Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MEMORANDUM
Environmental Justice Comparison of the proposed Lake Oahe Crossing and the North Bismarck
Crossing
To address co m m e n ts m ade by SRST th a t th e N o rth Bism arck Crossing re la tive to EJ, Dakota Access
co nd ucte d an analysis u tilizin g th e same EJ approach as was co m p le te d fo r th e P referred Route. The
tw o census tra c ts th a t th e N o rth Bism arck Crossing a lte rn a tiv e w o u ld cross (CT 111.05 and CT 2004)
w e re averaged as th e "a lte rn a tiv e im p acts", th e co un ties it w o u ld cross (M o rto n and Burleigh) w e re
averaged as th e "a lte rn a tiv e baseline", and th e n th e "a lte rn a tiv e im p a cts" w e re co m p ared to th e
"P roposed Crossing im p acts" data (fro m Table 3-14 o f th e EA).
For th e m in o rity im pacts, th e N o rth Bism arck Crossing consists o f 1% m o re A m erican Indian and Alaska
N atives (2% in th e N o rth Bism arck Crossing opposed to 1% in th e proposed) th a n th e proposed ro u te .
This, as w e ll as th e o verall data, suggests th a t th e p re fe rre d ro u te is less im p a ctin g o r th e im pacts are
less p ro p o rtio n a te to N ative Am ericans as co m p ared to n o n -m in o rity o r o th e r m in o rity groups.
T h e re fo re th e th e re is no basis o r conclusion o f an EJ claim to N ative A m ericans re la te d to th e p re fe rre d
ro u te .
Minority and Low Income Population Statistics for the North of Bismarck Alternative
Compared to the Proposed Action Area
Percent
Native Persons
Am.
Black Hawaiian Two Below
Geographic Total Indian Some Total
or and or the
Area Population White and Asian Other Minority
African Other More Poverty
Alaska Race Population
Am. Pacific Races Level
Native
Islander
STATE
N o rth
704,925 89 2 5 1 0 1 2 11 12
Dakota
A n o th e r issue o f sig n ifica n t concern and c o m m e n t received fro m th e SRST is th a t trib a l w a te r intakes
w o u ld be d is p ro p o rtio n a te ly a ffe cte d in th e highly u n like ly e ve n t o f a p ip e lin e p ro d u c t release to Lake
Oahe. Given th e e ng ineering design, p roposed in s ta lla tio n m e th o d o lo g y , q u a lity o f m a te ria l selected,
o p e ra tio n s m easures and response plans, th e risk o f an in a d v e rte n t release in o r reaching Lake Oahe is
e x tre m e ly low . As a m a tte r o f practice, p ip e lin e o p e ra to rs and sp ecifically DAPL designed th e p ip e lin e to
n o t leak o r have a spoil and have im p le m e n te d all th e available and reasonable m easures to p re v e n t a
leak o r spill (see th e atta che d ta b le as file d in th e Iowa U tilitie s Board hearings fo r DAPL u n d e r D ocket
H LP-2014-0001 fo r th e m easures above and beyond th e 49 CFR Part 194 and 195 re q u ire m e n ts being
im p le m e n te d by DAPL w hich w o u ld all a pp ly to th e Lake Oahe crossing and p ip e lin e design). The n o tio n ,
as a rtic u la te d by th e SRST, th a t a spill is going to happen, is sim p ly n o t th e case. H ow ever, th e fo llo w in g
in fo rm a tio n was pre pa re d to p ro vid e evidence th a t th e re is n o t a d is p ro p o rtio n a te p ro je c t e ffe c t to low
o r m in o rity p o p u la tio n s fro m th e Lake Oahe crossing in regards to a spill. Table A-2 b e lo w provides a
com p arison o f surface w a te r intakes d o w n stre a m o f th e P referred A lte rn a tiv e across Lake Oahe and
d o w n stre a m o f th e N o rth Bism arck Crossing a lte rn a tiv e .
Table A-2. Downstream Water Intake Comparison Between Crossing at Lake Oahe
and Alternative Crossing North of Bismark
* In fo rm a tio n supplied by Rick Harnois, USACE to Steve Rowe, HDR via em ail on 3 /2 1 /2 0 1 6 . M r.
H arnois ind icate d th a t th e firs t lo ca tio n was fo r a g ric u ltu ra l use, he believed th e 2nd lo ca tio n was a
SRST in ta ke fo r a g ricu ltu ra l use, and th a t th e th ird intake belongs to th e South C entral Regional W a te r
D istrict (SCRWD) and th a t th is intake provides w a te r to m o st o f Em m ons C ounty, N o rth Dakota.
* * Estim ated lo ca tio n and o w n e rsh ip In fo rm a tio n e stim a te d by HDR engineer, B rent Ericksen,
Bismarck, ND.
O w n ership and use in fo rm a tio n fo rm a lly requested o f th e USACE by DAPL. On 4 /7 /2 0 1 6 W illia m
H arlon, USACE, o ffic ia lly requested a d d itio n a l intake lo ca tio n and in fo rm a tio n fro m PHMSA.
NA - No in fo rm a tio n kn ow n re la tive to th e M isso uri River fa rth e r d o w n stre a m th a n th e City o f
Bism arck W e ll Intake
D ow n stre a m o f th e Lake Oahe crossing (p re fe rre d crossing loca tion ), th e riv e r separates p riv a te land to
th e east fro m trib a l land to th e w est. There are th re e w a te r supply intakes w ith in 15 m iles d o w n stre a m
o f th is crossing, w ith th e closest intake located 4.2 m iles d o w n s tre a m o f th e Lake crossing and is fo r
Specifically, th e firs t d o w n stre a m Intake fro m th e Lake Oahe crossing is a p p ro x im a te ly 4.2 m iles
d o w n stre a m , is believed to be fo r a g ricu ltu ra l use and is believed to be non-T ribal. The second intake is
a p p ro x im a te ly 7.6 m iles d o w n stre a m and is u n d e rsto o d to be an SRST Intake fo r a g ric u ltu ra l use. The
th ird Intake, a p p ro x im a te ly 11.1 m iles d o w n s tre a m . Is u n d e rs to o d to be th e firs t d rin k in g w a te r Intake,
w h ich belongs to th e South C entral Regional W a te r D istrict (SCRWD). The firs t SRST Intake fo r public
co n su m p tio n is located 26.2 m iles d o w n stre a m o f th e Lake Oahe crossing.
As ind icate d In Table A-2, th e N o rth Bism arck Crossing co nta ins tw o m un icip al d rin k in g w a te r Intakes
w ith in th e firs t 13 m iles d o w n stre a m o f th e M isso uri River crossing lo ca tio n . The City o f M andan
m un icip al Intake Is located a p p ro x im a te ly 7.3 m iles d o w n s tre a m and a C ity o f Bism arck m un icip al Intake
is located a p p ro x im a te ly 11.6 m iles d o w n s tre a m . The averaged census data fo r th ese tw o cities Is 2%
m in o rity (sim ilar to th e proposed w h ich Is also 2%) and 10 % lo w -in c o m e (sim ilar to th e proposed w hich
The to ta l p o p u la tio n served by th e Intake located a t th e SCRWD (11.1 m iles d o w n stre a m o f th e Lake
Oahe crossing) serves 3,491 people In Emmons C ounty, N o rth Dakota. The SRST trib e Intake th a t
p rovides w a te r fo r co n su m p tio n located 26.2 m iles south o f th e Lake Oahe crossing (F o rt Yates intake)
services 229 people In Fort Yates and p o te n tia lly up to 4,317 in Sioux C ounty, N orth D akota. W hen
co m p aring th is to th e tw o closest crossing o f th e n o rth Bism arck crossing, th e City o f M andan Intake
services 19,381 people and th e City o f Bism arck intake services 65,123 people. T he re fo re , th e
d is p ro p o rtio n a te Im pacts In th e e ve n t o f a spill are clearly w orse along th e n o rth Bism arck crossing.
W hich, w h e n co up lin g th is fa c t w ith th e d is p ro p o rtio n a te Im pact to m in o ritie s by p o p u la tio n , relying
upon th e p ip e lin e ro u te n o rth o f Bism arck as a viab le o r p re fe rre d a lte rn a tiv e w o u ld a ctu a lly lead to
m o re im pacts o r in fa c t a d is p ro p o rtio n a te Im pact to m in o ritie s fro m a spill o r th e ro u tin g .
The Fort Yates m un icip al d rin kin g w a te r Intake (the firs t kn ow n T rib a l-re la te d d rin k in g w a te r Intake
d o w n stre a m o f th e Lake Oahe crossing) Is o ve r 26 m iles d o w n s tre a m co m p ared to th e a p p ro x im a te ly 11
m ile distance to th e SCRWD Intake. The e s tim a te d tra v e l tim e to reach th e SCRWD Intake o f an
u nabated spill a t th e Lake Oahe crossing Is a p p ro x im a te ly 17 hours co m p ared w ith a tra v e l tim e o f
a p p ro x im a te ly 40 hours to reach th e Fort Yates intake. In th e u n like ly e v e n t th a t th e response te am
does n o t co n ta in th e spill w ith in th e PHMSA re q u ire d 6 hours and th e spill co ntin ue s una ba te d fo r some
tim e p eriod. It is likely th a t o n ly th e SCRWD Intake (serving th e n o n -m in o rity p o p u la tio n ) w o u ld be
im p acted b u t e x tre m e ly u n like ly like th e p lu m e w o u ld go u nabated fo r 40 hours to reach th e m in o rity
c o m m u n ity intake a t Fort Yates.
The spill freq ue n cie s presented in th e analysis are n o t like ly to o ccur and are p ro vid e d o n ly as p a rt o f th e
conse rva tive fra m e w o rk to ensure agency decisions are based on kn ow led ge o f th e p o te n tia l range o f
effects.
In cid e n t fre q u e n cie s w e re e stim a te d fro m p u b licly available h istorica l data (PHMSA 2016). In 2002,
PHMSA in s titu te d a 5-gallon spill re p o rtin g lim it. Prior to th is change, o n ly spills o ve r 1,575 gallons o r 50
barrels (bbl) w e re re p o rte d . This change has resu lted in a su bsta ntia l increase in th e calculated baseline
in cid e n t fre q u e n cy. The calculated in c id e n t fre q u e n c y using all available data (fro m 1993 to 2011) is
0.000883 in cid e n ts /m ile -y e a r. The calculated in c id e n t fre q u e n c y using data o b ta in e d a fte r th e u pdated
re p o rtin g lim it (2002 to 2015) is 0.00211 in c id e n ts /m ile -y e a r, a su bsta ntia l increase in in c id e n t
fre q u e n cy. H ow ever, it should be n o te d th a t th is increase is a ttrib u ta b le to d iffe re n t re p o rtin g
re q u ire m e n ts, w h ich ca p tu re a larger n u m b e r o f spill types, and does n o t necessarily re fle c t an actual
increase in spills.
A spill fre q u e n c y e q u iva le n t o f 7.5 spills in 10 years was calculated using th e co nse rva tive in c id e n t
fre q u e n c y o f 0.00211 incid en ts per m ile per ye ar fo r th e e n tire 358 m iles o f DAPL P roject in N orth
D akota. For any 1 -m ile segm ent, th is p ro b a b ility is e q u iv a le n t to one spill every 474 years.
E xam ination o f th e PHMSA d a ta se t fro m 2002 to 2015 (PHMSA, 2016) indicates th a t th e m a jo rity o f
actual p ip e lin e spills are re la tive ly sm all. F ifty p e rce n t o f th e spills consist o f 4 bbis o r less. In 84 p ercen t
o f th e cases, th e spill vo lu m e was 100 bbIs o r less. In 95 p e rce n t o f th e incidents, spill vo lu m e s w e re less
th a n 1,000 bbis. Oil spills o f 10,000 bbis o r larger occurre d in 0.5 p e rce n t o f cases. These data
d e m o n s tra te th a t m o st p ip e lin e spills are sm all and th a t releases o f 10,000 bbis o r m o re are e x tre m e ly
u nco m m on . Table A-3 illu stra te s th e freq ue n cie s th a t oil spills o f d iffe re n t vo lu m e s are p re d icte d to
occur along th e 358-m iles o f th e DAPL P roject w ith in N o rth Dakota o ve r a 10-year in te rva l. The s h o rte r
sections o f th e DAPL Project w ith in th e fe d e ra l flo w a g e easem ents and crossing b e lo w Lake Oahe w o u ld
have even sm aller spill o ccurrence freq ue n cie s and like lih o o d o f h ig h -vo lu m e spills given th e ir s h o rte r
p ip e lin e lengths.
The like lih o o d o f a release in to any single w a te rb o d y w o u ld be low , w ith a p re d icte d o ccurrence interval
o f no m o re th a n once every 1,430 to 476,642 years (Table A-4). If any release did occur, it is likely th a t
th e to ta l release vo lu m e o f a spill w o u ld be 4 bbis o r less based on h istorical spill volum es.
Spill Frequency
Product Released
Very Small Spill: 4 bbl Small Spill: 50 bbl Moderate Spill: 1,000 bbl Large Spill: 10,000 bbl
Stream
Streamflow Flow Rate Occurrence Interval (yrs) Occurrence Interval (yrs) Occurrence Interval (yrs) Occurrence Interval (yrs)
Conclusion
The siting and c o n stru ctio n o f oil pipelines upstream o f d rin k in g w a te r intakes is n o t u nco m m on
th ro u g h o u t th e U nited States and by its e lf is n o t considered an E n viro nm e nta l Justice issue. Due to th e
lack o f d ire c t and in d ire c t e ffe cts fro m th e fe d e ra l a ction, no m in o rity o r lo w -in c o m e c o m m u n itie s w o u ld
be d ire c tly o r d is p ro p o rtio n a te ly im p acted by th e c o n s tru c tio n and o p e ra tio n o f th is pipeline.
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). 2016. PHMSA Pipeline Incident
Statistics Internet website: http://www.phmsa.dot.qov/pipeline/librarv/data-stats/pipelineincidenttrends.
2012. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Strategic Plan (2012-2016)
Stantec, 2015. BakkenLink Risk Assessm ent and E n viro nm e nta l Consequences Analysis. Prepared fo r
BakkenLink Pipeline LEG.
A tta ch m e n ts:
v ""
'
i
. "Sr^ V
. 1 " ^
W i -1
>9
' - t J
~m
% ^ -a - _
o i^ r r V K k
Preferred Alternative
Route Alternarive
USACE Garrison Flowage Easements DAKOTA ACCESS, LLC
Standing Rock Sioux Reservation
USAGE Lake Oafie Fee-Owned Land
Dakota Access Pipeline Project
North Dakota Otfier Government Lands
Figure 13
Route Alternative
Lake Oahe Crossing
Emmons & Morton Counties. North Dakota
:650.000
Mies NAD 1983 UTM Zone 14N Date: April, 2016
Path: P :\G IS \C lie n t\E T C _ E n e rg yT ra n sfe r\D a ko ta A cce ss_ D A P L \M a p s\E N V \N D _ F lo w E a se m e n ts\1 3 N D _ L a ke _ O a h e _ X in g _ u p d a te 2 0 1 6 0 4 1 2 .m xd
BIsm arck
i18061
Local Ag Intake
0 Tribal Ag Intake
SCRW D Drinking W a te rs
Linton
Unspecified
'83
P referred R oute
R oute A lte rn a tive DAKOTA ACCESS, LLC
<> W a te r Intake
North Dakota Dakota Access Pipeline Project
Water intake Locations
Lake Oahe Crossing
1:590,501
M iles NAD 1983 UTM Zone 14N Date: April, 2016
Path: P :\G IS \C lie n t\E T C _ E n e rg yT ran sfer\D ako taA ccess_ D A P L\M a p s\E N V \W a ter_in take s\20 1 60 41 3 \M X D \V \fete rln take .m xd
Providlns a minimum cover (from top o f pipe to ground level) of 48 inches (4 feet) in cultivated fields Pipe must be buried so that it is below the ^evel of cultivation or to a depth of 50 inches o f cover, whichever
h. deeper a R 195.248
Provtding a minimum cover (from top of pipe to ground level) o f 60 inches {5 feet] a t public road drainage
ditches Minim um cover required for public road drainage ditch crossings b 36 inches (3 feet) CFR 195 248
Providing a minimum cover (from top of pipe to ground leve^ of 48 Inches (4 feet) through industrial,
commercial, and resideniJal areas Minim um cover required is 36 inches {3 feet] CFR 195.248
Providing at least 60 inches feet) of cover for w aterbody crossings Mmimum cover required is 30 or 36 inches (3 feet] CFR 195.248
Hofixontaily D rectionally Drilling underneath w aterbody crossings wider than 1 00 feet In w idth to a
depth of ar least 20 feet under the bottom o f the waterbody Minimum cover required is only 48 inches (4 feet) CFR 195.248
PfpeliM Strength
OAPLIine pipe is specified to API 5U PL5'2 standards which m andate additional metallurgical
requirements, factorv inspections and record retention. Longitudinal seam of aH Rne pipe has been IdDH Uh pipe must be fit-for*purpose CFR 195.112
examined by non-destructnre testing INDT)
All pipe mi^lswere inspected for their quality assurance and quality testing programs pnor to being
No requirement N /A
allowed to bid to supply pipe for DAPL
Inspectors for DAPL w ere placed in each pipe mill while OAPL pipe was being produced to ensure M
Line pipe inspection only required a t the )ob site during Installation CFR 195.206
compliance w ith all quality control measures
0.50 Design factor will be used for all public road, w aterw ay and ralroad crossings, and for aL above*
&72 Design Factor is permitted throughout the entire pipeline system - which equates to providing Ane pipe
ground sections of the DAPL system {mainline valve sites and pump stations). Line pipe w ith 0.625 wall CFR 195 106
w ith 0.429 W T
thickness )WT) will be installed through these areas.
Piptffne Vifves
All mainline valves on DAPL will have m otorued actuators to provide for the capability to remotely close
all valves to isolate pipeline segments as needed. All mainline valves qualify as Emergency Flow No requirement
Aestnction Devices (Ef AD).
PipeUns Constfwcttofi
lOOX of a^ m a rlin e girth welds will be have an NDT inspection, either by radiographic {x*ray] or
ultrasonic means Need to perform an NDT for only 10% o f girth welds made by each w elder each day CFR 195.234
Hydrotesting entire pipeline for 6 hours a t 125% Hydrotest fo r4 hours a t 125% plus4 additional hours a t 1 1 0 % CFR 195.304
Hydrotestlng a4 valves and above-ground equipm ent for 8 hours a t 125% Manufacturing facilities only provide 1 fiour leak tests CFR 195.305
An Internal Line Inspection deformation tool will be run through the entire pipeline prior to start-up No requirement N /A
Cathodic Protection System will be activated in stages along the right of way as the pipeline is backfilled
and completed. Cathodic protection must be activated w ithin 1 year after the pipeline begins operation CFR 1 95 36 3
PIpetoie Opentfons
The pipeline right of w ay will be inspected weekly, w eather permitting, by aerta: means Right of way inspections are required 26 times per year, with intervals not to exceed three weeks CFR 109.412