What is digestion?

ANSWER

the process by which food are broken down into smaller pieces.

1. What are the two types of digestions?

ANSWER

The two types of digestions are physical and chemical digestion.

3. Why is physical digestion important.

ANSWER

The process of physical digestion in the surface area of the food

making it much easier for enzymes during chemical digestion.

4.Describe the importance of teeth in the process of digestion.

ANSWER

in the process of digestion teeth are use to cut up the food into small

pieces.

1. Identify three causes of tooth decay.

ANSWER

eating too much sweet

not brushing teeth after meals

visit the dentist regularly

1.
34 What is the difference between excretion and egestion?

ANSWER
 excretion is the process by which the human body get rid of metabolic

waste products produce by the body cells, while egestion is the process

by which the humans get rid of undigested food.

7. Which enzyme start the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach.

ANSWER

pepsin starts the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach.

8. Which part of the human digestive system produce bile which is use to

emulsify fat during the digestive process?

ANSWER

bile is produce by the live.

9. State what is meant by EACH of the following terms:

Biodegradable

Landfill

Sewage

Pollutant

ANSWER

Biodegradable waste that be broken down by micro organisms.

Landfill a piece of land where waste material is buried. It is a

method of filling an excavated area.

34 Sewage waste that comes from bathroom and kitchen.

Pollutant these are substances or things that cause pollution.

10. State THREE ways of lowering the amount of solid waste, other than by

reducing the production of such waste.

ANSWER

buy items in bulk

purchase items with little or no packing

purchase items in packages that can be recycled

11. Explain how the proper construction and location of pit latrines

contribute to improved health in communities without pipe-borne water

supplies.

ANSWER

If the pit latrines are build properly and at the correct locations the will be

less persons suffering from sickness suck as gastroenteritis. drinking water

supplies will also be safe due to the fact that the water will not be

contaminated with the urine and feaces.

12. Individuals in a remote community have heard about an outbreak of

cholera and they need information. explain the information that should be

put in a brochure to advise this community about

how the disease is cause

34 the different signs and symptoms of the disease.

how to avoid contracting the disease.

ANSWER
 cholera is cause by a bacterium call vibrio cholerae. This type of

bacterium is normally found in water or food which is contaminated with

feces from an infected person.

some of the signs and symptoms of cholera includes: diarrhea,

vomiting, dehydration and muscular cramps.

when trying to avoid cholera you must drink only water that are

purified.

cook your food properly when trying to avoid catching cholera.

do not defecate near drinking water sources.

(ii) State one benefit of bones being hollow rather than solid.

ANSWER

bones been hollow means that they can produce blood cells

b. Name two raw materials required for the process of photosynthesis and

one product of photosynthesis.

ANSWER

Raw materials are carbon dioxide and water

Product is glucose

c. Cindy de-starches (starch removed from the leaf) a variegated leaf and
34
then exposes it to light for several hours. She then tests the leaf for starch

using iodine.
What are the expected results of her experiment? Explain your answer.

ANSWER

A blue-black colour will develop. If the colour is blue-black then starch

is present in the leaf.

3. a. (i) Identify the largest source of air pollutants in the world today.

ANSWER

carbon dioxide

(ii) Name two gases that contribute to global warming.

ANSWER

Carbon dioxide

Methane

b. What is the function of breathing in humans?

ANSWER

the movement of air in and out of the human body.

c. Fredrick is training for a track and field event at school. His coach tells him

he needs to increase his vital capacity.

(i). State what is meant by the term vital capacity.

ANSWER

this is the greatest amount of air that is expelled from your lungs after

34 breathing in as deeply as you can.

(ii) To increase his vital capacity, the coach recommends that Fredrick

increases his exercise regime and avoid smoking. Explain the effects of

exercise and smoking on his vital capacity.

Exercise

Exercise will increase the efficiency of how the bodys respiratory

system uses oxygen.

Smoking

1. Identify the structures labelled A,B and C on the diagram of the human

eye.

ANSWER

A is the sclera

B is the retina

C is the lens
34
2. If a ten year old child goes to the cinema to watch a movie with his father.

If when entering the dark room he cannot see anything.

a. Explain how the cones which are sensitive to light, cause him to

temporary blind.

ANSWER

this is because the cones will take about 5 to 10 minutes to adjusted itself to

the dim light.

3. cartilage is a flexible connective tissue.

a. Identify one function of cartilage and an area of the human body in which

it can be found.

ANSWER

cartilages are located and the ends of bones where they form a joint

one area which cartilage is located at the ends of bones

b. State one major difference between tendons and ligaments.

ANSWER

34
 tendons attach muscles to bone while ligaments join bone to bone

4. Identify one type of joint that the little boy would utilize to kick the ball.

ANSWER

Ball and Socket

5. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct answer from the

list provided in brackets. (antibodies,antigens, leucocytes,antitoxins,

phagocytes)
34
Lymphocytes,a type of white blood cells, make substances
called antibodies and antitoxins to destroy pathogens like bacteria and

viruses, and the toxins produced by the pathogens.

The white blood cells which engulf pathogens are

called_________________.

ANSWER

The white blood cell is phagocytes.

6. Identify the type of organism that causes typhoid.

ANSWER

typhoid is cause by a bacterium.

7. Identify one sign and one symptom of typhoid.

ANSWER

red spots on the chest region

headache

diarrhea

poor appetite

8. Dr. Brown is administered a vaccine that gives her active immunity.

Explain how this vaccine offers protection to Dr brown.

ANSWER

The vaccine will contain a weaken pathogen. This weaken pathogen will

stimulate
34 the immune system of Dr brown to produce antibodies which will

destroy any antigen produce by a live pathogen in the future.

9. Which drug is use to treat typhoid effectively?

ANSWER

the drug that is use to treat typhoid effectively antibiotic such as

ciprofloxacin

1. Explain what is meant by each of the following terms:

a. Aerobic respiration.

ANSWER

this is the release of energy by the body cells with the use of oxygen.

b. Anaerobic respiration.

ANSWER

this is the release of energy by body cells without the use of oxygen.

11. Identify one waste product from cellular respiration.

ANSWER

the waste product produce during cellular respiration is carbon

dioxide.

12. Your teacher, Mr Thomas, uses energy to erase the blackboard. Glucose

is one of the substrates from which he gets the energy.

a. State one other substrate from which Mr Thomas gets energy.

ANSWER

the other substrate is protein or fat

b.
34 In which cell organelle is energy released from glucose?

ANSWER

the cell organelle is the mitochondria

13. When energy is released from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine

diphosphate (ADP) is formed. With the help the diagram explain the role of

ATP and ADP in the transfer of energy.

ANSWER

The body normally store the energy in groups called phosphate. ATP is

energy rich hence when energy is needed a phosphate group will break

off releasing energy. ADP is formed when a phosphate group is broken off

from ATP.

14. Mr. Thomas complains that he cannot teach night classes because he

does not see well at night.

a. Name the vitamin that Mr Thomas may be lacking to cause him not to see

well at night.

ANSWER

the name of the vitamin is vitamin A

b. Suggest two foods which Mr Thomas can get the vitamin named in (a)

above.
34

ANSWER

two foods rich in vitamin A are sweet potatoes and carrot.

15. Enzymes are biological catalysts that assist in the digestion of food.

ANSWER

a. Name two enzymes present in the human stomach

ANSWER

the two enzymes are pepsin and rennin

b. State the type of food that is broken down by salivary amylase.

ANSWER

the type of food is carbohydrate

16. At what pH does salivary amylase function best?

34
ANSWER

the pH level is 7

17. Identify two pH values at which salivary amylase activity stops

ANSWER

the two values are 4 and 10

18. Explain why salivary amylase stops functioning when it reaches the

stomach.

ANSWER

salivary amylase stop fuctioning when it reaches the stomach because

ofthe acidic environment.

19. In what kind of pH conditions, acidic or alkaline, does pancreatic amylase

function best?

ANSWER

the pH condition that pancreatic amylase function best is alkaline

1. Name the chemical that helps providing the ideal pH for pancreatic

amylase to function in the human body.

ANSWER

the name of the chemical is sodium bicarbonate

21. Identify the parts labelled A,B and C.

34
ANSWER
A. ves deferens
B. penis
C. testis

1.The Caribbean region often experiences outbreaks of dengue, and

sometimes malaria.
a. Name the vector that transmits dengue
ANSWER
the vector that transmit dengue fever is the aedes aegypti mosquito
malaria
ANSWER
the vector that transmit malaria is the anopheles mosquito

b. Name the organism that causes dengue.

ANSWER
the organism that causes dengue fever is a virus.
c. State two signs or symptoms of dengue fever.
34
ANSWER
vomiting
muscle pains
 hypertension
slow heart rate
d. Identify one method of preventing the spread of dengue fever.
ANSWER
use mosquito repellent
reduce mosquito habitat

2.a. Describe the trend in the population contracting the flu virus in country
X ans country Y .

34
ANSWER
 as of May the amount of persons infected with flu decrease for
country X gradually for the rest of the year except for September and
October.
For country Y the number of persons infected with flu were affected by
the tourist arrival, as of June when tourist arrival dropped the number of
infected persons also dropped.
3. Peggy has been eating three meals a day and still feels weak and tired.
She goes to the clinic and her doctor tells her that she could be lacking some
vitamins and minerals.
a. List two vitamins other than vitamin A, and mineral that could be lacking
in Peggys diet.
ANSWER
the two vitamins are vitamin B and vitamin C
the mineral is iodine
4. Name a water soluble vitamin.
ANSWER
vitamin B
Vitamin C
5. Name one nutrient other than a vitamin or mineral that could be lacking
in Peggys diet which could cause her to feel weak and tired.
ANSWER
the nutrient is carbohydrate
6. Identify the end product of the digestion of the nutrient named above.
ANSWER
the end product of carbohydrate is glucose.

34
6. State one function of each of the parts labelled A and B.
ANSWER
A is the stomach
B is the ileum
7. Peggys pharmacist suggest that she may need some amino acids in her
diet so she adopts a protein -rich diet.
Describe the digestion of proteins in the stomach and small intestine.
ANSWER
8. Suggest two benefits of amino acids to piggys body.
1 Identify four functions of the Human Skeleton system.

ANSWER

Protection- for example the rib cage protect the heart and other
34 internal organs.

Provide a frame work for the human body

Produce Blood Cells for example red blood cell and white blood cells
 Assist with breathing

2. Name the three long bones in the human arm.

ANSWER

humerus

ulna

radius

3. State if bone is a living tissue or not, explain why.

ANSWER

Yes Bone is a living tissue. It is living because bone produce blood cells and
they can grow.

4. Identify TWO function of cartilage and TWO area of the human body in
which it can be found.

ANSWER

Cartilage is responsible reducing friction at joints and absorb shocks

Cartilage is located and the ends of bones and in theEARS

5. Identify ONE difference between ligaments and tendons.

ANSWER

Ligaments join bone to bone will tendons attach muscle to bone.

6. One function of the Human skeleton system is locomotion. Define the

term LOCOMOTION

ANSWER

locomotion is the movement of the entire body

34Explain why locomotion isIMPORTANT

7. to human beings.

ANSWER

locomotion allow human to move around for food

 locomotion allow human being to move out of danger

8. What is antagonistic muscle contraction?

ANSWER

This is when muscles work in pairs where on muscle contract and the
other one relax.

9. Which two features of a joint reduce friction?

ANSWER

the two features of a joint that reduce friction are the present cartilage
and synovial fluid.

10. What type of joint is found in the skull?

ANSWER

the type of joint found in the skull is fixed joint.

11. Identify Two parts on the human skeleton system where a ball and
socket joint can be found.

ANSWER

A ball and socket joint can be found in the shoulder and hip.

12. What is the significant difference between a ball and socket joint and a
hinge joint.

ANSWER

A hinge joint allow movement in only one plane while ball and socket
allow movement in all planes.

1. What are the different types of bones found in the human skeleton
system?

ANSWER
34

The different types of bones found in the human skeleton system are:

long bones
 SHORT bones

irregular shape bones

flat bones

1. Give an example for each type of bone named above.

ANSWER

long bone humerus

Short bone- phalanges

irregular shape bone vertebrae

Flat bone patella

15. What is another name for the patella?

ANSWER

the other name for the patella is the kneecap

16. Which organ the skull protects?

ANSWER

the organ that the skull protect is the brain.

1. State TWO signs or symptoms of dengue fever.

ANSWER

severe and prolong headaches

extreme fatigue

1. State TWO methods of preventing the spread of malaria.

ANSWER
34
By doing vector control, where you kill the vector which transmit
malaria.

Use mosquito net

 1. Explain how the spread of ringworm can be controlled, and how it can
be treated.

ANSWER

Try not to share things like towels and other bedding with someone who is
affected by ringworm. Ringworm can be treated anti-fungal creams.

1. One of your classmate has athletes foot and tell you that it is
ringworm. Suggest TWO symptoms of athletes foot.

ANSWER

1. Why objects in low light intensity are seen more clearly from the
corner of the eye?

ANSWER

This is because the center of the retina is where more cones are and the
corner of the eye is where most rods are.

1. Explain how the human eye is nourish.

ANSWER

By capillaries in the choroid which contains nutrients and oxygen.

13. Which structure in the lungs is responsible for gaseous exchange?

ANSWER

The alveoli

14. What is the significant of breathing to humans.

ANSWER

Breathing is important so that we can get oxygen and get rid of carbon
dioxide.

34
 1. Identify the factors which affect breathing.

ANSWER

smoke

altitude

exercise

weight

16. Explain the difference between gaseous exchange and breathing.

ANSWER

Gaseous exchange is the exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen in the

alveoli while breathing is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

1. Explain the role played by the different parts of the heart in the
circulation of blood.

ANSWER:

both atria receives blood

both ventricles pump blood out of the heart

the valves prevent the backflow of blood

the heart muscles generates force to push blood out of the heart

1. Identify the vector that transmits

a. dengue

ANSWER

The aedes aegypti mosquito transmit dengue fever

b. malaria
34
ANSWER

Malaria is transmitted by the anopheles mosquito

1.Define the term hormone.

ANSWER:

This a regulatory substance produced by the body to stimulate specific cells

or tissues into action.

1. Explain the role or hormones in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

ANSWER:

The hormone FSH start the development of the egg in the ovaries

oestrogen repair the lining of the uterus are menstruation

progesterone maintain the lining of the uterus

3. State which is faster, nervous control or hormonal action? Explain your

answer.

ANSWER: Nervous control is faster. it is faster because message travel by

electrical impulses in the nervous system, which transmit messages much
faster than the chemical that transmit information in the hormones.

34
The circulatory system

The main transport system of human is the circulatory system.

The circulatory system consists of:

Blood vessels a network of tubes

The heart a pump

Valves that ensures the flow of blood is in the right

direction.

Functions of the circulatory system:

To transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells

To remove waste and carbon dioxide from the cells

To provide for efficient gas exchange

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

The blood from the left side of the heart comes from the lungs

The blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli get oxygen

that diffuses into the blood

This blood now contains oxygen and thus it is called

as oxygenated blood

The oxygenated blood is transported all around the body

The oxygen in the blood is used up by body cells in metabolic

reactions

Now,
34
the blood that remains is called as deoxygenated blood
34
The deoxygenated blood is returned back to the right hand
side of the heart, and is sent to the lungs to get oxygenated once
again.
Double circulatory system

The human circulatory system is a double circulatory system.

A double circulatory system is one where blood is transported

through the heart twice in one complete cycle.

Beginning at the lungs, blood flows into the left-hand side of the
heart, and then out to the rest of the body. It is brought back to
the right-side of the heart, before going back to the lungs again.

The importance of a double circulatory system

The pressure applied to pump the blood all over the body is not
lost; it is returned to the heart to raise the pressure again.

In a double circulatory system, the oxygenated blood is

transported at a faster rate through the bodys organs.

Transporting blood at a faster rate is particularly important as

tissues that are metabolically active will require oxygen in
abundance. A double circulatory system ensures that the
oxygenated blood reaches the tissues on priority.

The Heart

Is made up of the cardiac muscle which contracts and relaxes

throughout life

Is divided into 4 chambers:

Receives oxygenated blood from

34 the lungs and passes it to the
Left Atrium left ventricle

Left Ventricle Receives oxygenated blood from

 the Left Atrium and pumps it all
over the body

Receives deoxygenated
blood from the body and passes it
Right Atrium to the Right Ventricle

Receives deoxygenated
blood from the right atrium and
pumps it over to the lungs to
Right Ventricle get oxygenated

Has 4 associated blood vessels:

Brings oxygenated blood to the

Pulmonary vein left atrium from the lungs

Receives oxygenated blood from

the left ventricle and pumps it all
Aorta over the body

Brings deoxygenated blood to

Vena cava the right atrium from the body

Receives deoxygenated
blood from the right ventricle and
pumps it over to the lungs to
Pulmonary artery get oxygenated

34

Important: the reason why the walls of

the ventricles are thicker than those of the atria is due to the
fact that the atria just receive the blood; the actual task
of pumping it out of the heart is done by the ventricles.

Important: the reason why the left ventricles walls

are thicker than those of the right ventricle is due to the fact
that the right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs, which are
in close proximity to the heart. The left ventricle has the job
of transporting the blood all over the body.

The Pacemaker: is a patch of muscle in the right atrium which

controls the rate at which the heart beats according to the needs
of the body.

If you are exercising, then the body will need a lot of oxygen;
you soon take up an oxygen debt which causes a drop in the ph
of blood (due to the production of lactic acid)

The brain senses the drop in pH and sends electrical impulses to

the pacemaker to make the heart beat faster.

Systole: the stage of a heart beat in which the muscles in the

walls of the heart chambers contract

Diastole: the stage of a heart beat in which the muscles in the

walls of the heart relax

Atrioventricular valves: are valves between the atria and

ventricles in the heart that prevent the blood from flowing from
the ventricles, into the atria.

The valve on the left hand side of the heart is made of 2 parts
and
34 thus is called the bicuspid valve

The valve on the right hand side of the heart is made of 3 parts
and thus is called the tricuspid valve
Coronary Arteries

The muscles of the heart are so thick that the nutrients and
oxygen in the blood inside the heart would not be able to diffuse
to all the muscles quickly enough.

The heart muscles need a constant supply of oxygen and

nutrients so that it can keep transporting and pumping blood.
The coronary arteries are responsible for it.

If a coronary artery gets blocked (e.g. by a blood clot), the

cardiac muscles run short of oxygen and they cannot respire to
obtain energy to contract causing the heart to stops beating.
This is called a heart attack or cardiac arrest.

Causes of Coronary Heart Disease

Nicotine damages the

circulatory system by narrowing
Smoking and stiffening blood vessels

Diets rich in animal fats containing

Low Density Lipids (LDL) cause
Blood Cholesterol levels CHD to develop

As you grow older, the risk of

Age developing CHD increases

Unmanageable and long term

stress leads to the development of
Stress
34 CHD

Is caused due to heavy amounts of

High Blood pressure
stress and again leads to the
 development of CHD

CHD often develops in males than

in females. (It may be due to sex-
Gender linked genes)

Preventing Coronary Heart Disease

Stop smoking

Keep the diet based on saturated fatty food in control

Have a diet based on fish and vegetable oils

Exercise Regularly

Treating Coronary Heart Disease

Help lower blood pressure

Lower the chances of a blood clot

Statins forming

A blocked or severely damaged

coronary artery is replaced by
another length of blood vessel taken
Coronary Bypass Operation from other parts of the body

A balloon is inserted in the damaged

34
coronary artery and is inflated using
water

Angioplasty This pushes the artery open.

 In the rarest and the worst cases of
CHD, a heart transplant operation
may be undertaken.

The patient will have to take

immunosuppressants for life if the
operation is successful and if the
Heart Transplant Operation tissue types dont match!

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels are an important part of human transport system.

There are 3 major types of blood vessels in the human transport

system:

Blood
vessel: Function Structure of wall Width of lumen

Relatively narrow
Thick and strong
Carry Varies with heart beat due
Arterie blood away fro Contains muscles and to recoiling and stretching
s m the heart elastic tissues capacity

Supply all cells

with
their requirem
ents
Extremely narrow
Take away
Very thin
Capillar their waste Wide enough for red blood
ies
34 products Only one cell thick cells to pass through

Veins Carry Quite thin Wide

blood towards
Contain lesser amount Contains valves
the heart
 s
of muscles and elastic
tissues than arteries

Blood Vessel How structure fits function

Strength and elasticity needed

to withstand the pulsing of the
Arteries blood as it is pumped through the heart

No need for strong walls as most of the

blood pressure has been lost.

Thin walls and narrow lumen bring

blood into close contact with body
Capillaries tissues

No need for strong walls as most of the

blood pressure has been lost.

Wide lumen offers less resistance to

blood flow

Veins Valves prevent backflow

Components of blood plasma

Component Source Destination

Absorbed from small

Water intestine and colon All cells

34
Fibrinogen Liver Remains in the blood

Antibodies Lymphocytes Remains in the blood

Lipids Absorbed in the ileum To the liver- for breakdown

 To adipose tissue- for
storage

Derived from fat reserves in To respiring cells- as an

the body energy source

Absorbed in the ileum

Derived by breakdown of To all cells for energy

Carbohydrates glycogen in the liver release by respiration

Urea Liver- by deamination Kidneys- for excretion

Absorbed in the ileum and

Mineral ions colon To all cells

Hormones Endocrine glands Target hormones

Released by all cells as a

Carbon dioxide waste product of respiration To the lungs for excretion

Oxygen Lungs Whole body

Heat Abdomen and muscles Whole body

Blood cells structure and functions

There are 3 types of blood cells:

Blood Cell Function

Red blood cells (RBC) Transport oxygen
34
White blood cells (WBC) Protect the body against disease

Platelets help the blood to clot

 1. Red blood cells

Made in the bone marrow

Transport oxygen from lungs to all respiring tissues.

Transport CO2 from all respiring cells to lungs.

Contain a red pigment- Haemoglobin which contains iron

Haemoglobin carries oxygen by combining it with iron, to cells that

are actively respiring

Are biconcave disc shaped (this increases the surface area and
thus diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Have no nucleus (hence live up to only 4 months)

Broken down in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

Some of the iron from the Haemoglobin is stored, and used for
making new haemoglobin; some of it is turned into bile
pigment and excreted.

2. White blood cells

White blood cells are made in the bone marrow and in the lymph
nodes.

Have a nucleus, often large and lobed.

Can move around and squeeze out through the walls of blood
capillaries.

They have the function of fighting pathogens

White blood cells are of two major types:

Phagocytes:

34 Have lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm.

Can move out of capillaries, to the site of an infection.

Remove any microorganisms that invade the body and might cause
infection by engulfing and digesting
Lymphocytes:

produce antibodies to fight antigens

Have large nuclei

There are two different types of lymphocytes:

B-lymphocytes: secrete antibodies in response to contact with their

particular antigen, which may be an invading pathogen or a foreign
tissue that has been transplanted.

T-lymphocytes attack foreign or infected cells and kill them by

binding onto their surfaces.

3. Platelets

Small fragments of cells, with no nucleus.

Made in the bone marrow.

Involved in blood clotting: form blood clot, which stop blood

loss and the entrance of pathogens.

Substances transported in the blood

Substance Source Destination

Oxygen Lungs Whole body

Carbon dioxide Whole body Lungs

Urea Liver Kidneys

Hormones Endocrine glands Target organs

Digested food Intestine Whole body

34
Heat Muscles and abdomen Whole body

Blood clotting
Till now, we have learnt that platelets help in the clotting of blood. Lets see
how this happens now!

There is cut in the skin

Blood vessels are damaged

Damaged blood vessels and tissues begin secreting chemicals

This activates blood clotting factors

The soluble plasma protein- fibrinogen changes to an insoluble substance

called fibrin.

Fibrin causes fibres to be made in the damaged blood vessel and tissue

Red blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibres

This forms a blood clot!

Importance of blood clotting

Prevent excessive blood loss

Maintain the blood pressure.

Prevent the entry of pathogens

Help in healing

Genetic disease where blood does not clot Haemophilia

The lymphatic system and tissue fluid

Capillaries leak! Their cell walls dont fit together properly and thus there are
small gaps between them.

Substances that leak out from the capillaries:

34
White Blood Cells (WBCs)- can easily change their shape unlike red
blood cells.

Blood Plasma
So the substances that leak out from the blood capillaries are known
as tissue fluid.

The tissue fluid simply surrounds the body cells.

Importance and functions of tissue fluid

Supply cells with all their requirements (such as oxygen and

nutrients that diffuse)

Take away the waste products of metabolism out from the cells

Immediate environment of every cell in the human body

Lymph

The tissue fluid surrounding the body cells ought to be eventually

returned to the blood.

To make sure this happens, there are another set of capillaries in our
body called as lymphatic capillaries.

The tissue fluid slowly drains into the lymphatic capillaries.

It is now called lymph

The lymphatic capillaries eventually join up to form larger

lymphatic vessels which empty themselves into the subclavian
veins.

Here the lymph enters the blood.

Features of the Lymphatic system and lymph nodes

Have valves to ensure the flow of lymph is in one direction

Run close to the muscles so that muscular contractions squeeze the

34 lymph and for it to move along the vessels.

Have structures called lymph nodes where new white blood cells are
produced
 The white blood cells help in destroying most toxins in the lymph
before entering the blood from the subclavian vein.

34