I.

TITLE
In Human Blood

II. PURPOSE
Students are expected to explain human blood

III. BASIC THEORY

Man is divided into couple of different blood groups in relation to the composition of
the protein found in the blood. The protein plays a role for antigen and is aglutinin
(antibodies). Antigen, a protein found in erythrocytes, aglutinin in blood plasma. Aglutinin
will attack the blood antigen group of people but not a party with her blood. Aglutinin that
attack antigens that cause clumping (agglutination).
Due to the failure by a blood clot blood clots another group, then the blood is divided into:
1. Blood type A
2. Blood type B
3. Blood type AB
4. Blood group O (Orphans, 1987).
Please note in the event of the transfer of blood, because the protein content is very
different even though it looks all the same human blood. Foreign protein is also called by the
name of antigens, which cause repellent substances called antibodies, which is a compound
gamma globulin. Each antibody was formed specifically to deal with the foreign protein is
generally shaped germs. Antibodies can agglutinate antigen. If viewed from the blood donor:
1. A blood type can give blood to A and AB and receive from A and O
2. AB blood type can give blood to AB and receive from A, B, AB and O
3. B blood type can give blood at the B and AB and receive from B and O.
4. Blood type O can give blood to A, B, AB and O and can receive blood from O
(Hadisumarto, et al. 1986)
ABO system that is often used is found by K. Landstainer blood classify as follows:
1. Blood type A, ie when in the red blood cells and serum containing aglutinogen A
can make aglutinin (beta)
2. Blood type B, ie when in the red blood cells containing aglutionogen B and her red
blood serum can make aglutinin (negligent)
3. Blood type AB, ie when in the red blood cells containing aglutinogen aglutinogen A
and B, but the anti-serum can not make aglutinin.
 4. Blood type O, ie when in the red blood cells are not aglutinogen but can make
aglutinin blood serum alpha and beta (Waluyo, 2010)
MN blood type different from the ABO blood group system. In the MN blood group
system of human blood serum or plasma contains no anti anti N. M maupum Thus MN blood
group system is not important for the purposes of blood transfusion, because there is no
danger of clotting. (Yuni 2010)
At first the Rh blood system is not known a double allele. Those bloody Mark with
rhesus positive and rhesus negative RR genotype with genotype rr. However, after further
research, it turns out not only the Rh blood group consisted of two alleles (R and R), but there
are 8 alleles are: O Rh positive, allele-alelnya Rz, R1, R2, R0. O Rh negative alleles his ry, ri,
rv, r. (Suryo. 2009)

IV. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

4.1 Tools
1. microscope
2. toothpick
3. tweezers
4. pencil
5. Lancet / needle Sterile
6. glasses attractions
4.2 Materials
1. Serum A and B
2. Alcohol 70%
3. cotton
4. Fresh human blood
V. STEP WORK

finger Hand

cleaned using

Cotton were given alcohol

left to dry

Alcohol

stabbed
Ring finger with a lancet

dropwise
Blood on the glass object A and B

dropwise

Serum anti-A on a glass object A

Serum anti-B in the glass object B

mixed use

toothpick

observed

The blood clot and not

VI. RESULTS OF OBSERVATIONS

Group Probandus Blood groups were observed Blood type before
1 Rasmiyana B B
2 Ika Wahyuni B B
3 Maya Umi Hajar B B
4 Bella Rhea L.S. B B
5 Yuli Arahmat A A
VII. DISCUSSION
Blood group system in humans there are 3 kinds of systems ABO, MN and Rhesus (Rh). The
three classification of blood based on the presence of the antigen (aglutinogen) specific to red
blood cells and anti-(aglutinin). Blood type is controlled by a pair of genes. ABO system
proposed by K. Landstainer in 1990 classified human blood into four types, namely:
1. Blood type A, ie when in the red blood cells and serum containing aglutinogen A red blood
can make aglutinin b
2. Blood type B, ie when in the red blood cells containing aglutionogen B and her red blood
serum can make a aglutinin
3. Blood type AB, ie when in the red blood cells containing aglutinogen aglutinogen A and B,
but can not make the anti-serum aglutinin a and b.
4. Blood type O, ie when in the red blood cells are not aglutinogen but blood serum can make
aglutinin a and b.

In the donor blood transfusion there are people who give blood and the recipient is the person
receiving the blood. Aglutinogen is as antigen, whereas aglutinin is as antibodies. Aglutinin a
can containing blood clots aglutinogen A, while b can aglutinin clots blood containing B.
Aglutinogen In group A blood transfusion can not give blood at the blood group B and vice
versa. Because it would happen clumping or agglutination. Blood type O blood can only
receive blood from blood type O, but can give to all blood types so called universal donor.
Blood type AB can only give blood in group AB, but can receive a blood transfusion from all
blood groups, so-called universal recipient.
Basic human blood grouping ABO system is the presence or absence of antigen in its
erythrocytes. Antigens determined by genes on the chromosome that initiate the formation of
the antigen with the symbol I (Isoglutinin) by applying super script, eg IA, IB, IO or i. In his
classification of human blood are alleles double. Because in a gene there are more than one
allele is called multiple metamorphic.
Based on the observations that have been done on blood samples obtained several student
outcomes:
In ____ and ____ A glass object that ditetsi A serum anti clotting does not occur, while the
etched glass object B serum anti-B clumping occurs, the ____ and ____ are blood group B.
Clumping that occurs when serum anti b spilled due aglutinin of serum anti b crumple
aglutinogen blood samples. In ____ and ____ A spilled glass object a serum anti-clotting
occurs and a spilled glass object B serum anti-b also occurs clumping, then ____ and ____
blood group AB. In ____ and ____ A glass object that serum anti poured a glass does not clot
and the object B which spilled serum anti-B also does not clot, then ____ and ____ are blood
group O. At the time of the experiment students used no blood samples with blood type A
because there is no glass object results indicate that serum anti poured a glass object B to clot
and the serum poured anti b does not clot.

VIII. CONCLUSION
8.1 Conclusion
From the results of lab work on blood groups in humans, the conclusion can be made:
1. Blood type in humans is divided into four, namely blood groups A, B, AB and O.
2. In the blood group system there are two kinds of proteins, namely aglutinin (anti-A and
anti-B) in blood plasma and aglutinogen (antigen A and antigen B) in erythrocytes.
3. Aglutinin a can containing blood clots aglutinogen A, while B can aglutinin clots blood
containing B. Aglutinogen
4. a. The spilled blood clot mean serum anti-A class A
b. The spilled blood clot mean serum anti-B class B
c. Blood is spilled serum anti-A and B are equally significant clumping class AB
d. Blood is spilled serum anti-A and B no significant clot group O

8.2 Suggestion
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Suharyono Hadisumarto, Tri Murtiati, dan Christian. 1986. Buku Materi Pokok Biologi II.
Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka
Suryo. 2011. Golongan Darah dan Penentuan Jenis Kelamin.
http://www.scribd.com/mobile/documents/39641343/. (diakses pada 11 November
2012).
Yuni, Tri. 2010. Dasar-Dasar Pewarisan Mendel. http//18bios1Unsoed.wordpress.com.
(diakses pada 11 November 2012).
Waluyo, Joko. 2010. Biologi Umum. Jember: Universitas Jember
Yatim, Wildan. 1987. Biologi. Bandung: Tarsito