tank Height 117.40 ft
H= 34300 mm Max Design Liquid Level 112.53 ft
Di = 78000 mm Inner Tank Diameter 255.91 ft
Shell Dimensions
Ring Thickness Width
no. (mm) (mm)
Bottom 1 34.98 2982
2 31.18 2982
3 28.15 2982
4 25.72 2982
5 23.4 2982
6 20.95 2982
7 19.08 2982
8 14.75 2982
9 11.7 2982
10 9.53 2982
11 9.53 2982
Top 12 9.53 2982
Equivalent Uniform Shell Thickness
tu = 19.9 mm = sumproduct(T,W) / Hi 0.7825 in
Impulsive Period Calculation per Equation 3.3.1-1 using Imperial Units

H/D = 0.440
Ci = 6.54 From Figure 3.1
Ti = 0.49 s Impulsive Period (Eqn. 3.3.1-1)
Impulsive Acceleration per Equation 3.3.2-1

I= 1
Product is colder than -60degF and tank is mechanically anchored
Rwi = 1.75 Reference Table 3.1.
Ai = 0.349 g Impulsive Accleration
39
Calculation of Lateral Displacement due to Impulsive Acceleration
Di = Ai*9806.65mm/s^2*(Ti/2*pi())^2
= 20.9 mm (Eqn 3.3.2-4) 0.8221 in
Convective Period Calculation
Ks = 0.573 Eqn. 3.3.1-3 using Imperial Units
Tc = 9.17 s Convective Period (Eqn 3.3.1-2)
Convective Acceleration
Since Tc>TL, then Equation (3.3.2-3) must be used.
I= 1
Rwc = 1 Reference Table 3.1.
Product is colder than -60d
Ac = 0.016 g Convective Acceleration
Calculation of Lateral Displacement due to Convective Acceleration
Dc = Ac*9806.65mm/s^2*(Tc/2*pi())^2
335.7 mm (Eqn 3.3.2-4) 13.22 in
40
Dynamic Properties of the Suspended Deck
Tank Geometry
Do = 80000 mm Outer Tank Diameter 262.5 ft
Rr = 56000 mm Roof Radius 183.7 ft
Hdeck = 2971 mm Height from Suspended Deck to top of Outer S 9.75 ft
Suspended Deck Properties

Mat'l_Deck = AL Deck Material
_dp = 2771.2 kg/m3 Density of Deck Plate Material 173 pcf
= 2.771 kg/m2/mm 14.42 psf/in
t_deck = 5 mm Deck Thickness 0.1969 in
m dp = 66209 kg Deck Plate Mass 145966 lb
t_ins = 800 mm Thickness of Insulation 31.50 in
_i= 16.02 kg/m3 Density of Insulation 1 pcf
m_i = 61234 kg Mass of Insulation 134997 lb
Deck Stiffener Dimensions
Stiff_No = 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stiffener Number

Mat'l = AL AL AL AL AL 9Ni Stiffener Material
2771.2 2771.2 2771 2771 2771.2 7849 kg/m3 Density of Material
Rs = 2137 10346 18333 25921 32944 37500 mm Radius to Stiffener
t_DS = 12 12 12 12 15 25 mm Stiffener Thickness
d_DS = 150 150 150 150 230 400 mm Stiffener Depth
w_DS = 0 0 0 0 230 400 mm Stiffener Width
A_DS = 1800 1800 1800 1800 6900 20000 mm 2 Area of Stiffener
m_DS = 67.0 324.3 574.6 812.4 3958 36988 kg ener Mass
m_td = 170166 kg Total Deck Mass = m_DS + m_i + m_dp 375153 lb
Rod Properties and Dimensions

Mat'l_Rod = SS Rod Material
Er = 193.1 GPa Young's Modulus of Rod Material 28000 ksi
Nr = 105 Number of Rods around at Outer Stiffener
Rso = 37500 mm Radius to Outermost Stiffener 123.0 ft
tr = 16 mm Thickness of Rod 0.6299 in
wr = 16 mm Width of Rod 0.6299 in
Ar = 256 mm 2 Area of Rod 0.3968 in2
4 4
Ix = 0.546 cm Moment of Inertia about Major Axis = wr^3*tr/12 0.0131 in
4 4
Iy = 0.546 cm Moment of Inertia about Minor Axis = tr^3*wr/12 0.0131 in
L= 4944 mm Length of Rod (Eqn. 3.4.1-5) 16.22 ft

KT = 2.75 N/mm Total Stiffness 15.69 lbf/in
Tabulated Rod Stiffness Calculations provided at the end of this Appendix
41
Deck Natural Period, Design Spectral Acceleration and Deflection
Tn = 49.4 s Suspended Deck Natural Period. (Eqn 3.4.1-6)
A = 0.000553 g Design Spectral Acceleration (11.4-7 of ASCE7-10)

2 2
g = 9806.65 mm/s Acceleration due to Gravity 386.1 in/s
Dsd = 336 mm Deck Maximum Lateral Displacement (Eqn. 3.3.2-4) 13.22 in
Top Stiffener Required Spacings
w_ts = 586 mm Web Width of Inner Shell Top Stiffener 23.07 in
D_SDtoTSF = 336 mm Minimum Spacing between Suspended Deck Annular Plate 13.22 in
Flange and Top Stiffener Flange (3.4.3-1)
D_SDtoIS = 475 mm Minimum Spacing between Suspended Deck Annular Plate 18.69 in
Flange and Inner Shell (3.4.3-2)
t_flange = 10 mm Thickness of Deck Annular Flange 0.3937 in
w_min = 821 mm Min Required Width of Top Stiffener Web 32.31 in
= 235 mm Excessive Displacement 9.23 in
Maximum Acceptable Deck Displacement
Dsd_all = 196 mm Maximum Acceptable Suspended Deck Displacement in 7.71 in

order to have zero Excessive Displacement
r= 0.00 mm Revised Excessive Displacement 0.00 in
Summary
Inner Tank
Periods (s) 0.49 9.17 49.4
Acceleration (g) 0.349 0.016 0.0006
Maximum Displacement (mm) 21 335.7 336
Inner Tank
Periods (s) 0.49 9.17 49.4
Acceleration (g) 0.349 0.016 0.0006
Maximum Displacement (in) 0.82 13.22 13.22
Units
(mm) (in)
Web Width of Top Stiffener 586 23.07
42
Rod Stiffness Calculations

I' KX I' KX
Rod Angle Rod Angle
No (3.4.1-4) (3.4.1-2) No (3.4.1-4) (3.4.1-2)
deg cm 4 N/mm deg cm 4 N/mm
1 0.0 0.546 2.62E-02 54 181.7 0.546 2.62E-02
2 3.4 0.546 2.62E-02 55 185.1 0.546 2.62E-02
3 6.9 0.546 2.62E-02 56 188.6 0.546 2.62E-02
4 10.3 0.546 2.62E-02 57 192.0 0.546 2.62E-02
5 13.7 0.546 2.62E-02 58 195.4 0.546 2.62E-02
6 17.1 0.546 2.62E-02 59 198.9 0.546 2.62E-02
7 20.6 0.546 2.62E-02 60 202.3 0.546 2.62E-02
8 24.0 0.546 2.62E-02 61 205.7 0.546 2.62E-02
9 27.4 0.546 2.62E-02 62 209.1 0.546 2.62E-02
10 30.9 0.546 2.62E-02 63 212.6 0.546 2.62E-02
11 34.3 0.546 2.62E-02 64 216.0 0.546 2.62E-02
12 37.7 0.546 2.62E-02 65 219.4 0.546 2.62E-02
13 41.1 0.546 2.62E-02 66 222.9 0.546 2.62E-02
14 44.6 0.546 2.62E-02 67 226.3 0.546 2.62E-02
15 48.0 0.546 2.62E-02 68 229.7 0.546 2.62E-02
16 51.4 0.546 2.62E-02 69 233.1 0.546 2.62E-02
17 54.9 0.546 2.62E-02 70 236.6 0.546 2.62E-02
18 58.3 0.546 2.62E-02 71 240.0 0.546 2.62E-02
19 61.7 0.546 2.62E-02 72 243.4 0.546 2.62E-02
20 65.1 0.546 2.62E-02 73 246.9 0.546 2.62E-02
21 68.6 0.546 2.62E-02 74 250.3 0.546 2.62E-02
22 72.0 0.546 2.62E-02 75 253.7 0.546 2.62E-02
23 75.4 0.546 2.62E-02 76 257.1 0.546 2.62E-02
24 78.9 0.546 2.62E-02 77 260.6 0.546 2.62E-02
25 82.3 0.546 2.62E-02 78 264.0 0.546 2.62E-02
26 85.7 0.546 2.62E-02 79 267.4 0.546 2.62E-02
27 89.1 0.546 2.62E-02 80 270.9 0.546 2.62E-02
28 92.6 0.546 2.62E-02 81 274.3 0.546 2.62E-02
29 96.0 0.546 2.62E-02 82 277.7 0.546 2.62E-02
30 99.4 0.546 2.62E-02 83 281.1 0.546 2.62E-02
31 102.9 0.546 2.62E-02 84 284.6 0.546 2.62E-02
32 106.3 0.546 2.62E-02 85 288.0 0.546 2.62E-02
33 109.7 0.546 2.62E-02 86 291.4 0.546 2.62E-02
34 113.1 0.546 2.62E-02 87 294.9 0.546 2.62E-02
35 116.6 0.546 2.62E-02 88 298.3 0.546 2.62E-02
36 120.0 0.546 2.62E-02 89 301.7 0.546 2.62E-02
37 123.4 0.546 2.62E-02 90 305.1 0.546 2.62E-02
38 126.9 0.546 2.62E-02 91 308.6 0.546 2.62E-02
39 130.3 0.546 2.62E-02 92 312.0 0.546 2.62E-02
40 133.7 0.546 2.62E-02 93 315.4 0.546 2.62E-02
41 137.1 0.546 2.62E-02 94 318.9 0.546 2.62E-02
42 140.6 0.546 2.62E-02 95 322.3 0.546 2.62E-02
43 144.0 0.546 2.62E-02 96 325.7 0.546 2.62E-02
44 147.4 0.546 2.62E-02 97 329.1 0.546 2.62E-02
45 150.9 0.546 2.62E-02 98 332.6 0.546 2.62E-02
46 154.3 0.546 2.62E-02 99 336.0 0.546 2.62E-02
47 157.7 0.546 2.62E-02 100 339.4 0.546 2.62E-02
48 161.1 0.546 2.62E-02 101 342.9 0.546 2.62E-02
49 164.6 0.546 2.62E-02 102 346.3 0.546 2.62E-02
50 168.0 0.546 2.62E-02 103 349.7 0.546 2.62E-02
51 171.4 0.546 2.62E-02 104 353.1 0.546 2.62E-02
52 174.9 0.546 2.62E-02 105 356.6 0.546 2.62E-02
53 178.3 0.546 2.62E-02
43
APPENDIX B
AS-BUILT DESIGN: FLAT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK

44
Determination of Flat Annular Suspended Deck

Design Response Spectra
Ss = 0.56 g Short Period Spectral Acceleration
S1 = 0.22 g 1-s Period Spectral Acceleration
SC = D Site Class
Table 11.4-1 of ASCE 7-10 for Site Coefficient, Fa

Site Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Period
Class 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1 1 1 1 1
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1 1
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
Table 11.4-2 of ASCE 7-10 for Site Coefficient, Fv

Site Spectral Response Acceleration at 1-s Period
Class 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1 1 1 1 1
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4
Fa = 1.352 Site Coefficient for Short Period Acceleration

Fv = 1.960 Site Coefficient for 1-s Period Acceleration
Site Class Adjusted Spectral Accelerations

Short Period Spectral Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn. 11.4-1)
Sms = 0.757 g
1-s Period Spectral Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn. 11.4-2)
Sm1 = 0.431 g
Design Spectral Accelerations. 2/3 factor neglected per Section 3.3.2 of thesis
Design Short Period Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn 11.4-3)
Sds = 0.757 g
Design 1-s Period Acceleration (ASCE 7 Eqn. 11.4-4)
Sd1 = 0.431 g
45
Periods of Interest for Response Spectrum

To = 0.11 s = 0.2*Sd1/Sds
T Sa ASCE 7
(sec) (g) Equations
0 0.245 11.4-5
(To) 0.11 0.611 (Sds)
(Ts) 0.57 0.611 (Sds)
0.60 0.563 11.4-6
0.7 0.483 11.4-6
0.8 0.422 11.4-6
0.9 0.375 11.4-6
1 0.338 (Sd1) 11.4-6
1.5 0.225 11.4-6
2 0.169 11.4-6
3 0.113 11.4-6
(TL) 4 0.084 11.4-6
5 0.054 11.4-7
6 0.038 11.4-7
7 0.028 11.4-7
Flat Annular Deck Design Response Spectrum
0.800
0.700
Design Spectral Acceleration, (g)
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Period, (seconds)
46
Dynamic Properties of the Suspended Deck
Tank Geometry
Do = 68600 mm Outer Tank Diameter 225.1 ft
Rr = 68600 mm Roof Radius 225.1 ft
Hdeck = 1354 mm Height from Suspended Deck to top of Outer Shell 4.44 ft
Suspended Deck Prop

Mat'l_Deck = SS Deck Material
rho_dp = 7849.0 kg/m3 Density of Deck Plate Material 490 pcf
= 7.849 kg/m2/mm 40.83 psf/in
m dp = 187528 kg Deck Plate Mass 296005 lb
16.02 kg/m3 Density of Insulation 1 pcf
m_i = 38271 kg Mass of Insulation 60409 lb
Deck Stiffener Dimensions
Stiff_No = 1 2 3 4 5 Stiffener Number

Mat'l = CS CS CS CS CS Stiffener Material
7849.0 7849 7849 7849 7849 kg/m3 Density of Material
Rs = 2137 10349 18414 26214 33634 mm Radius to Stiffener
t_DS = 10 10 10 10 20 mm Stiffener Thickness
d_DS = 127 127 127 127 330 mm Stiffener Depth
w_DS = 0 0 0 0 330 mm Stiffener Width
A_DS = 1270 1270 1270 1270 13200 mm 2 Area of Stiffener
m_DS = 133.8 648.2 1153.3 1641.9 21895.2 kg Stiffener Mass

Mat'l_Rod = CS Rod Material
Rso = 26214 mm Radius to Outermost Stiffener 86.0 ft
tr = 6 mm Thickness of Rod 0.2362 in
wr = 50 mm Width of Rod 1.9685 in
Ar = 300 mm 2 Area of Rod 0.465 in2
Ix = 6.250 cm 4 Moment of Inertia about Major Axis = wr^3*tr/12 0.0131 in4
4
Iy = 0.090 cm Moment of Inertia about Minor Axis = tr^3*wr/12 0.0131 in4
L= 4989 mm Length of Rod (Eqn. 3.4.1-5) 16.37 ft

KT = 13.79 N/mm Total Stiffness in Global X Direction 78.72 lbf/in
Tabulated Rod Stiffness Calculations provided at the end of this Appendix
47
Deck Natural Period, Design Spectral Acceleration and Deflection
A = 0.11235 g Design Spectral Acceleration (11.4-7 of ASCE7-10)

2 2
g = 9806.65 mm/s Acceleration due to Gravity 386.1 in/s
Required Spacing of Flat Annular Plate to Outer Shell

Only based on Deck Displacement since Outer Shell is considered rigid and is not influenced
by the convective acceleration of the liquid
w_ts = 264 mm Distance from edge of flat annular to outer shell 10.39 in
D_SDtoOS = 428 mm Minimum Spacing between Suspended Deck Flat Annular 16.87 in
Plate and Outer Shell
= 164 mm Excessive Displacement 6.47 in
Summary
Inner Tank
Maximum Displacement (mm) N/A N/A 428
Inner Tank
Maximum Displacement (in) N/A N/A 16.87
Units
(mm) (in)
Outer Shell to Suspended Deck Relative Displacement 428 16.87
Allowable Relative Displacement 264 10.39
48
Rod Stiffness Calculations

Ro I' Kx I' Kx
Angle Rod Angle
d (3.4.1-4) (3.4.1-2) (3.4.1-4) (3.4.1-2)
No
No deg cm 4 N/mm deg cm 4 N/mm
1 0.0 0.090 0.20 46 180.0 0.090 0.20
2 4.0 0.120 0.27 47 184.0 0.120 0.27
3 8.0 0.209 0.47 48 188.0 0.209 0.47
4 12.0 0.356 0.81 49 192.0 0.356 0.81
5 16.0 0.558 1.26 50 196.0 0.558 1.26
6 20.0 0.811 1.84 51 200.0 0.811 1.84
7 24.0 1.109 2.51 52 204.0 1.109 2.51
8 28.0 1.448 3.28 53 208.0 1.448 3.28
9 32.0 1.820 4.12 54 212.0 1.820 4.12
10 36.0 2.218 5.02 55 216.0 2.218 5.02
11 40.0 2.635 5.97 56 220.0 2.635 5.97
12 44.0 3.063 6.94 57 224.0 3.063 6.94
13 48.0 3.492 7.91 58 228.0 3.492 7.91
14 52.0 3.915 8.87 59 232.0 3.915 8.87
15 56.0 4.324 9.79 60 236.0 4.324 9.79
16 60.0 4.710 10.67 61 240.0 4.710 10.67
17 64.0 5.066 11.47 62 244.0 5.066 11.47
18 68.0 5.386 12.20 63 248.0 5.386 12.20
19 72.0 5.662 12.82 64 252.0 5.662 12.82
20 76.0 5.889 13.34 65 256.0 5.889 13.34
21 80.0 6.064 13.73 66 260.0 6.064 13.73
22 84.0 6.183 14.00 67 264.0 6.183 14.00
23 88.0 6.242 14.14 68 268.0 6.242 14.14
24 92.0 6.242 14.14 69 272.0 6.242 14.14
25 96.0 6.183 14.00 70 276.0 6.183 14.00
26 100.0 6.064 13.73 71 280.0 6.064 13.73
27 104.0 5.889 13.34 72 284.0 5.889 13.34
28 108.0 5.662 12.82 73 288.0 5.662 12.82
29 112.0 5.386 12.20 74 292.0 5.386 12.20
30 116.0 5.066 11.47 75 296.0 5.066 11.47
31 120.0 4.710 10.67 76 300.0 4.710 10.67
32 124.0 4.324 9.79 77 304.0 4.324 9.79
33 128.0 3.915 8.87 78 308.0 3.915 8.87
34 132.0 3.492 7.91 79 312.0 3.492 7.91
35 136.0 3.063 6.94 80 316.0 3.063 6.94
36 140.0 2.635 5.97 81 320.0 2.635 5.97
37 144.0 2.218 5.02 82 324.0 2.218 5.02
38 148.0 1.820 4.12 83 328.0 1.820 4.12
39 152.0 1.448 3.28 84 332.0 1.448 3.28
40 156.0 1.109 2.51 85 336.0 1.109 2.51
41 160.0 0.811 1.84 86 340.0 0.811 1.84
42 164.0 0.558 1.26 87 344.0 0.558 1.26
43 168.0 0.356 0.81 88 348.0 0.356 0.81
44 172.0 0.209 0.47 89 352.0 0.209 0.47
45 176.0 0.120 0.27 90 356.0 0.120 0.27
49
APPENDIX C
MODIFIED DESIGN: BENT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK

50
Deck Hanger Rod Redesign as Brace Frame

The braced frames are oriented such that there is a frame at every 45
degrees around the outermost deck stiffener. Each brace frame spans the
distance of two normally spaced rods. The same gravity resisting rods used
on the inner deck stiffeners are used on the outer deck stiffener where the
braced frames are not located.
Mat'l_Rod = SS Rod Material
Fy = 206.8 MPa Yield Strength of Rod 30000 psi
tr = 16 mm Thickness of Tension Rod 0.63 in
wr = 100 mm Width of Tension Rod 3.94 in
Ar = 1600 mm 2 Area of Tension Rod 2.48 in2
Brace Frame Dimensions & Properties

Hbf = 4944 mm Height of Brace Frame (Eqn. 3.4.1-5) 16.22 ft
Rso = 37500 mm Radius to Outer Deck Stiffener 123.03 ft
Wbf = 4485 mm Width of Brace Frame. (Eqn 5.2-1) 14.72 ft
Ltr = 6676 mm Length of Tension Rod 21.90 ft
= 48 deg Tension Rod Angle from Horizontal
T= 46270 N/mm Tensile Stiffness of Rod (Eqn 5.2-2) 264207 lbf/in
Kb = 20887 N/mm Lateral Stiffness of Individual Brace 119270 lbf/in
Nb = 12 Number of Braces around
There are a total of 12 braces located at every 30 degrees of the suspended deck.
KT = 155906 N/mm Total Stiffness of Braced Frame System 890246 lbf/in
Determine the Spectral Acceleration and the Displacement of the Deck

Sds = 0.611 g Design Short Period Acceleration from Appendix 1
Sd1 = 0.338 g Design 1-s Period Acceleration from Appendix 1
To = 0.11 s = 0.2*Sd1/Sds

A= 0.611 g Design Spectral Acceleration (11.4-7 of ASCE7-10)

2
g= 9807 mm/s Acceleration due to Gravity 386.1 in/s 2

51
Check Web Width of Top Stiffener
Di = 20.9 mm See Appendix 1 0.822 in

Dc = 335.7 mm See Appendix 1 13.22 in
D_SDtoTSF = 22 mm Minimum Spacing between Suspended Deck Annular 0.86 in
Plate Flange and Top Stiffener Flange (3.4.3-1)
D_SDtoIS = 336 mm Minimum Spacing between Suspended Deck Annular 13.25 in
Plate Flange and Inner Shell (3.4.3-2)
t_flange = 10 mm Thickness of Deck Annular Flange 0.3937 in
w_min = 368 mm Total Required Web Width 14.50 in
w_ts = 586 mm Web Width of Inner Shell Top Stiffener 23.07 in
w_min <= w_ts Displacement is OK

Calculate Loading for an Individual Brace
The horizontal seismic shear is calculated as the ratio of the stiffness of an individual to
the total system stiffness.
Cs = 0.611 g Seismic Response Coefficient (Sect 12.8 of ASCE7-10). Same as A.

W_td = 1668762 N Total Deck Weight 375153 lb
V= 1020429 N Seismic Base Shear (12.8-1 fo ASCE 7-10) 229402 lb
Pr = 136712 N Lateral Load on Single Brace = V/2 30734 lb
Tr = 203475 N Required Tensile Load on Tension Rod 45743 lb

= Pr / cos
Pc = 150705 N Vertical Member Compression Induced by Seismic 33880 lb

= Tr * sin
Calculate Dead Load on Each Vertical Member or Rod of Outer Deck Stiffener
The dead load for each rod is based on the the tributary area from halfway between the outermost and second
outermost deck stiffener and the outer edge of the deck.
Rso = 37500 mm Radius to Outermost Deck Stiffener 123 ft

Rs2o = 32944 mm Radius to Second Outermost Deck Stiffener 108 ft
Ro = 39000 mm Outside Radius of Deck / Inner Shell Diameter 128 ft

P_deck = 13.86 kg/m2 Uniformly Distributed Pressure of Deck 2.84 psf

P_i = 13 kg/m2 Uniformly Distributed Pressure of Insulation 2.62 psf
m_di = 23495 kg Load of Deck and Insulation at Outer Stiffener 51798 lb

= (P_deck+P_i)*(Ro^2-((Rso+Rs2o)/2)^2)*pi()/1000^2
m_DSo = 36988 kg Mass of Outermost Deck Stiffener 81544 lb
DL_rod = 576 kg Dead Load on a Single Rod 1270 lb

= (m_DSo+m_di) / Nr
52



= Pr / cos

= Tr * sin

Ro = 39000 mm Outside Radius of Deck / Inner Shell Diameter 128 ft




= (m_DSo+m_di) / Nr
53
Load Combinations
Following ASCE 7-10 Section 12.4.2.3 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Load Combinations
Tension Rod
Load Combination 5 & 8 will provide the same demand on the tension rod.
Only Horizontal Loads need to be considered for the Tension Rod. All vertical loads go
directly to the vertical members
Eh = *0.7*Qe
= 1.3 Redundancy Factor
per 12.3.4.2 of ASCE 7-10 for Seismic Design Category of D
Qe = Tr = 203475 N Tension in Rod from Horizontal Seismic Factors (Tr) 45743 lb
Eh_tr = 185162 N Required Tensile Load in Tension Rod 41626 lb
Vertical Member in Compression

Load Combination 8
(0.6-0.14*Sds)*DL_rod+*0.7*Qe
Pcr = 140048 N Required Compression in Vertical member 31484 lb
= (0.6-0.14*0.611)*DL_rod+1.3*0.7*Pc
Vertical Member in Tension

Load Combination 5
The vertical member not connected to the brace under tension during an earhquake will be in tension.
Therefore, the lateral loads will not affect the load
(1.0+0.14*Sds)*DL_rod+*0.7*Qe
Ptr = 6133 N 1379 lb
= (1.0+0.14*0.611)*DL_rod
Check Capacity of Members

Using AISC 360-10, Steel Construction Manual
Tension Rod
Section D2.
Yielding of Gross Section
2 2
Ag = 1600 mm Gross Area of Tension Rod 2.48 in
Fy = 206.8 MPa Yield Strength of Plate 30000 psi
_t = 1.67
Pny / _t = 198172 N Allowable Tensile Yield Strength of Rod 44551 lb
Tensile Rupture of Net Section

2
Ae = 1600 mm2 Effective Net Area 2.48 in
Assume the flat rod will be welded sufficiently to the deck stiffener such that U=1.0
Fu = 517 MPa Ultimate Tensile Strength of Plate 75000 psi
_t = 2.0
Pnr / _t = 413685 N Allowable Tensile Rupture Strength of Rod 93000 lb
Pn_tr / _t = 198172 N Allowable Tensile Strength of Tension Rod 44551 lb
Pn_tr / _t >= Eh_tr. Therefore, tension rod is OK

54

Design vertical member of brace as a STD 40 304 SS pipe.
Ep = 193.1 GPa Young's Modulus of Pipe 28000 ksi

Fyp = 206.8 MPa Yield Strength of Pipe 30000 psi
Fup = 482.632138 MPa Ultimate Tensile Strength of Pipe 70000 psi
OD = 127 mm Outer Diameter 5.00 in
t= 6.274 mm Wall Thickness 0.25 in
D/t = 20 Width-to-Thickness Ratio

0.11*E/Fy = 103 Width-to-Thickness Ratio Limit per Table B4.1a
The pipe is not slender, so use Section E3 of AISC 360-10.

L= 4944 mm Height of Brace Frame 194.66 in
K= 1.0 Recommended Effective Length Factor 1
r= 43 mm Radius of Gyration 1.682704 in
KL/r = 116 Effective Slenderness Ratio (using English Units)
Fe = 142.4 MPa Elastic Buckling Stress (E3-4) Using English units 0.98 psi
Fyp / Fe = 1.5 <= 2.25

Fcr = 112.6 MPa Critical Stress (E3-2)
2 2
Ag = 2380 mm Gross Cross Sectional Area of Pipe 3.69 in
Pn = 267947 N Nominal Compressive Strength (E3-1) 60237 lb
_c = 1.67
Pn_c / _c = 160447 N Allowable Compression in Vertical Pipe 36070 lb
Pn_c / _c >= Pcr. Therefore, vertical pipe is OK in compression

Section D2.
2 2
_t = 1.67
Pn_ty / _t = 294726 N Allowable Tensile Yield Strength of Rod 66257 lb

U= 0.68 Table D3.1. Case 5. Assume weld length equals the pipe diameter
2
Ae = 1622.1 mm2 Effective Net Area 2.51 in
Fup = 483 MPa Ultimate Tensile Strength of Pipe 70000 psi

_t = 2.0
Pn_t r/ _t = 391443 N Allowable Tensile Rupture Strength of Rod 88000 lb
Pn_t / _t = 294726 N Allowable Tensile Strength of Tension Rod 66257 lb
Pn_t / _t >=Ptr. Therefore, vertical pipe is OK in tension
4.5" Diameter STD 304 SS Pipe is Acceptable

55
APPENDIX D
MODIFIED DESIGN: FLAT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK

56
Deck Hanger Rod Redesign as Brace Frame

The braced frames are oriented such that there is a frame at every 45 degrees around the
outermost deck stiffener. Each brace frame spans the distance of two normally spaced rods. The
same gravity resisting rods used on the inner deck stiffeners are used on the outer deck stiffener
where the braced frames are not located.

Mat'l_Rod = CS Rod Material
Fy = 248.2 MPa Yield Strength of Rod 36000 psi
tr = 12 mm Thickness of Tension Rod 0.47 in
wr = 100 mm Width of Tension Rod 3.94 in
Ar = 1200 mm 2 Area of Tension Rod 1.86 in2
Brace Frame Dimensions & Properties

Hbf = 1384 mm Height of Brace Frame (Eqn. 3.4.1-5) 4.54 ft
Rso = 33634 mm Radius to Outer Deck Stiffener 110.35 ft
Wbf = 4692 mm Width of Brace Frame. (Eqn 5.2-1) 15.39 ft
Ltr = 4892 mm Length of Tension Rod 16.05 ft
T= 49046 N/mm Tensile Stiffness of Rod (Eqn 5.2-2) 280059 lbf/in
Kb = 45123 N/mm Lateral Stiffness of Individual Brace (Eqn. 5.2-3) 257658 lbf/in
Nb = 18 Number of Braces around
There are a total of 18 braces located at every 20 degrees of the suspended deck.
KT = 519704 N/mm Total Stiffness of Braced Frame System 2967588 lbf/in
Determine the Spectral Acceleration and the Displacement of the Deck

Sds = 0.757 g Design Short Period Acceleration from Appendix 1
Sd1 = 0.431 g Design 1-s Period Acceleration from Appendix 1
To = 0.11 s = 0.2*Sd1/Sds

A= 0.757 g Design Spectral Acceleration (11.4-7 of ASCE7-10)

g= 9807 mm/s2 Acceleration due to Gravity 386.1 in/s 2
Check Spacing from Deck Annular Plate to Outer Shell
w_SDtoOS = 300 mm Wdith of Spacing from edge of flat annular to outer shell 11.81 in
D_SDtoOS = 4 mm Minimum Spacing between Suspended Deck Flat Annular 0.14 in

Plate and Outer Shell
D_SDtoOS <= w_SDtoOS Displacement is OK

57



= Pr / cos

= Tr * sin

Ro = 34300 mm Outside Radius of Deck / Outer Shell Radius 113 ft
Mat'l_Deck = CS Deck Material




= (m_DSo+m_di) / Nr
Load Combinations
Following ASCE 7-10 Section 12.4.2.3 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Load Combinations
Tension Rod
Load Combination 5 & 8 will provide the same demand on the tension rod.
Only Horizontal Loads need to be considered for the Tension Rod. All vertical loads go
directly to the vertical members
Eh = *0.7*Qe
= 1.3 Redundancy Factor
per 12.3.4.2 of ASCE 7-10 for Seismic Design Category of D
Qe = Tr = 168877 N Tension in Rod from Horizontal Seismic Factors (Tr) 37965 lb
Eh_tr = 153678 N Required Tensile Load in Tension Rod 34548 lb

58

Load Combination 8
(0.6-0.14*Sds)*DL_rod+*0.7*Qe
Pcr = 47700 N Required Compression in Vertical member 10723 lb
= (0.6-0.14*0.611)*DL_rod+1.3*0.7*Pc

Load Combination 5
The vertical member not connected to the brace under tension during an earhquake will be in tension.
Therefore, the lateral loads will not affect the load
(1.0+0.14*Sds)*DL_rod+*0.7*Qe
Ptr = 9486 N 2132 lb
= (1.0+0.14*0.611)*DL_rod
Check Capacity of Members

Using AISC 360-10, Steel Construction Manual
Tension Rod
Section D2.
2 2
Fy = 248.2 MPa Yield Strength of Plate 36000 psi
_t = 1.67
Pny / _t = 178355 N Allowable Tensile Yield Strength of Rod 40096 lb

2
Ae = 1200 mm2 Effective Net Area 1.86 in
Assume the flat rod will be welded sufficiently to the deck stiffener such that U=1.0
Fu = 517 MPa Ultimate Tensile Strength of Plate 75000 psi
_t = 2.0
Pnr / _t = 310264 N Allowable Tensile Rupture Strength of Rod 69750 lb
Pn_tr / _t = 178355 N Allowable Tensile Strength of Tension Rod 40096 lb
Pn_tr / _t >= Eh_tr. Therefore, tension rod is OK

Design vertical member of brace as a STD 40 304 SS pipe.
Ep = 193.1 GPa Young's Modulus of Pipe 28000 ksi

OD = 101.6 mm Outer Diameter 4.00 in
t= 5.74 mm Wall Thickness 0.23 in
D/t = 18 Width-to-Thickness Ratio

0.11*E/Fy = 86 Width-to-Thickness Ratio Limit per Table B4.1a
59
The pipe is not slender, so use Section E3 of AISC 360-10.

L= 1384 mm Height of Brace Frame 54.47 in
K= 1.0 Recommended Effective Length Factor 1
r= 34 mm Radius of Gyration 1.336706 in
KL/r = 41 Effective Slenderness Ratio (using English Units)
Fe = 1147.4 MPa Elastic Buckling Stress (E3-4) Using English units 7.91 psi
Fyp / Fe = 0.2 <= 2.25

Fcr = 226.7 MPa Critical Stress (E3-2)
Ag = 1729 mm 2 Gross Cross Sectional Area of Pipe 2.68 in2

Pn = 391920 N Nominal Compressive Strength (E3-1) 88107 lb
_c = 1.67
Pn_c / _c = 234683 N Allowable Compression in Vertical Pipe 52759 lb
Pn_c / _c >= Pcr. Therefore, vertical pipe is OK in compression

Section D2.
Ag = 1729 mm 2 Gross Area of Tension Rod 2.68 in2
_t = 1.67
Pn_ty / _t = 256923 N Allowable Tensile Yield Strength of Rod 57759 lb

U= 0.68 Table D3.1. Case 5. Assume weld length equals the pipe diameter
Ae = 1178.4 mm2 Effective Net Area 1.83 in2

_t = 2.0
Pn_t r/ _t = 235615 N Allowable Tensile Rupture Strength of Rod 52968 lb
Pn_t / _t = 235615 N Allowable Tensile Strength of Tension Rod 52968 lb
Pn_t / _t >=Ptr. Therefore, vertical pipe is OK in tension
3.5" Diameter STD CS Pipe is Acceptable

60
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Institute of Steel Construction. Steel Construction Manual. 14th ed. Chicago:
American Institute of Steel Construction, 2010.
American Petroleum Institute. API Standard 620: Design and Construction of Large,
Welded, Low-pressure Storage Tanks: Addendum Two to Eleventh Edition: 2008-
2010. Washington, D.C.: API Publishing Services, 2010. PDF file.
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Method to Stabilize Suspended Decks in Double Walled Storage Tanks

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Method to Stabilize Suspended Decks in Double Walled Storage Tanks

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METHOD TO STABILIZE SUSPENDED DECKS

IN DOUBLE WALLED STORAGE TANKS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. vi

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. vii

1.1 Issue Statement ...................................................................... 1

2. STANDARD DESIGN PRACTICE ................................................... 3

2.1 Explanation of Tank Systems ................................................ 3

3. DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TANK COMPONENTS .................. 10

3.1 Structural Dynamics Overview .............................................. 10

4. AS-BUILT DESIGNS ........................................................................ 20

4.1 Bent Annular Suspended Deck .............................................. 20

5. METHOD TO STABILIZE SUSPENDED DECK ............................ 28

5.1 Overview ................................................................................ 28

6.1 Bent Annular Suspended Deck .............................................. 32

B. AS-BUILT DESIGN: FLAT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK ...... 43

C. MODIFIED DESIGN: BENT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK .... 49

D. MODIFIED DESIGN: FLAT ANNULAR SUSPENDED DECK ..... 55

4.1 Bent Annular Tank Dimensions ................................................................. 20

4.2 Bent Annular Deck Dimensions (Metric) .................................................. 21

4.3 Bent Annular Deck Dimensions (Imperial) ............................................... 21

4.4 Dynamic Properties of Bent Annular Tank (Metric) ................................. 22

4.5 Dynamic Properties of Bent Annular Tank (Imperial) ............................... 23

4.6 Summary of Displacements for Bent Annular Deck .................................. 23

4.7 Flat Annular Tank Dimensions .................................................................. 24

4.8 Flat Annular Deck Dimensions (Metric) .................................................... 24

4.9 Flat Annular Deck Dimensions (Imperial) ................................................. 25

4.10 Dynamic Properties of Flat Annular Tank (Metric) ................................. 26

4.11 Dynamic Properties of Flat Annular Tank (Imperial) ............................... 26

4.12 Summary of Displacements for Flat Annular Deck ................................. 27

6.1 Summary of Modified Bent Annular Deck Displacements ...................... 32

2.2 Full Containment Tank System .................................................................. 4

2.3 Double Containment Tank System ............................................................ 5

3.1 Empirical Curve for Coefficient Ci from Equation 3.3.1-1 ........................... 8

3.2 Layout of Required Tank Dimensions .......................................................... 17

3.3 Minimum Required Spacings of Top Stiffener ............................................. 19

4.1 Bent Annular Tank Design Response Spectrum ........................................... 22

4.2 Flat Annular Tank Design Response Spectrum ............................................ 26

tank is the design seismic response spectra.

as a single-degree-of-freedom system. It is determined the standard design is likely to

perimeter of the deck.

The above procedure is a simple method to ensure there are no unexpected

1.1 Issue Statement

weather conditions or probable seismic activity without causing a catastrophic failure.

seismic activity is naturally a major design consideration. A variety of industry code

1.2 Scope of Thesis

of the suspended deck during a seismic event is within a determined limit.

unacceptable level of lateral displacement, there is a simple way to stabilize the

stabilize the deck from collisions.

2.1.1 nment. Therre are a varieety of orienttations possiible for a

a single contaainment tank

Figure 2.3 sho

vapor and is designed

prroduct from boiling off and

bottom. For a single conttainment tan

place insulation sprayed on

prrimary contaainer. The final

2.1.3 n. The suspended deck is a relativelly simple

caarbon steel that

vapor space above

Figure 2.4. Cross-S

orrder to lap over

deck annular plate is not welded