1.

1
units

conversion

Thank God My Karate Helps Defeat Unkind Dudes Cause Mean Men Need Punching

Tera-Giga-Mega-Kilo-Hecto-Deca-BASE-Deci-Centi-Milli-Micro-Nano-Pico

Used for scientific notation. Scientific Notation: (Number from 1-10) x 10^(#)

1.2
Explanation of Relevance:
Use to find uncertainty. Can be used found any equation.
If you add/subtract two numbers (or more), you add the
uncertainties.
If you multiply/divide two number (or more), you add the fractional
uncertainties.
Power: multiply fractional uncertainty with power of n
Explanation of Restrictions:
Y cannot be 0 or negative.
Uncertainty can be caused by human error, random
error, or systematic error.
Uncertainty ends up in absolute form when
adding/subtracting while uncertainty ends up in
fractional form when multiplying/dividing.
After adding/subtracting, you must find the uncertainty
in fractional form before multiplying by 100 to get the
percent uncertainty. You cannot skip steps.

Uncertainty: y = result *Add absolute uncertainty

addition/ a,b,c = quantities
Subtraction = uncertainty 0.1)cm. Find
EXAMPLE: The side a of a square is measured to be (12.4
the perimeter P of the square including the uncertainty.
Adding/subtrac
ting quantities:
final
uncertainty is
the sum of the
uncertainties of
quantities.
Uncertainty: y = result *Add fractional uncertainty
division/ a,b,c = quantities
Multiplication = uncertainty 0.2 cm
EXAMPLE: The sides of a rectangle are measured to be a = 4.8 cm
and b = 3.0 cm 0.08. Find the area A of the rectangle.
multiplying/divi
ding quantities:
% uncertainty
of quantities
are added
together

Uncertainty: y = result *multiply fractional uncertainty by power n

Power a,b,c = quantities
= uncertainty EXAMPLE: REFER TO KINETIC ENERGY PROBLEM
Power of n = power #
quantities: %
uncertainty is
multiplied by
the power #

1.3
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
How to break a vector into 2 components (y and x direction) Theta is in degrees, not radians. Cant use it if angle is
Used in force problems given in radians. Convert if needed.
Used in SUVAT problems Theta is in terms of standard position. Change angle if
Horizontal component: A cos theta necessary. (example: a rock is thrown left at an angle
Vertical component: A sin theta of 30 degrees. 30 left = 150 right - depending on axis
system)

Vectors: x A = magnitude of vector

direction = angle (degrees in
standard position)
Ah= horizontal
*TRIG RULES component
Av= vertical component

EXAMPLE: Find the magnitude of the force:

Vectors: y A = magnitude of vector
direction = angle (degrees in
standard position)
*TRIG RULES Ah= horizontal
component
Av= vertical component

2.1
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Used for SUVAT/Kinematics equations Equations do not include every variable. One (or more)
Rearrange variables to find other variables. Relationship of is missing.
variables must stay constant. Acceleration must be constant
Time might be only in one direction so you must
double it the trip is up and down (throwing up).
 Time is always positive.
Time is the same for the x and y direction
Cant be used to find an exact moment.
S is used for displacement (not distance). When you
throw an object in the air the displacement could be 0.
Break it into two parts - going up and going down.
Velocity at the top (when throwing up) is 0.

Velocity u = initial velocity (ms-1) EXAMPLE: A rock is thrown vertically in the air at a speed of 5 ms-1. How
v = final velocity (ms-1) high does it travel? What is the t
*applied to a = acceleration (ms-2)
uniform motion t = time (s)
(SUVAT)
*equation does not
include displacement

Displacement s = displacement (m)

u = initial velocity (ms-1)
*applied to a = acceleration (ms-2)
uniform motion t = time (s)
(SUVAT)
*equation does not
include final velocity

Velocity s = displacement (m)

(squared) u = initial velocity (ms-1)
v = final velocity (ms-1)
*applied to a = acceleration (ms-2)
uniform motion
(SUVAT) *equation does not
include time

Displacement S = displacement (m)

U = initial velocity (ms-1)
*applied to V = final velocity (ms-1)
uniform motion T = time (s)
(SUVAT)
*equation does not otal time of the travel back to the hand?
include acceleration

2.2
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Finding Force Mass is always constant
Using Newtons Laws (1,2,3) Frictional force can be less than the (coefficient of
Finding frictional force. static friction) x (normal reaction force)
Dynamic friction vs Static friction Normal force is constant
Calculate maximum static friction (only)

Force F = Resultant Force EXAMPLE:

(Newtons or kgms-2) force: ?
Acceleration a = acceleration (ms-2) Mass = 30 kg
due to resultant m = mass (kg) Acceleration = 9.81 (ms-2)
force. Also
known as
Newtons 2nd
law of motion

Frictional Force Ff = Frictional Force *Static > dynamic

(static friction) (Newtons or kgms-2) Harder to overcome to get an object moving
s = coefficient of static -The force of friction is greater than the applied force. This is static friction.
Frictional force friction (between 0 and
on a static 1) EXAMPLE: coefficient = 0.5 Normal Force = 20 N
object
 R = Normal Reaction F = 0.5 x 20 N
Force F = 10 N

Frictional Force Ff = Frictional Force *Static > dynamic

(dynamic/kineti (Newtons or kgms-2) Once at a constant velocity
c friction) d = coefficient of
dynamic friction EXAMPLE: coefficient = 0.2 Normal Force = 20 N
Frictional force (between 0 and 1)
on a dynamic R = Normal Reaction F = 0.2 x 20 N
object Force F=4N

2.3
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Finding Work, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy Angle is in degrees, not radians.
Conservation of Energy (Energy cannot be created or destroyed, KE = PE
but can be altered into another form). Applied force is constant in the equation
Can be used to find different variables like force. Velocity is constant in the equation
Mass is the same when you convert KE to PE or vice
versa

Work W = Work (Joules or EXAMPLE: How much work is being done on an object with a force of 20 N
Nm1) and a distance of 2.4 m?
S = Displacement (m)
= angle (degrees in W = (20)(2.4)
standard position) W = 48 J

Potential Ep = potential energy *Equal to KE

Energy (Joules or Nm1)
m = mass (kg) EXAMPLE: Find the mass if.. PE = 300 J, g = 9.81, h = 4
g = Gravity (ms-2)
h = height (m) PE = mgh
300 = (m)(9.81)(4)
(300)/(9.81 x 4) = m
m = 7.6 kg

Kinetic Energy Ek = kinetic energy EXAMPLE: If the mass is measured to be m = 4.2 0.3 kg and its velocity is
(Joules or Nm1) 17 1 ms-1 find the KE of the mass.Calculate the uncertainty.
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (ms-1)

Efficiency Work (Joules or Nm1) EXAMPLE:

Power (Watts) Useful power out: 30 Watts
Total power in: 278 Watts

Efficiency = (30)/(278)
Efficiency = 0.11

Elastic k = springs constant EXAMPLE: Elastic Potential = ? k = 0.9 x = 5 m

Potential x = length of extension
Energy (in a E = (.5)(0.9)(5)
spring) E = 2.25 J

Power Power (Watts) EXAMPLE:

F = Force (Newtons or Power = ?
kgms-2) Force = 4.2 N
v = velocity (ms-1) Velocity = 2 ms-1

Power = 4.2/2
P = 2.1 W
 2.4
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Finding momentum In ideal situations
Impulse is the equal to momentum Some energy might be lost to other sources
Useful for collision problems Mass is constant
Only work for linear motion

Kinetic Energy Ek = Kinetic Energy EXAMPLE:

(joules or Nm1) Ek = 30 Nm1
p = Momentum (kgms-1) p = Momentum (kgms-1)
m = mass (kg) m = mass (kg)

Momentum p = Linear Momentum EXAMPLE:

(kgms-1 or Ns-1) Mass = 25 kg
m = Mass (kg) Time = 3 s
v = Velocity (ms-1) Velocity = 3.9 ms-1

(Resultant) F = Force (Newtons or Find: Momentum and Impulse and force

Force due to kgms-2)
momentum p = change in P = (25)(3.9)
Momentum (kgms-1) P = 97.5 kgms-1
t = change in Time (s)
Momentum = Impulse so
P = 97.5 kgms-1= Impulse

97.5 kgms- = 3F
Impulse F = Net Force (Newtons F = 32.5 N
or kgms-2)
t = change in Time (s)
p = Momentum (kgms-1)

6.1
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Used to find circular motion Angle in radians, not degrees
Can find force, acceleration, angular speed, standard velocity, and If you are given the frequency, the reciprocal is the
velocity of an object in circular motion period.
Magnitude of the centripetal acceleration is constant,
but the direction varies at different time periods.
Radius remains constant
Conversion for Circumference of a is in radians - more precise
angles circle: 2r
Area of a circle: r2

Angular v = velocity (ms-1)

Velocity = angular speed
(rads-1)
Velocity of r = radius of a circle (m)
body travelling
in a circle a. What is the centripetal acceleration?
b. What is the tension?
Centripetal a = centripetal
Acceleration acceleration(ms-2)
v = Velocity (ms-1)
r = radius of a circle (m)
= pi = 3.14
T = period of rotation
Frequency = 1/T

Centripetal F = force (N)

Force m = Mass (kg)
v = Velocity (ms-1)
= angular speed
(rads-1)
r = radius of a circle (m)

B1
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Used for rotational dynamic problems. The unit for torque is Nm but it is not the same as a
- Torque joule.
- Inertial Kinematic rotation depends on angular speed
- Angular speed Angle is in degrees (torque)
- Transformed kinematic equations Angular velocity, use radians.
- Angular momentum Use cosine or sine depending on where the angle is
- Rigid bodies in rotational dynamics

Torque F = force How hard is it to make something spin. Must be 90 degrees to each other
r = radius (perpendicular) doo. Fixed radius moving around a circle.Not parallel. Part of
= angle between F the force is perpendicular so you can push? It at an angle. Harder to move a
and r (radians) door at the hinge. Get more torque farther away.

Torque (unit) = Nm Can use sine or cosine depending on which angle is perpendicular

*Restriction:the r does not go with sine
*F sin r

Not looking at the portion of the force, not the radius

Example: .

=
= (35N)(0.25m)(sin(40))
= 5.62 Nm
 3.1 // 3.2
Explanation of Relevance:
3.1: Used in thermal energy problems to calculate heat
transfer or heat energy
You can find the energy when a system transfers heat
energy
Helps understand the concept of conservation of energy
(heat) Heat gain = heat loss
Used to calculate heat transfer or heat energy when an
object changes phase
Helps us understand that temperature does not change
during phase change.
3.2: Equations used for gases and finding different
variables such as pressure.
Used to calculate different variables of Ideal Gas law.
Uses Avogadro's constant to find number of moles in a
substance.
Can find Kinetic Energy of an ideal gas
Explanation of Restrictions:
3.1: Mass must be in kg. Sometimes conversions are
necessary.
C is specific heat capacity not thermal capacity ( which
does not take mass into consideration)
Change in temperature must be in the right units
(consistent throughout)
Latent heat and specific heat is different
Specific/Latent heat are not the same for steam, water,
and ice
Be sure to check the state of the substance
3.2: Ideal Gas law has certain parameters so it does
not always apply to real gases. This is because real
gases have too many factors to take into consideration
while calculating.
Number of moles and gas constant is constant
 4.1 // 4.2 // 4.3 // 4.4
Explanation of Relevance:
Characteristics of waves (wavelength, intensity, angle of
incidence)
4.1: Used to define relationship between period and
frequency. Period is the inverse of frequency. Period is
the time a system takes to complete one full oscillation
4.2: Speed of light is equal to frequency times
wavelength. Speed of light is constant so with one
variable you can find the other. Used to calculate
frequency and wavelength.
4.3: Used to calculate intensity. Shows the relationship
between intensity and area and distance from source.
You can calculate the intensity of light on a polarizer.
4.4: Can find refraction, spacing, interference. Useful for
double slit interference. Snell's law = lab.
9.1 // 9.2 // 9.3 // 9.4 // 9.5
Explanation of Relevance:
9.1: Used to calculate displacement, velocity, acceleration
of objects in SHM. Can calculate Kinetic energy and total
energy of an object. You can use calculus knowledge of
derivatives to help derive equations such as velocity and
acceleration.
9.2: Used to calculate angle where the first minimum
occurs in a single slit diffraction.
9.3: Calculate path difference between slits for diffraction
grating. Can calculate constructive and destructive
interference for thin-film interference.
9.4: Used to calculate the angle of the first minimum for
diffraction in a circular aperture. Can calculate resolvance
of a diffraction grating.
9.5: Used to calculate perceived frequency when the
source is moving and when the observer is moving. Used
to calculate doppler effect.
Correction: g is gravity in equation for period of a pendulum
Explanation of Restrictions:
4.1: Period must be in seconds. Frequency can be in
Hz or inverse seconds.
4.2: Speed of light is constant (3x10 ^8 m/s).
Frequency is in Hz, wavelength must be expressed in
meters. Regardless of sound or amplitude speed of
sound is constant. Wavelength and frequency change.
4.3: Intensity must be in Wm^-2. Cosine is used. Make
sure your calculator is in the right mode.
4.4: distance must be in meters. Sig figs are important
but dont round too soon when calculating because
that can lead to error since the numbers are so
small.Sine is used in snells law. Calculator should be
in correct mode or else numbers will be inaccurate.
Explanation of Restrictions:
9.1: w (omega) in this case changes to angular
frequency. Sine and cosine interchange depending on
the problem give. It depends on where the system
starts at (the middle or the end).
9.2: Theta must be in the right mode. Wavelength and
slit width must be in meters. Equation only applies to
single slit problems.
9.3: Sine of angle must be used for grating angle.
Angle must be in degrees. d is split spacing for
diffraction grating but it means thickness of medium for
thin film interference. Dont get confused!
9.4: Theta in right mode (degrees). Only applies to
circular aperture.
9.5: Doppler effect only applies to light.
 B2
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Ideal Gas calculations Heat energy, internal, work in joules
Heat Cycle must add up in cycle problems and should follow
Internal Energy the rules of Q = u +W
Thermodynamic efficiency Pressure volume constant can only be applied to
Pressure vs. Volume vs. Temperature graphs monatomic gases.
Isobaric, isovolumetric, adiabatic, isothermal Equation 5 = pressure must be constant
Efficiency is only for Carnot cycle.

5.1 5.4
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Focuses on Electric field and Circuits (a lot of real life Charge is in Coulombs
application in the problems) Cross sectional area in m2
Calculate current when you are given a charge and time Electric force can only be found when two charges are
or number of unit charges per volume, area, drift velocity, given.
and charge. Be sure to convert units.
Calculate force experienced in a electric field by two Use coulomb constant in specific problems
charges. Total voltage should be 0 in a loop.
Find potential difference, electric field strength Total current should be 0 in a junction.
Calculate resistance in a circuit, power supplied, or power Parallel resistors are not the same as resistors in
dissipated in circuit. series.
Use Coulombs law to find electric force between two Magnitude of magnetic field is expressed in tesla (T).
charges separated by r (distance).
Find work done in moving from one charge to another
Find electrical resistance, voltage, current (parallel or
series)
Kirchhoffs law
Find voltage in a battery
Calculate force on a charge moving through a magnetic
field
Calculate resistivity of a wire.
 Calculate electromagnetic force of a given cell
5.1 electric fields
5.2 circuits to find different variables (resistance, current,
voltage, length)
5.3 / 5.4 electromagnetism and electric cells.
 6.2
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Finding gravity (rearrangement of F = ma is g = F/m) Must have two masses to use Newtons Law of
Newtons law of gravitation is used when you want to find gravitation
the force between two masses R (distance) is measured from the center of each mass
Calculate gravitational field strength in the gravitational in meters
field and at different distances. Use gravitational constant for big G
The last equation is combining the first 2 equations. Mass in kg

10.1 10.2
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
10.1 Work done between 2 charges, or 2 masses. Use G (gravitational constant) in constants page
10.2 Used to calculate: R is the distance between the center of the 2 masses
Gravitational field strength Potential energy and force is calculated between 2
Electric field strength objects.
gravitational potential energy Charge is in coulombs
Gravitational & electric force G is for gravitational field
Escape velocity of a mass E is for electric field
Velocity of a body in circular orbit around another K = constants page
body
 11.111.2 (did not discuss 11.3 yet)
Explanation of Relevance: Explanation of Restrictions:
Used to calculate: Angle (cosine) is in degrees
Magnetic flux Magnitude of magnetic field is in tesla (T)
Induced electromagnetic force in a coil and in a Area of coil is the cross section in m^2
conductor moving through a field. Potential difference is measured in V
Effective potential in an AC generator
Current in an AC generator
Resistance
Max and average power dissipated
Ratio of electromagnetic force, turns, and current
 IB to AP variables
IB AP

Kinetic Energy Ek K

Potential Energy Ep U

Position s x

Final Velocity v Vx

Initial Acceleration U Vxo

Torque (tau) t
Description of Variables: All variables are defined and alternative variables are listed where appropriate

Explanation of Restrictions: All restrictions and exceptions are listed for equations in the set.

Explanation of relevance: All equations are fully explained including relevant keywords/vocabulary used in word
problems denoting the use of such an equation