Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION
OF THE MUTINY OF THE BOUNTY
D.S. Suranto
Jalan Tebet Barat Dalam X-E No. 2, Jakarta 12810
Email: ds_suranto@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This journal is a condensed form of a thesis on annotated translation. The source
of the study is a novel The Mutiny of HMS Bounty written by Sir John Barrow. The
problems of this study are (1) What difficulties are encountered by the researcher when
translating The Mutiny of HMS Bounty into Indonesian, and (2) How those difficulties
are solved in the translation The purposes of this study are: (1) to attain factual
information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source
text; and (2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated
translation, the researcher answers the questions that emerge in the introspective and
retrospective study. The outcome of the study consists of two main points. First, the
finding revealed that from the twenty-five most difficult problems, six were in the form
of words, seventeen were in phrases, one was idiomatic expression, one was clause, and
no one sentence was suitable the annotation. These annotations indicated that during the
course of his translating, he had difficulties with them. Second, those difficulties were
solved by referring to the relevant theories of translation and the theories of English and
Indonesian languages.
Keywords: annotated translation, Mutiny of the Bounty, and Sir John Barrow.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The background of this study contains the justification of the study, pertinent
studies referred to, position of the study, and the significance of the study.
In this study, the researcher found out the difficulties when translating texts from
English into Indonesian. These difficulties were in grammatical, syntactical, semantic,
stylistic, and cultural aspects, as the structure of English and Indonesian is quite
different.
The researcher carried out this study in order to increase his knowledge in
translation that is in line with what he has learned during the two-year course. In the
course of translating the texts, problems emerged, which then analyzed and given
plausible reasons for their solutions. The translation from English into Indonesian is
taken due to the familiarity of the language, Indonesian, that is mostly known by the
researcher as his native language. The researcher has chosen a novel The Mutiny of the
Bounty because this novel is unique in two respects. First, its author, Sir John Barrow,
was the only Civil Servant whose name was in his lifetime always linked with the
British Royal Navy that he served. Second, this book, which was first published in
1931, was still in print more than a century later.
It is important to carry out this study as annotated translation applies in practical
sense the theories the researcher has studied in class, namely theories of translation and
theories of the English as well as Indonesian language. Furthermore, this study deepens
ones ability in analyzing source language and target language texts, especially for those
who are interested in translation.
2
The researcher, who was at the same time the translator, annotated those
difficulties, analyzed, and solved the problems by referring to the relevant theories and
translation strategies. The term problems here is the difficulties mentioned above.
Relevant Studies. Relevant studies in relation to this study are:
A research conducted in 2008 by Suratni. She conducted a study with the topic
My Lover My Friend written by Suprina Frazier as a partial requirement to graduate
from the Magister Program in Translation, Universitas Gunadarma, Jakarta.
Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo of the IBM Research Laboratory,
Tokyo, Japan conducted a study in 2008. Their study has a topic Multilingual
Translation via Annotated Hub Language. The annotation is represented by using the
Linguistic Annotation Language. (Retrieved on 2009/11/17 from
http://www.amtaweb.org/summit/FinalPaper/54-Kanayama-final.pdf.)
Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from the Computer Science Department,
Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland, presented the work that originates from the
development of the commercial, wide-scale machine translation (MT) system. During
the construction of the system, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to be
created. A number of software tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of the
data set. The data sets are:
text segmentation: context free grammar being a base for performing the
segmentation,
Part of Speech Tagging: Corpuses + monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries,
parsing: monolingual morpho-syntactic dictionaries and sub categorization
dictionaries,
transfer: bilingual dictionaries, sub categorization dictionaries, bilingual sub
categorization dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries, word form generation:
monolingual dictionary.
(http://www.IIS.pwr.wroc.pl/~piasecki/publication/labuzek_piasecki
FDSL4.pdf: retrieved on 19/12/2009.
Purposes of the Study
The purposes of this study are:
1) to attain factual information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in
translating the source text;
2) to give plausible solutions to the difficulties.
(3) Register. Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in given
context (say the business letter). To resolve these differences, the translator must
distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions.
For example: the phrase Please find enclosure in English formal letter. There is no
such phrase in Indonesian. Thus the phrase is translated into Terlampir.
(4) Source language influence. One of the most frequently criticisms of translation is
that it doesnt sound natural. This is because the translators thoughts and choice
of words are too strongly moulded by the original text.
(5) Style and clarity. The translator should not change the style of the original. But if
the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the
readers sake, correct the defects.
(6) Idiom. Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include similes,
metaphors, proverbs and sayings (as good as gold), jargon, slang, and
colloquialisms (user-friendly, yuppie, the Big Apple), and (in English) phrasal verb.
If the idiom cannot be directly translated, try any of the following:
Retain the original word, in inverted commas.
Retain the original expression, with literal explanation in brackets.
Use a close equivalent
For example:
Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation
Applied Translation Theories
A. Theory of Shift
Catford divided his theory of shift into two categories (1) shift of level and (2)
shift of category.
~ Level shift. It means that a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation
equivalent at a different level. For example:
~ Category shift are departures from formal correspondence in translation.
Munday (2001) citing Catford (1974) develops a tool for translation analysis
previously devised by Catford. This tool is widely used by translators and remained to
be a reference in translation work. Munday systematized the tool for the category shift
in translation as follows:
1). Structural shifts: the shifts in grammatical structure.
2). Class shifts: these comprise shifts from one part of speech to another.
3). Unit shifts or rank shifts. These are shifts where the translation equivalent in the
TL is at a different rank to the SL. Ranks here refers to the hierarchical
linguistic units of sentence, clause, phrase, word and morpheme.
4). Intra system shifts. These are shifts that occur when both SL and TL possess
approximately corresponding system, except if the translation involves
selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.
B. Implicit and Explicit Meaning.
Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984), mentioned, It may be necessary to make some
information explicit in the translation, even though it was not explicit in the original
message (p. 125).
Further, Larson (1984) mentioned
Translation is communicating the same meaning in a second language as was
communicated in the first. But to do so adequately, one must be aware of the
fact that there are various kinds of meaning. Not all of the meaning, which is
being communicated, is stated overtly in the forms of the source language text.
4
Nomina majemuk. Hasan Alwi et al, (2003, p. 241) stated that the criteria of difference
between nomina majemuk and nomina idiom is the same as criteria that is used to
distinguish verba majemuk and verba idiom.
Adjektiva majemuk. Hasan Alwi, (2003) mentioned that Adjektiva majemuk adalah
adjektiva yang merupakan bentuk majemuk, ada yang merupakan gabungan morfem
terikat dengan morfem bebas dan ada yang merupakan gabungan dua morfem bebas
(atau lebih). Termasuk di dalamnya bentuk-bentuk yang tergolong idiom. Artinya,
makna bentuk gabingan itu tidak dapat dijabarkan dari penjumlahan makna unsure
unsurnya (pp. 191-193).
Proverbs
Oxford Encyclopedic Dictionary (1992 p. 723) defines proverb as short well-
known saying that states a general truth or gives advice.
Jakob Sumardjo and Junus Melalatoa, in the Ensiklopedi Nasional Indonesia
(1990 p. 65) defined that
Peribahasa adalah suatu bentuk sastra lisan masyarakat Melayu berupa ucapan atau
ungkapan pendek yang mengesankan, luas artinya, dan bijak isinya. Peribahasa
berfungsi sebagai perbandingan, teladan, dan pendidikan dalam hal hidup susila.
Personal Pronoun in English and Indonesian
Frank (1972. p. 21) mentioned that personal pronouns refer to three things:
1. The speaker, called the first person, if singular I, if plural we (includes the speaker
and one or more others).
2. The person spoken to, called the second person you (singular and plural)
3. The person or thing being spoken of, called the third person;
If singular he (males), she (females), it (things); also for live being whose sex is
unknown or unimportant to the speaker).
If plural they: (all live beings and all things).
mengacu pada orang yang diajak bicara (pronomina persona kedua), atau mengacu
pada orang yang ddibicarakan (persona nomina ketiga). Di antara pronomina itu, ada
yang mengaacu pada jumlah satu atau lebih dari satu. Ada bentuk yang bersifat
eksklusif, ada yang bersifat inklusif, dan ada yang bersifat netral (p. 249).
Makna
Persona Jamak
Tunggal
Netral Eksklusif Inklusif
saya, aku, ku-,
Pertama kami kita
-ku
engkau, kamu, kalian, kamu,
Kedua Anda, dikau, kamu sekalian
kau-, -mu Anda sekalian
ia, dia, beliau, mereka
Ketiga -nya
3) During the course of translating the text, the researcher regularly consults her
advisors to discuss problems she encounters referring to the task undertaken.
4) At the same time, she marks down the words/phrases/idioms/clauses/sentences that
have become a problem in translating the texts.
5) These problematic items are analyzed and the researcher then gives plausible
reasons as to the solving of these problems.
6) The problems found during the process of translation, the researcher takes only the
most crucial ones due to the limited time allotted.
Collection of the Data
The researcher has collected the data from the translated text, which poses
problems for him. The collected data are 114 items in number.
Analysis of the Data
The data to be annotated are categorized based on the grammatical items. There
are five main categories namely words, phrases, idioms, clauses, and sentences. From
the 114 data, the researcher has annotated 25 items that posed the most difficult
problems for the researcher. This sub chapter will be elaborated in detail in Chapter IV.
Synthesis of the Data
It will be shown in the following Chapter IV.
CHAPTER IV
TRANSLATION OF THE SOURCE TEXT AND THE ANNOTATIONS
Source Text and Target Text
21 |1| The reign of George III will |1| Pemerintahan George III akan
be distinguished in history by the great dikenal dalam sejarah oleh perluasan
extension and improvement which dan penyempurnaan pengetahuan ilmu
geographical knowledge received bumi dengan dukungan penuh raja
under the immediate auspices of this sendiri.
sovereign.
At a very early period, after his Dalam masa yang sangat awal,
accession to the throne of these setelah kenaikannya ke tahta, beberapa
1 realms, expeditions of discovery were perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiah
undertaken, not (as Dr. Hawkesworth penemuan dilakukan, (menurut
observes) with a view to the pengamatan Dr. Hawkesworth) tidak
acquisition of treasure, or the extent of untuk memperoleh harta karun, atau
dominion, but for the improvement of untuk memperluas daerah jajahan,
commerce, and the increase and tetapi untuk meningkatkan
diffusion of knowledge. perdagangan, dan untuk memajukan
serta menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan.
This excellent monarch was Raja ini sangat luar biasa dan
himself no mean proficient in the beliau sendiri sangat cakap dalam
science of geography; and it may be pengetahuan ilmu bumi, dan sangat
doubted if any one of his subjects, at diragukan kalau ada seorang saja
the period alluded to was in possession warga- negaranya pada waktu yang
10
bumi
|1/1| While these expedition were |1/1| Ketika berbagai ekspedisi ini
in progress, The Royal Society, in tengah berlangsung, Royal Society,
2 1768, addressed an application to the pada 1768 mengajukan permintaan
king, praying him to appoint a ship of tertulis kepada raja, yang memohon
3 war to convey to the South Seas Mr. agar beliau menunjuk tuan Alexander
Alexander Dalrymple (who had Dalrymple (yang menganut pendapat
adopted the opinion of Quiros), and Quiros), dan beberapa orang lain
certain others, for the main purpose, tertentu membawa sebuah kapal perang
however, of observing the transit of ke Laut Selatan, tetapi terutama untuk
Venus over the suns disc, which was tujuan, mengamati perpindahan Venus
to happen in the year 1769. melewati garis lingkar matahari, yang
akan terjadi pada tahun 1769.
By the kings command, a bark Atas perintah raja, sebuah kapal
of three hundred and seventy tons was layar bertiang tiga berukuran tigaratus
taken up by the Admiralty to perform tujuhpuluh ton digunakan oleh
this service, but, as Mr. Dalrymple was Departemen Angkatan Laut untuk
a civilian , he could not entrusted with melaksanakan tugas ini, namun,
the command of the ship, and on that disebabkan tuan Dalrymple adalah
4 account declined going in her. warga sipil, ia tidak boleh diberi
kepercayaan memimpin kapal itu, dan
karena alasan tersebut, ia menolak
berlayar dengan kapal itu.
|2| The command was therefore |2| Oleh karena itu, kepemimpinan
conferred on Lieutenant James Cook, diserahkan kepada Letnan James Cook,
an officer of undoubted ability, and seorang perwira yang kemampuannya
well versed in astronomy and the tidak diragukan, dan yang benar-benar
theory and practice of navigation, with tahu tentang astronomi dan teori serta
whom the Royal Society associated praktek navigasi, yang dikenalkan oleh
Mr. Charles Green, who had long been The Royal Society kepada tuan Charles
assistant to Dr. Bradley, the Green, yang telah lama menjadi asisten
astronomer royal to aid him in the Dr. Bradly, ahli perbintangan kerajaan,
observation of the transit. untuk membantu James Cook dalam
pengamatan perpindahan Venus itu.
Mr. Banks, a private gentleman Tuan Banks, seorang warga
of good fortune, who afterwards biasa yang kaya raya, yang kemudian
became the valuable and distinguished menjadi Presiden Royal Society yang
President of the Royal Society, and terkemuka dan terhormat, serta Dr.
Dr. Solander, a Swedish gentleman of Solander, orang Swedia yang
great acquirements, particularly in berkemampuan tinggi, khususnya
natural history, accompanied dalam ilmu tumbuh-tumbuhan dan
Lieutenant Cook on this interesting binatang, menyertai Letnan Cook
voyage. dalam pelayaran menarik ini.
The islands of Marquesas de Pulau Marquesas de Mendoza,
Mendoza, or those of Rotterdam or atau pulau Rotterdam atau Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, were proposed by the diusulkan oleh Royal Society menjadi
Royal Society as proper places for tempat yang layak untuk pemasangan
making the observation. peralatan pengamatan itu.
12
In the sentence above, the word ... her is an object of a clause. It is a personal
pronoun, third person, female. This pronoun refers to a ship. The forms for feminine
pronouns are sometimes used figuratively for things to suggest gentleness, beauty, and
fertility. Feminine pronouns may also be used for nations, ships, machines, cars and
other vehicles to reflect a feeling of affection or familiarity with the object. In
Indonesian, there is a need to use pronouns that refer to non human things, especially in
the scientific writing.
13
Considering that the source text was not a scientific writing, the translation of the
pronoun must refer to the noun previously mentioned, namely ... kapal itu.
Translation Strategy:
Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness, the role of sociolinguistic and situational
factors, namely ... her. Her referred to the ship which was associated with the feeling
of affection the captain had for his ship. It is translated into ... kapal itu.
Translation Theory:
(1) Frank (1972) mentioned that
The forms for feminine pronouns are sometimes used figuratively for
things to suggest gentleness, beauty, fertility. Feminine pronoun may also
be used for nations, ships, machines, cars and other vehicle to reflect a
feeling of affection, or familiarity with the object. (p. 30)
(2) Hasan Alwi et al. (2003) in the Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia mentioned, that
Karena ada kebutuhan untuk memakai pronomina yang tidak merujuk pada insan,
terutama dalam tulisan ilmiah, maka orang mulai memakai ia (bukan dia dan nya)
untuk merujuk pada sesuatu yang tunggal yang telah dinyatakan sebelumnya (p. 256).
The translation of the personal pronoun, third person singular and feminine ... her in
Indonesian will be dia for subject, or dia dan nya for object. However, considering that
this source text is not a scientific writing, the correct translation of that pronoun should
refer to the object previously mentioned. Thus, the word ... her was translated into ...
kapal itu.
Annotation 2
SOURCE TEXT DATA TARGET TEXT
The above sentence comprises a main clause, namely ... they collected to the
amount of several thousands ... and a participial phrase ... imagining themselves at
that distance to be perfectly safe. The participial phrase contains a participle form of a
verb imagine + ing, which in full it should be ... while they imagine ... . So, there are
adding information in the translation, namely the one word ... imagining ... which is
translated into two words ... sambil membayangkan ... .
Translation Strategy:
Pragmatic strategy: adding information, namely the one word ... imagining ... is
translated into two words... sambil membayangkan ... .
Translation Theory:
Nida and Taber (1982) mention that: . . . , there is a tendency for all good
translations to be somewhat longer than the originals. (p. 163).
For example:
The Otaheitans cannot resist pilfering. The translation is Orang Otaheite tak dapat
menahan diri dari perbuatan mencuri. The one word resist in the source text is
translated into three words menahan diri dari [ft31;B32.2].
Therefore, the translation is longer than the original.
Newmark (1986) mentioned that:
14
Oxford (2003, p. 525) defined the above idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... as to
equip. It is often followed by with. The bilingual dictionary (Peter Salim, 1991, p.708)
defined the phrase as memperlengkapi. The idiomatic phrase ... fitting out ... in the
phrase While fitting out, however ... , should actually sound While they are fitting out
a telescope and other necessary equipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society in
order to observe the transit of Venus over the suns disc in 1769 (previous context).
That is why it should be translated into ... namun ketika mereka sedang
memperlengkapi dengan telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat
yang diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ..., to make it clearer for the readers.
Translation Strategies:
Pragmatic strategies, (1) altering the level of explicitness, namely from the
implicit ... fitting out ... into an explicit translation ... memperlengkapi dengan sebuah
teleskop dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang diusulkan oleh The
Royal Society itu ..., (2) adding information, namely a telescope and other necessary
equipment on a place proposed by the Royal Society, which was translated into ...
dengan sebuah telescope dan peralatan lain yang perlu di salah satu tempat yang
diusulkan oleh The Royal Society itu ... .
Translation Theories:
(1) Summer Institute of Linguistic (1984) mentioned that Information which is
implicit may be understood because of any of three different factors:
..................................................................
among others, information which is already known to both the speaker and the hearer
because of shared previous experience or shared cultural background
(pp. 123-4).
Larson (1984) stated that
In every text that one may want to translate, there will be information
which is implicit; that is, it is not stated in an explicit form in the text itself.
Some information, or meaning, is left implicit because
............................................................
it has already been included elsewhere in the text,
............................................................
However, the implicit information is part of the meaning which is to be
communicated by the translation, because it is part of the meaning intended to
be understood by the original writer. (p. 38)
(2) Nida and Taber (1982) mention that:
. . . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than
the originals. This does not mean, of course, that all long translations are
necessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from one
linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the
resulting translation will turn out to be longer. (p. 163)
- Duff (1984) mentioned that ... a translation may be longer than the original ...
(p. 22).
- Likewise, Newmark (1986) said:
A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more
detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than
the intention of the transmitter. It tends to over-translate, to be more
specific than the original, to include more meaning in its search for one
nuance of meaning. (p. 39)
16
Annotation 8
SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT
The translation of the phrase ...with their clubs and paddle in their hands ... is
actually ... dengan pentungan dan dayung di tangan mereka ... , but the translator has
translated it into ... dengan pentungan dan dayung ...; There is an omission of the
words ... di tangan mereka ... because ... pentungan dan dayung ... is certainly in their
hands when they assailed a boat. Thus, the translation is shorter than the source text.
Translation Strategy:
Pragmatic strategy, omitting information, namely the words ... di tangan mereka
... was not translated.
Translation Theories:
Nida and Taber (1982) mention that There are quite naturally some expressions
which are reduced in the process of transfer from one language to another
(p. 168).
Newmark (1986) also mentioned that Generally, a communicative translation is
likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a
particular register of language, tending to under-translate, i.e. to use more generic,
hold-all terms in difficult passages (p. 39).
Idiomatic Expression
In this category, there is only one to be annotated.
No. The Annotated Idioms Data Number Page
Annotation 24
SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT
But their thirst after iron was 50 Akan tetapi kehausan mereka pada
irresistible; Walliss ship was stripped besi tak dapat ditahan; semua paku
of all the nails in her by the seamen to dicopoti dari badan kapal Wallis oleh
purchase the good graces of the para pelaut untuk memikat para
women, who assembled in crowds on perempuan, yang berkumpul
the shore. bergerombol di pantai.
17
The idiomatic expression good graces in the phrase ... to purchase the good
graces of the women ... means favour or approval. Literally translated, the phrase
means untuk memperoleh persetujuan atau pengesahan para perempuan itu. But this
translation does not fit the context. Therefore, the researcher has translated it non-
idiomatically into ... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... .
Translation Strategy
Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness: the selection of appropriate genre and
type of discourse, namely the idiomatic expression good graces in the phrase ... to
purchase the good graces of the women ... has been translated non-idiomatically into
... untuk memikat para perempuan itu ... .
Translation Theory
Duff (1990) in his Principles of Translation said, Idiomatic expressions are
notoriously untranslatable.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If the
expression cannot be directly translated, try the following:
.................................................................
use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation (p. 11).
Clause
In this category, there is only one to be annotated.
No. The Annotated Clause Data Number Page
Annotation 25
SOURCE TEXT PAGE TARGET TEXT
They soon after this had to encounter 99 Segera setelah ini, mereka mau
tremendous weather off Cape Horn, tidak mau menghadapi cuaca ganas
storms and wind, with hail and sleet, di lepas pantai Cape Horn, badai
which made it necessary to keep dan angin, dengan hujan es dan
constant fire night and day; and one of hujan salju, yang membuatnya
the watch always attended to dry the perlu untuk tetap menyalakan api
peoples wet clothes. siang dan malam; dan menyuruh
salah satu penjaga mengurusi
pengeringan pakaian basah para
awak kapal.
The clause ...which made it necessary ... is translated literally into ... yang
mana membuatnya perlu ... . According to the use of Bahasa Indonesia ... yang mana
... cannot be used (Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.), (2003). That is why the translation
becomes ... yang membuatnya perlu ... .
Translation Strategy:
Syntactic strategy: changing sentence structure, namely, the structure ... yang
mana membuatnya perlu ... becomes only ... yang membuatnya perlu ... as the
translation of ... which made it necessary ... .
Translation Theory:
Dendy Sugono et al. (Eds.) (2003) explained on the use of yang mana as follows:
18
This pie chart is made in order to give a clear view for the readers.
Words
Phrases
Idiomatic Expression
Clause
Sentences
There are three relevant researches used as the standard of comparison in this
study namely those of Suratni (2008), of Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo
(2009), and of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki (2009).
The first relevant study is Suratnis Annotated Translation of a novel by Suprina
Frazier titled My Lover My Friend. In doing her study, she discovered problems, among
others: (1) Difficulties encountered during the process of translating My Lover My
Friend into Indonesian, and (2) The intricacies she had to face in doing the translation
and annotation. The purposes of her study were: [1] to attain factual information
concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source text; and [2] to
give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated translation, the
researcher answered the questions that emerged in the introspective and retrospective
analysis. In this study, she applied relevant theories and principles of translation,
theories of English and Indonesian languages. The strategies used in her study are
mostly proposed by Williams and Chesterman (2002) as advocated in their book The
Map: a Beginners Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. These strategies
were supported by Newmark (1986, 1988), Catford (1974), Mona Baker (1997) and
Larson (1984). Considering that the nature of her study was analysis, the researcher
employed an introspective and retrospective method suggested by Williams and
Chesterman in the annotating both source text and target text during the translation. An
introspective method she applied is an activity of looking into the translators own
feelings and thought of why and how the texts are translated. It means that when she
faced problems in translating certain words/phrases/idioms /clauses/sentences then she
wrote the difficulties and the solutions she had in her annotations. A retrospective
method she used is an activity in investigating the mental processes through the
researchers original memory immediately after she conducted a translation. She
accounted for the outcome of her study in two respects. First, she revealed that from the
twenty-five most difficult problems she faced, six were in the form of words, seven
were phrases, two were idioms, four were clauses, and six were sentences. Her
annotations indicated that during the course of translation, she had difficulties with
them. Second, she solved those difficulties by employing the relevant theories of
translation and the theories of English and Indonesian languages.
The second relevant study is the work of Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe
Hideo of the IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan conducted in 2009. Their study
has a topic Multilingual Translation via Annotated Hub Language. This study was
carried out due to the worldwide expansion of the internet and multilingual machine
translation systems that are more in demand than ever before. However, what has been
developed is only the translation engine that translates English into another language or
another language into English, as the developing of all translation engines including
ones such as Spanish-to-Chinese, or Japanese-to-Italian is extremely difficult. This
nave hub model has two fundamental problems, information loss and error
accumulation. However, the hub language approach allows translation between non-
English languages by making use of the existing English-related translation engines.
The result of this approach requires a much less labour than designing and
implementing all of the translation engines independently. Another advantageous point
is that any enhancement of a translation engine, it can be shared by all of the translation
systems which use the same engine.
To overcome this problem, the two researchers applied the annotated hub language
method, which has the same coverage as the nave hub method because the annotation
20
solves the two problems. The English language remains the focal point. The any-to-
any translation system is conducted by using annotated English as the hub language.
The key feature of this method is to annotate the English sentences in order to solve the
problems in the hub language approach. The annotation is represented by using the
Linguistic Annotation Language.
The result of their research is the hub language approach that allows translation
between non-English languages by making use of the existing English-related
translation engines.
The third relevant study is that of Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki from the
Computer Science Department, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland. They
presented the work that originates from the development of the commercial, wide-scale
machine translation (MT) system.
Its market name is English Translator (shorten further to ET.). The system was
planned from its very beginning to be fully automated and was designated for wide-
market. Naturally, the work presented has more technical than scientific character and is
primarily performance oriented. However, some experimental techniques were applied
and some data sets were created in the construction of the system so that it makes the
subject different from the mere technical features. During the construction of the
system, several linguistically well-prepared data sets have to be created. A number of
software tools built in this purpose facilitated the creation of the data set. The data sets
cover a significant amount of the real language. ET has the typical architecture of an
MT system based on transfer. It needs the linguistic data sets. It has to be created
especially for the needs of the ET, although there is a chance for the utilization of some
existing morpho-syntactic dictionary of Polish. All other data set had been simply non-
available in the time of the work on system had started. The resource consuming
process of fully annotated corpus creation is still in the experimental phase. The
researchers foresaw that the expectation would not fully been met, anyway, they are still
convinced that the methods of Machine Learning can be very useful in the construction
of the MT systems in the future. Further development was planned as the following:
The monolingual dictionary will be enlarged by new words, especially specialized ones
and the inflection will be corrected if any errors will be encountered. New derivation
links is also added. Bilingual dictionaries will be enlarged, especially by specialized
words and various phrases. Sub categorization dictionary is planned to cover all verbs
from monolingual dictionary. The English corpus will be further adapted to the
dictionary, parsing methods and the Polish one - enlarged and attempted to be utilized
especially in a tagging phase of the translation process.
There are similarities among these four studies the researchers and the
pertinent ones referred to first, the parallel experimental technical works being
developed in Japan and Poland, the similarity of the studies conducted scientifically in
Indonesia, and annotation is involved in these all studies.
Conclusion
This study has solved the problems encountered when the researcher translated
the English into Indonesian. The finding revealed that the hardest problems to solve are
twenty-five items in the aspect of grammar. Those twenty-five items are in the form of
seven words, seventeen phrases, and one idiomatic expression; there is no clause and no
sentence available. The theories used in solving the problems comprise theories of
translation, English and Indonesian. The difficulty encountered in the course of
21
translating has been dealt with the relevant theories obtained during the researcher was
studying in the class.
Recommendation
Due to the weakness of this study, the researcher strongly suggests that
prospective researchers who intend to conduct a similar study are advisably encouraged
to render the entire book so that it might be more annotations are produced. The
researcher uses English as the source text and has translated it into Indonesian. For the
next researchers, it is recommended that they also make a study of annotated translation
from Indonesian into English.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdul Chaer (2006) Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta
Baker, Mona (1997) In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge
Catford, J. C. (1974) A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University
Press
Dendy Sugono dan Zainal Arifin (eds)(2003) Buku Praktis Bahasa Indonesia 1, Jakarta:
Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas
Duff, Alan (1990) Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press
______________ (1984) The Third Language: Recurrent Problems of Translation into
English, Oxford: Pergamon Press
Frank, Marcella (1972) Modern English. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Hasan Alwi et al. (2003) Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2005) Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Kanayama Hiroshi and Watanabe Hideo (2009) Multilingual Translation via Annotated
Hub Language. IBM Research Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan.
http://www.amtaweb.org/summit/FinalPaper/54-Kanayama-final.pdf
Larson, Mildred L. (1984) Meaning-Based Translation. A Guide to Cross-Language
Equivalence. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America
Marek Labucek and Maciej Piasecki (2009) English Translator. Computer Science
Department, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
http://www.IIS.pwr.wroc.pl/~piasecki/publication/labuzek_piasecki
FDSL4.pdf.
Merriam-Webster Version 2.5 (2000). (CD-Rom Ver).
Munday, Jeremy (2001) Introducing Translation Studies, USA and Canada:
Routledge.
Newmark, Peter (1986) Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press
_____________ (1988) A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall
Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber (1969) The Theory and Practice of Translation.
Leiden: United Bible Societies
Oxford English Reference Dictionary (2003), New York: Oxford University Press.
Peter Salim (1991) The Contemporary English Indonesian Dictionary Jakarta:
Modern English Press.
22