Chapter

10
Medieval Europe
 Clergy in the Roman Catholic Church
q Pope
The pope was the spiritual and poli7cal leader of the
Church.

q Cardinals and Bishops

Cardinals helped the pope run the Church. The bishops
ran the dioceses, areas with several churches.

q Priests
Priests ran individual churches and administered the
sacraments (including communion, matrimony, and
bap7sm) to most Catholics.

q Monks and Nuns
Monks and nuns lived in isolated communi7es. They
learned to read La7n, grew their own food, and copied
and translated religious text.

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Power of the Roman Catholic Church
Clergy are people given religious authority by the Church.

The Pope was the leader of the Church, and his oce was
called the Papacy.

Men who lled important posi7ons in the Church had

strong social and poli7cal 7es to Europes nobility.

Local princes were oNen bishops.

Many nobles and religious leaders went to school

together. As result nobles and Church leaders supported
each other.

Church ocials helped European leaders run their

kingdoms by keeping records of births and deaths.

The wealth of the Pope was greater than any individual

European monarch.

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 Conict Between Monarchs and the Papacy
ANer Pope Leo III (3) crowned Charlemagne Emperor of
the Holy Roman Empire, Church leaders and European
monarchs cooperated with each other.

However, in the 11th century (1001-1100 C.E.), there was

a conict between Pope Gregory VII (7) and Emperor
Henry IV (4).

In 1075, Pope Gregory said that Emperor Henry could no

longer appoint people to Church oces.

Henry tried to get the bishops that supported him to

declare the elec7on of the Pope invalid.

Gregory in response excommunicated, or banished,

Henry from the Church.

Henry asked forgiveness by standing barefoot for three

days in the snow outside the castle where the Pope was
staying.

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 The Crusades
The Crusades were military expedi7ons from Europe to
Jerusalem, Pales7ne.

Jerusalem and the area around it is sacred to Chris7ans,

Jews, and Muslims.

Chris7ans called the area around Jerusalem the Holy

Land.

In 1071, the Seljuk Turks took over Jerusalem, and made

Chris7an pilgrimages to the Holy Land nearly impossible.

Seljuk Turks a_acked the Byzan7ne Empire (Eastern

Rome), and the Byzan7ne emperor asked the Pope for
help.

In 1096, the Pope decided to help the Byzan7ne Empire,

and the First Crusade began.

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 The First and Second Crusades
First Crusade (1096-1099)
In 1096, several European armies conquered
territories in the Holy Land.

The conquered land was divided into 4 Crusader

states (Edessa, An7och, Tripoli, Jerusalem).

Second Crusade (1147-1149)
In 1144, Muslim Turks recaptured Crusader state
of Edessa.

European crusaders fought Muslim Turks, but

were defeated at Damascus.

Chris7ans con7nued to control the other 3

Crusader states.

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 The Third and Fourth Crusades
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
In 1189, Muslim leader Saladin recaptured Jerusalem, and
the Pope called for a Third Crusade.

The Crusaders were led by Richard the Lion Heart.

The Crusaders were not able to capture Jerusalem, but

Saladin and Richard agreed to a truce.

Muslims would con7nue to control Jerusalem, but would

allow Chris7an pilgrims to visit citys holy places.

Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
To pay Italian merchants who were transpor7ng the
Crusaders, the Crusaders a_acked and plundered the
Byzan7ne ci7es of Zara and Constan7nople.

The Crusaders did not con7nue the Crusade.

The Fourth Crusade angered the Pope and weakened the

Byzan7ne Empire

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 Eects of the Crusades
Crusaders helped increase trade by bringing back
goods from Asia that included spices, furs, cloth,
cane sugar, rice and dierent fruits.

As result of the Crusades, more and more

Chris7ans believed that all non-Chris7ans were
their enemies.

Jews were forced to move out of England in 1290

and from France in 1306 and 1394. Many of the
Jews moved to Eastern Europe.

Many Muslims allowed most Jews and Chris7ans

to live in peace.

By 1270, Muslim leaders drove the Crusaders out

of Pales7ne.

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 The Reconquista
In the early 700s, Muslims (Umayyads)
conquered the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and
Portugal).

In the 1000s, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

unied Spain, and defeated Muslim forces.

The Church used a court called the InquisiDon to

punish people opposed to Church teachings.

The Inquisi7on tortured and executed many Jews

and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula.

By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella completed the

Reconquista by forcing out the last Muslim
rulers, followers of Islam, and many Jews.

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 The Hundred Years War
England and France is separated by the English Channel.

In 1066, William the Duke of Normandy captured England in what
is called the Norman invasion, and became known as William the
Conqueror.

Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought each other in
the Hundred Years War.

In 1337, England a_acked France

England and France fought over sea travel in the English Channel.

In 1428, at Orleans a French peasant girl known as Joan of Arc led

the French to victory.

By 1453, the French had driven the English from France and ended
the war.

During the Hundred Years War the longbow was used, which
could penetrate knights armor.

Europeans also started to use weapons with gunpowder.

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 The Hundred Years War
England and France is separated by the English Channel.

In 1066, William the Duke of Normandy captured England in
what is called the Norman invasion, and became known as
William the Conqueror.

Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought each
other in the Hundred Years War.

In 1337, England a_acked France

In 1428, at Orleans a French peasant girl known as Joan of
Arc led the French to victory.

By 1453, the French had driven the English from France and
ended the war.

During the Hundred Years War the longbow was used, which
could penetrate knights armor.

Europeans also started to use weapons with gunpowder.

WATCH Robin Hood Archery Training

 The Plague
People that become sick from the bubonic plague
experienced severe chills, fever, convulsions, and vomi7ng.

The bubonic plague of the 1300s became known as the

Black Death.

The bubonic plague killed nearly 20 to 25 million in Europe,

about one-third of the total popula7on in Europe died.

The bubonic plague killed about 25 million in Asia.

Chris7ans believed that the plague was a punishment for

sin.

Muslims believed that the plague was a test of their faith in

God.

Jews were falsely accused of causing the plague by

poisoning water wells, and were forced to move out of
many European towns.

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