Komar University of Science and Technology

Engineering Materials
Lab. No. (1)
Determination of mechanical property of the steel

Instructor: Dr. Alan Saeed

Name: Peshawa Mohammed f130608

December 4, 2016
Objective:
Doing the laboratory tests to find or knowing the mechanical
property of different type of steel which are produced by different
company, and to evaluate the amount of yield strength, ultimate
strength, elongation, and fracture, then compare the results of the
tests with the standard or normal range of the property of that type of
steel.

Introduction:
1. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS): Is the capacity of a material
or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed
to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to
reduce size.
2. Yield strength is refers to an indication of maximum stress that
can be developed in a material without causing plastic
deformation. It is the stress at which a material exhibits a
specified permanent deformation and is a practical
approximation of the elastic limit.
3. Elongation: its a mechanical property of metal that is the
degree to which a material may be bent, stretched, or
compressed before it ruptures. It is a point between tensile
strength and yield strength and is expressed as a percentage of
the original length.

4. A fracture is the separation of an object or material into two or

more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid
usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement
discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If a displacement
develops perpendicular to the surface of displacement, it is
called a normal tensile crack or simply a crack; if a displacement
develops tangentially to the surface of displacement, it is called
a shear crack, slip band, or dislocation, these steps are described
in the stress-strain curve.

5. Tension test: Tensile testing, is also known as tension testing is

a fundamental materials science test in which a sample is
subjected to a controlled tension until failure. The results from
 the test are commonly used to select a material for an
application, for quality control, and to predict how a material will
react under other types of forces. Properties that are directly
measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength,
maximum elongation and reduction in area. From these
measurements the following properties can also be
determined: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength,
and strain-hardening characteristics.

Equipment:
1- Extensometer
2- Vernier caliper.
3- Computer device to obtain the results of test
4- Balance
5- Steel bars

ASTM Standards: these are standard of different grade of

steel.

Strength Grade 40 Grade 60 Grade 75

Minimum Yield Strength 40,000 Psi 60,000 Psi 75,000 Psi

Maximum Yield
60,000 Psi 90,000 Psi 1,00,000 Psi
Strength
Procedure of the test:

1. Measure and record the specimen dimensions necessary to

determine the cross sectional area at its smallest point. The
original cross sectional area is used for all engineering stress
calculations.
2. Mark the gauge length with a center punch, scribe marks or draw
with ink. The distance between the gauge marks after the
specimen is broken is used to determine the percent elongation
at break.
3. Zero the testing machine without the specimen inserted in the
grips. Install the specimen in the grips and attach a Class B1
axial extensometer to the specimen. Please note that the
extensometer needs to be removed prior to specimen failure.
ADMET software stops test and prompts the removal of the
extensometer once the total strain data has been satisfactorily
obtained.
4. Start loading the sample. The speed of testing is generally
specified in one of three manners:
a) Rate of movement of the crosshead of the testing machine
when not under load;
b) The rate of stressing of the specimen; or
c) The rate of separation of the crossheads under load. Any
convenient speed of testing may be used up to one half the
specified yield points and down to the specified maximum rates
for determining yield strength and tensile strength.
5. Run the test until specimen failure or fracture. Remove the
broken sample from the machine and fit the fractured ends
together. Measure the distance between the gauge marks.
Results:
In this experiment after doing the test we get the result of the
mechanical property of the steel bar which are used to the
reinforcement of concrete, and automatically we get the stress-strain
diagram for yield strength and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) by Offset
or Extension under Load Method, and we can finding the percentage of
elongation at fracture (elastic and plastic deformation) extension in the
length of the specimen. This figure includes the detailed description
about the test that we did.
Discussion:
In this experiment we prepare three steel specimen which is the
length of each one is about 60 cm, and we measured each ones
diameter by using (vernier caliper)., then we took the average of
these three specimen, then inserted suitable jaws in
the grips and selected suitable scale on testing machine, after
that we put the test specimen in grips by adjusting the cross
heads of UTM. When we adjust the machine and the specimen
we started the machine to applied the load to the steel
 specimen, when the pointer stop on the computer screen its
(yield point), and before the steel broke the pointer shows the
amount of UTS (Ultimate Tensile Strength). Finally by applying
extension load after UTS the steel bar is broke and this is the
failure or fracture point of that steel sample. We can determined
the yield and ultimate strength of the steel bar by dividing yield
load and ultimate load by cross sectional area of the bar. Steps of
our work in the laboratory is shown in the figure below.

Conclusion:
In conclusion every building materials should tested before used in
construction because if the property of the materials not good and they
cannot carry the load then the building will collapse. The steel is one of
the important material in the construction and we have tested before
using it, because most of the time we use the steel as a reinforcement
of concrete since by this test we are sure about the property of the
steel. The main thing in this test that must be obtained is the ASTM
standards, the strength of the steel is very important, because all the
time we use steel as a reinforcement of concrete to increase the
tensile strength of concrete because concrete has its own compressive
strength, and the steel have a good tensile property, which is used in
construction to get enough tensile strength and give warning before
failure. When we tested for any sample must the results compare with
standard range if does not equal to the normal range means this
sample is refused.

In standards steel bars are classified to four grades (Grade-40, Grade-

60, Grade-75, and Grade-80). All grades have different standard tensile
strength and standard weights, for testing these grades take sample
according to Iraqi sampling booklet 2009 like this table.