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Tackling

inequalities
A guide to planning
better services
Foreword
This guide is designed to help people consider inequalities from the outset
when designing projects and programme. It is intended to be used by all
partners and stakeholders in the Community Planning process.
This guide has been developed by the South Lanarkshire Community
Planning Partnership, in conjunction with Oxfam. It came out of a two
year project in which Oxfam has assisted the Community Planning
Partnership, and in particular the Community Regeneration Partnership,
to look more closely at the gender inequality implications of its
regeneration work. It has shown us that while project staff and partners
want to tackle inequality, often they lack the information about how to do
it. We hope that this booklet will go some way to redressing that.
Councillor McAvoy, Chair, South Lanarkshire Community Planning Partnership.

Oxfam works to overcome poverty all over the world. Millions of people in
the UK dont have enough money to live on. Oxfam believes that in a rich
country this is unacceptable.
In the UK, Oxfam supports poor communities to develop the skills and
confidence to talk to decision-makers. We also work directly with public
agencies, like local authorities, to raise awareness of the different needs
of men, women, and people from minority groups. This approach builds
stronger communities, with people better able to tackle their own problems.
Oxfam wholeheartedly recommends this booklet produced in
partnership with South Lanarkshire Community Planning Partnership. We
believe that if all public agencies in Scotland, England and Wales used
this approach, service provision would be better quality because it would
target the different needs of women and men.
Kate Wareing, Director, UK Poverty, Oxfam

Tackling inequality is not just a matter of better targeting our services,


but also making sure that our legal obligations are met. Community
Planning partners all individually have legal duties under the Race Equality,
the Disability and the Gender Equality Duty. The Community Planning
Partnership wants to ensure that these statutory duties are carried forward
by partners into all areas of partnership working and joint delivery.

Europe and Scotland


Making it work together
The Genderwise Scotland Development Partnership is part funded by the European Social
Fund under the EQUAL Community Initiative Programme

Inequality Pronunciation [in-i-kwol-i-tee] noun, plural -ties.


2 1. the condition of being unequal; lask of equality; disparity: inequality of size 3

2. social disparity: inequality between the rich and the poor


Contents
Introduction 6

What is inequality? 7

Section 1 8
Inequality in our communities
Income 8
Ethnicity 10
Gender 12
Disability 13
Age 14
Locality 15

Work development cycle 16

Section 2 18
Project development cycle

Section 3 26
Information by sector

Appendix 30

4 Inequality still scars our society. 5


Introduction What is inequality?
In the same way that you must always consider cost when designing Fairness and Freedom: The Final Report of the Equalities Review 2007
a project or service, you must always consider fairness. The impact of Inequality: when someone is treated differently simply because of
projects and services on people are not neutral. Some people may need things that other people believe make them different, and
different or more resources to enjoy fair access to services.
over which they have had no choice such as gender, disability,
By considering how to make sure that our services are suitable and or nationality.
accessible, we are also ensuring that our services are more effective.
There are many reasons for inequality, but put simply, the origin of
In other words, we are targeting services to the people who need them
inequality is the attitude of others that affect someones quality of life or
the most.
the real choices open to them. It is when assumptions, generalisations and
This guide is intended for use by officers in Scottish public agencies and stereotypes become embedded in everyday actions, policies and systems.
their partners. It aims to complement existing tools by providing information
Sometimes inequalities can be unconsciously reinforced through our own
and advice on better project development and service delivery.
behaviour. Our judgments and assumptions can be so deeply entrenched
that they become invisible.
Section 1: Inequality in our community Inequality affects people differently. Discouraging a woman from pursuing
The first section of this booklet highlights some of the inequalities that can a career in physics because she is a woman is inequality. Not giving an
exist in our communities and illustrates the negative impacts these can appropriately qualified Polish migrant worker a formal employment contract
have on peoples lives. with standard terms and conditions is inequality. For a young disabled
male, inequality might be behind the bullying that goes on in his school.
Often people are subject to multiple kinds of inequality at the same time.
Section 2: Project Development Cycle
This section shows practical ways of ensuring that our work delivers We consulted a wide range of stakeholders and partners in South
the best service to everyone, taking account of existing inequalities Lanarkshire and asked them to define what inequality means to them.
and working to overcome them. The tools in this section can be used Each persons definition was different. Some of the definitions are
throughout the entire project or programme development cycle. included in the following pages. An example of this comes from John
who works in transport:
The diagram on pages 16 and 17 helps to explain the process.
I used to think, women can travel on a train or bus just like a man; what
The race equality duty, The disability equality duty and The gender equality are the gender issues in transport? But, experience shows there are a
duty are now in force for all public-sector bodies. These duties require number of factors that can influence womens use of public transport.
public bodies to work pro-actively to promote equality and eliminate For instance, in terms of safety and security women can be more
discrimination in all their functions, including partnership activities. This
vulnerable than men, especially when alone or at night. This can be
section also explains how impact assessments and procurement issues
aggravated by the fact that women are far more dependent on public
link with our goals of tackling inequality.
transport due to their lower incomes and lower car ownership rates.
So for me, inequality arises when there are barriers in the system,
Section 3: Information on inequalities by sector whether caused by lack of awareness or the unintended consequences
The final section provides more detailed information and statistics about of the public sectors actions. John
inequalities in different sectors. It illustrates some of the inequality issues
that an officer working for example, in Housing, Health or Leisure Services
might have to think about.

To me, inequality is not having the same choices and access to things as others
6 Inequality is an inbalance of power and opportunities Peter 7
because of beliefs, opinions and money. Janice
Income Children brought up in areas of social deprivation or in care have the lowest
levels of educational attainment.3
There are currently an estimated 240,000 children in Scotland living
Economic inequality has become
in poverty.4
a striking feature of the UKs
socio-economic structure. Income Thirty-one per cent of women workers are low paid.5
inequality stands at historically- One quarter (23%) of people in Scotland live below the 60 per cent median-
high levels and asset inequality has income level.6
increased since the 1990s, with the Over 40 per cent of households with a disabled person have an overall
top one per cent of the population income of less than 10,000.7
now owning nearly a quarter of all
All identified minority groups had higher than average rates of poverty.
marketable assets.1
Rates of poverty were highest for Bangladeshis, Pakistanis and Black
Britain is one of the wealthiest Africans, reaching nearly two-thirds for Bangladeshis. Rates of poverty
countries in the world, and yet were also higher than average for Indian, Chinese and other minority group
one-in-five people are living in households.8
poverty. Poverty is defined as The current rate of Jobseekers Allowance benefit for a single adult is 59.15
those living below the 60 per per week. This is roughly 25 short of the poverty line as defined by the
cent median household income Scottish Government.9
level. In 2004/5 this was 100 for Just under one-fifth of working age people are claiming benefits in South
Section 1 a single adult, 183 for a couple
with no dependants and 186 for
Lanarkshire. Women are more likely to be Lone Parent claimants and men
are more likely to claim Job Seekers Allowance.10
Inequality in our a lone parent with two dependant
communities children.2
Percentage of males and females on low incomes
Income, whether from paid
employment or state benefits, This chart shows that in Scotland 2005/06, women were slightly more likely to
This section of the live in relative low-income households (both before and after housing costs)
obviously is an important factor in
booklet illustrates peoples lives.
than men.11
what inequality in our
communities looks like
Income inequality, and the poverty it 20 AHC BHC: Before housing costs
causes, has many different faces. AHC
BHC
BHC
AHC: After housing costs

15
AHC

Percentage
AHC
BHC
BHC
10

0
Male Female Male Female
- Relative low income - - Absolute low income -

8 Inequality created divisions. Anne 9


Ethnicity
Scotland is at a pivotal moment in its development. Historically a country
of emigration, it is now a country of immigration, with a population that is
becoming increasingly diverse along ethnic lines. Research has shown that
across all ethnic groups, people want the views of their community to be
counted. People do not want tokenism they do not want policy-makers
just to put them in a box marked with their ethnicity.12
South Lanarkshire population by ethnic origin
Half of black and minority ethnic young people have experienced abuse
because of their race or religion in the past year, compared to five per cent Numbers % of total population in
of white young people.13 South Lanarkshire Scotland
People from minority ethnic groups are on average much more likely
to be in poverty than white British people.14 White 298,812 98.87% 97.99%

In Great Britain, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women with similar qualifications Indian 536 0.18% 0.30%
as white women are 30 per cent more likely to be out of work. This is despite Pakistani 968 0.32% 0.63%
the majority of women reporting that they want to be in paid employment.15 Bangladeshi 29 0.01% 0.04%
Between May 2004 and March 2007, 1,050 migrant workers from the Other South Asian 165 0.05% 0.12%
Accession 8 countries (the eight eastern European countries that joined the
European Union in May 2004) registered in South Lanarkshire. Forty-three Chinese 718 0.24% 0.32%
per cent were men and 57 per cent were women. The largest proportion was Caribbean 48 0.02% 0.04%
Polish (63 per cent), followed by Estonia (12 per cent), Slovakians (8 per African 111 0.04% 0.10%
cent) and Hungarians (7 per cent).16
Black Scottish
Over half of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Black African children in the UK are /Other Black 43 0.01% 0.02%
growing up in poverty, with 70 per cent of Bangladeshi children growing up
poor.17 Mixed Background 482 0.16% 0.25%

The ethnic population in South Lanarkshire has a younger profile than the Other Ethnic Group 304 0.10% 0.19%
population as a whole; 54 per cent of the ethnic population is under 30 years
of age as opposed to 36 per cent of the wider population.18 Total All Groups 302,216 100.0% 100.0%

Source: 2001 Census

Inequality is...not fair...The people who suffer most from inequality are the ones
10 Inequality is having to battle against unfair perceptions. Lorna 11
that have the most to gain and the most to give. Mark
Gender Disability
There is a widespread belief that gender equality has been achieved in There are around one million disabled adults in Scotland one-in-five of
Scotland. However, significant inequalities between men and women still the adult population. They include people with mobility, sensory and mental
persist. Mostly it is women who are disadvantaged, although in some health conditions, and learning disabilities. Disability is often combined with
instances boys and men suffer too. Womens disadvantage, arising from further disadvantage for instance, people with disabilities are often also
discriminatory attitudes and beliefs, as well as structural inequalities, can living in poverty.
be seen both economically and socially throughout the UK. Disability is usually associated with issues such as wheelchair access,
guide dogs and perhaps learning disabilities. Yet disability can include the
development of serious depression, behavioural difficulties, HIV and even
diabetes.27
Disabled persons can fully participate in society if attitudinal and physical
barriers are removed.

A pinch of knowledge, two spoons of awareness, and a


Women make up the majority of those on benefits, with lone parents handful of simple actions, are the ingredients of a very
and lone pensioners being particularly vulnerable to poverty.19
successful Disability Attitude.28 author?
Nearly half of all female murder victims are killed by a partner or former
partner.20
Disabled women have very low levels of access to the Internet (11 per cent).
More than 80 per cent of parents with a disabled child are unemployed and
This affects their access to work and training opportunities and can increase
disabled children are twice as likely to live in poverty.29
their sense of isolation.21
Sixty-five per cent of working-age disabled adults are not in paid work,
When young women choose jobs, they tend to pick low-paid and low-skilled
compared with 15 per cent of those who are neither disabled nor lone
work. The economic implications of this decision stay with them for the rest
parents.30
of their lives. In retirement, womens income is 40 per cent less than mens.22
Disabled people represent 20 per cent of the population but have a
In the Scotland Modern Apprenticeship Programme, female apprentices are
particularly low representation in public appointments currently an average
paid 1 less per hour than male apprentices.23
of around three per cent across England, Scotland and Wales.31
In the Scotland Modern Apprenticeship Programme, female apprentices are
One in seven people is deaf. Deaf people refers to people with all degrees
paid 1 less per hour than male apprentices. This is because more young
of deafness. (People who were born hearing and became severely or
men than women access the programme and because of the higher rates of
profoundly deaf after learning to speak are often described as deafened).32
pay in the traditionally male apprenticeship frameworks.24
Mental health problems, especially depression, have a significant impact on
1 in 5 women in Scotland will experience domestic abuse at some time in
peoples ability to earn and to increase their financial assets.33
their lives.25
In South Lanarkshire in 2007, 93,950 people over 16 had a disability or health
In all age ranges up to the age of 25, there are more men than women in
problem that lasted more than a year. Fifty-six per cent of these were women
South Lanarkshire. But there are more women than men over the age of 25.26
and 44 per cent were men.34

12 Inequality is not being able to be the person that you are or want to be. Simon 13
Age Locality
Scotland is changing in a fundamental way: older people form an It has been estimated that one in eight people in South Lanarkshire live in
increasing proportion of our population, and will play a vital role in our the most deprived areas of Scotland (as defined by the Scottish Index
prosperity and future. of Multiple Deprivation). There are differences in outcomes between
We are entering an unprecedented era in Scotland, and we are not alone. people living in these deprived areas and the wider population in South
All over the world, other countries are also beginning to consider the Lanarkshire. Often affluent and deprived communities can sit side by side,
implications of big changes in the age structures of their populations.35 but the ability to access services, and the quality of those services, can be
Population statistics indicate that the number of people aged over 65 is set quite different in each area.
to rise by nearly 60 per cent over the next 25 years. There is also a rural dimension to inequality. South Lanarkshire is not
A recent study found that older people are not often involved in the design always perceived as rural, but 25 per cent of its population lives in a rural
of services and, consequently, services may not always be tailored to their area. Within this diverse rural area there are areas of hidden disadvantage.
needs and aspirations. In addition, older people may not always be treated The effects of poverty and social exclusion can be the same as those in
with dignity and respect by the health system. some urban areas, but the causes and solutions to this exclusion in rural
areas can be very different. People living in rural communities can face
For older people from minority ethnic backgrounds, the situation can often isolation from services, job opportunities and activities that are taken for
be compounded by other inequalities; they can often live with multiple granted in urban areas. This isolation is often exacerbated by lack of public
forms of illness and disease, can be poor, socially marginalised, and have transport and local service provision.
low expectations of services. Higher personal visibility in small rural communities can be inhibiting,
leading people to hide their problems from their neighbours, instead of
seeking help.40

The prevalence of ill-health among older people seems to be increasing from South Lanarkshire has 56 areas classed as being in the most deprived 15
generation to generation.36 per cent of areas in Scotland; it has 13 areas in the most deprived five per
cent in Scotland. Therefore, approximately 45,000 people live in the 15 per
Among people aged 50-64, 54 per cent of Bangladeshis and 49 per cent of
cent most-deprived areas in Scotland, and 10,000 within the worst five
Pakistanis reported a limiting long-standing illness, compared to 27 per cent
per cent.
of the general population in this age range.37
Job Seekers Allowance claims in rural South Lanarkshire were slightly
Older people struggle with everyday household activities such as bathing,
higher than in the whole South Lanarkshire area in 2005, although Income
using the stairs and tending the garden. One in five (22 per cent) finds it
Support and Disability Living Allowance claim levels were lower.41
increasingly difficult to get around their own home.38
In one of the more deprived areas of South Lanarkshire, the percentage of
Scotland has the lowest life expectancy for women in the European Union,
S2 pupils attaining level E or above in reading is 28.6 per cent, compared to
and the second lowest for men (after Portugal).39
71 per cent of S2 pupils across South Lanarkshire.42

14 Inequality is when capital trumps community. Martin 15


1
Work What is the need?
development What gap are you trying to fill with this project?
Who is intended to benefit?
cycle Will different groups or individuals benefit in
different ways?
Do you have data that highlights different needs?

6 2
What did we learn?
What were the successes How will things change?
and failures of the project? What difference are you
Do you know how you could going to make?
improve the project? What is in place now and how
Can you factor improvements does it need to change?
into your design?

5 3
Is it working? Who will benefit and how?
Do you know who is actually using your service? Have you consulted with people who
Impact will be using your service?
Is the service reaching those people you intended? assessment Will they use the service in the
Are they satisfied with the service? time way you intend?
What is the take up amongst different parts Have you tried to contact people who
of the community? arent usually consulted?

4
What needs to happen?
In delivering this service or project, will a group or people be adversely
affected by it?
Are there different options tailored to meet the needs of different groups
or individuals?
How are you taking responsibility to ensure contractors incorporate
gender, race, age, income, locality and disability issues into their work?
By asking yourself a series of 1. What is the need? (Identification)
questions, you can ensure that
youre targeting the right people Unless statistics are collected and disaggregated, it is almost impossible
and getting the best results, without to understand how a service will impact on different groups of women and
compounding inequalities. men. Ideally, you should have access to statistics disaggregated by sex,
race and disability. [See Appendix for suggestions about where to look for
These six questions are: this.]
1. What is the need or problem? It will be equally difficult to set meaningful targets and indicators and to
2. What needs to change? measure the success of any service without base-line statistics.
3. Who will benefit and how? Ask yourself:
4. What needs to happen? What needs or gaps will be filled by this project or service?
5. Is it working? Is the need the same for everyone in the community?
6. What did we learn? Are there particular people or groups that need help?
What do I need to know to make sure this project is of benefit to
There are four simple but important the right people?
principles:
We must plan and act according
Helping people back into work
Section 2 to need;
We must be clear about what One of South Lanarkshire Community Planning Partnerships key
Project we hope to achieve and responsibilities is to help people back into work. So the Council is
development cycle whether weve achieved it; developing projects and services that will help people wanting to
We must plan, act and find work.
This section explains how evaluate in partnership with For this to be efficient and targeted, it is vital to know:
our legal duties interlink communities; Who is unemployed in South Lanarkshire? Are there more
with tackling inequality. We must be committed to unemployed men than women? Are people with disabilities more
learning from what we do likely to be out of work?
and applying this learning to What are the different reasons why these people are not working?
improve our effectiveness. Is it because of caring responsibilities or because they have health
difficulties themselves?
What are the different benefits they receive? Are the benefits linked
to their barriers to work? Will they lose entitlement to those benefits
if they start working?
What jobs are available? Where are they located would they need a
car? Are they compatible with other responsibilities such as caring?

Inequality is restricted access to services because of some characteristic, that


18 19
with some thought by others can be overcome. Catherine
2. What needs to change? (Planning) 3. Who will benefit and how? (Consultation)
It can be relatively easy to agree on the need, but there may be different The people intended to benefit from your project should be involved in
ideas on what needs to change and how to change it. its planning. Inequalities can be tackled only if the views of those who
Ask yourself: are most disadvantaged are heard and taken into account. We shouldnt
assume that we know better than those who are directly affected.
What are the parameters of the project?
Ask yourself:
What are the projects aims and its objectives?
What do the people who will use this service think about
Who is the project or service aimed at?
my proposal?
How will it change the current situation?
How can I find out why some people dont use the service?
Will the service be experienced differently by women and men?
Have I consulted with a diverse group of people?
Will the difference be affected by ethnicity, disability, age,
Do representative organisations truly reflect the voices of the men
income or locality?
and women expected to benefit from the project?
Have their views been fed into the projects design?
Supporting young people How will I report back to those consulted as the project progresses?
A common concern of many residents is that young people dont seem
to have much to do in their free time. One of the strategies to deal with
this is to increase the number of services and facilities which provide
Leisure centres
constructive and relevant activities for young people. There are a number of leisure centres situated around South Lanarkshire.
The Community Planning Partnership and its partners organise a number These centres are popular and well attended, but we need to be certain
of activities, but many of these tend to be football-related. This does that these facilities are available and accessible to everyone.
not help those young people who dont like, or who cant play football When planning opening times, class times and activities, consultations
mostly girls, and some young people with physical disabilities. So in fact, should take place not only with people who use the facilities, but also
these programmes tend to favour able-bodied young men and do not with those who do not. This consultation could take place through a
necessarily accommodate the diverse range of young peoples interests. combination of survey, focus groups or telephone interviews.
If a broader range of activities were implemented, a larger number of In explaining why they dont use the facilities, the group of non-users
young people could be engaged, meaning that the Partnership and its would provide excellent insight into how the services could be improved
partners would better meet their objectives of supporting young people. to make it accessible to a broader spectrum of the community. For
instance, women may not use services because of lack of child care
facilities, or because they feel self conscious for cultural reasons. For
those living in rural areas, the barrier might be lack of transport. People
with disabilities could provide suggestions about more inclusive
sporting activities.

20 Inequality is exclusion from society... to varying degrees. Jack 21


4. What needs to happen? (Implementation) 5. Is it working? (Monitoring)
This stage is about deciding how your project or service should be Monitoring is the continuous process of looking at the impact of your
delivered in order to address the needs and priorities you have identified project or service on all women and men. It helps to determine how well
at previous stages of your project development work. It is the culmination your services are meeting their targets.
of the previous steps and should incorporate your statistical findings, your Ask yourself:
targets, your consultations and your objectives.
Was a monitoring system developed in the planning stage?
Ask yourself:
Will your monitoring system enable you to identify positive and
How can I be certain that I am reaching the people I should negative impact?
be reaching?
Are there measures in place to re-design the project if it is not
In implementing this project or service, will there be any unintended delivering as expected at the outset of the project, particularly in
negative consequences for some people or groups? relation to equality of access for all?
How can I or other people deal with this?

The local community centre


Training The purpose of South Lanarkshire community centres is to provide
The Community Planning Partnership oversees a variety of training the local community with a facility that residents of all ages can use
programmes to help people to improve their employability. Quite often, to take part in a wide range of activities, including leisure and
these training courses are dominated by one gender. For instance, land education programmes.
services trainees are almost all men, whilst child-care assistant courses Data on the usage of the centres should be collected to monitor who is
are invariably taken up by women. using the centre. For instance: if women are using the centre during the
The result is that the whole pool of potential trainees is inhibited from day, but not at night, then more lighting might be needed so women feel
participating in one half of the training programmes. safe to visit the centre at night. If there is little access by people of
There are ways to avoid this segregation. For instance, the marketing non-Scottish origins, information about the centre could be translated
material should avoid depicting men and women in stereotypical into different languages then distributed to neighbouring houses.
occupations. Advisers should be aware of how they might be steering
women and men, unintentionally, towards training that is based on
stereotypes about their clients gender, rather than their actual skills and
interests. As location is also an issue, the training could take place in
more local venues, where practical.

Inequality is the divide between rich and poor which economically threatens the
22 provision of health, education and social trends for the weaker and older parts of 23
society. Julie
6. What did we learn? (Evaluation) Impact assessments and tackling inequality
Evaluation is the task of assessing the data collected throughout the life Impact assessment is a process of systematic assessment and
of projects in order to identify its successes and failures. Service delivery consultation to find out what effect a policy, service or strategy is likely to
should be a learning process that involves finding out what works and what have on different groups in the community.
does not and taking action to redress problems. This information can be The assessment structure should be in place right from the start and
both qualitative and quantitative. should extend to monitoring the actual effect once it is put into practice.
Ask yourself: Impact assessment, monitoring, and consultation should be seen as
Can you measure the changes that have taken place because of integral parts of policy and service development processes. (As illustrated
the project? on the diagram on page 16 and 17).

Do you know if one group receives a greater benefit than others? If This booklet is designed to complement impact assessment processes. It
so, how will the imbalance be addressed? can be used in tandem with partners own impact assessment forms.
Is there a need for additional data collection and do targets and
indicators need adjusting?
Procurement and contracts
What lessons are there for improving future services? Who needs to
be informed of this? Public agencies must comply with their equalities duties throughout the
procurement of a contract, from planning it through to monitoring it. They
must consider the relevance of the equalities duties and incorporate
Best-fed Babies appropriate terms into their contract documentation to ensure that they
meet their statutory duties.
Best-fed Babies was a programme aimed at improving mothers nutrition
during pregnancy and among women on low incomes, to increase Public authorities need to make it clear to tenderers and ultimately
numbers of those breastfeeding. The mothers received vouchers to buy contractors what is expected of them, including that if contractors are
healthy food to encourage better eating in pregnancy. regarded as carrying out a public function in performing the contract, they
themselves will also be subject to the equalities duties.
This scheme was introduced after a study showed that babies born in
the Hamilton/Blantyre area were almost twice as likely to be born with a If in doubt, seek legal advice.
low birth weight as those in the rest of Lanarkshire. Health professionals
believe that birth weight is an early indicator of health in later life.
However, when statistics were analysed of who was accessing this
scheme, the project managers discovered that mothers in high-income
brackets were using this programme. So, the project managers changed
the eligibility criteria to make the scheme better targeted at those who
needed it most women on low incomes.

Inequality is indirect and direct discrimination against certain groups in society,


24 25
for instance not employing pregnant women. Zoe
Housing Young gay and bisexual men are four times more likely to have seriously
considered suicide than heterosexual men.
This section does not contain
specific references. Please see Although men are less likely to seek medical help, 54 per cent of heart
the Appendix and References attacks in women go undiagnosed compared to 33 per cent in men
sections on pages 30 and 31 for because cardio vascular health is generally thought to be a male
guidance on locating these and health issue.
similar statistics. Babies born to immigrant Pakistani mothers are more than twice as likely
Households in which men are to die in their first week as the babies of British-born mothers.
the highest-income earners are Employment
likely to have access to better-
quality housing than households Two-fifths of adults of working age who are living in poverty already
in which women are the highest- have someone in their household in paid work. This indicates that some
income earners. people need more sustained support and assistance to escape poverty.
Single men, lone parents, and Of pregnant female employees, 45 per cent experience tangible
single women are those most discrimination in Britain.
vulnerable to homelessness. Of disabled people aged 16-24, 21 per cent have no qualifications
One-in-five older people finds whatsoever, compared to nine per cent of non-disabled people of the
it increasingly difficult to get same age an 11 per cent gap.
Section 3 around their own home. Transport
Information on Disabled people in Scotland Seventy-five per cent of bus journeys are undertaken by women.
equalities by sector are 20 per cent less likely to be
Also, women are more likely to make shorter, irregular journeys due to
buying their own homes, and
responsibilities such as caring.
are twice as likely to be social
This section illustrates housing tenants. This suggests Most public transport systems conform to a rush-hour commuter
that a significantly higher model that is designed around those who are actually less likely to be
inequality issues dependent on public transport.
number of disabled people are
in different sectors experiencing inequality in relation Men are far more likely than women to have use of a private vehicle, and
of our work. to assets. are more likely to have a driving licence than women.
Health and social care Education
People with learning disabilities The performance of children resident in the most deprived areas in
(especially more-severe learning South Lanarkshire is poorer than for South Lanarkshires children as a
disabilities) have much lower whole. For instance, 47.5 per cent of Primary 7 pupils resident in one
rates of cervical screening, of the most deprived areas attained level D or above for reading. The
mammography and other routine comparative figure across all of South Lanarkshire is 71.2 per cent.
tests than other citizens.
In publicly-funded schools in Scotland, pupils reported 137 different
A child born into poverty is more languages as the main home language. The most common after English
likely to weigh less at birth and is were Punjabi, Urdu, Cantonese, Polish, Arabic and Gaelic. Punjabi was
twice as likely to die before his or the most common main home language after English in eleven local
her first birthday. authorities, and Polish in nine authorities.

26 Inequality is people not getting what they need or have a right to. Kay 27
Boys are more likely than girls to have particular support needs for Decision-making
educational or behavioural reasons.
At the present rate, the House of Commons will not be representative of
Financial inclusion the United Kingdom until 2085.
A third of low-income households have no home contents insurance, Fifteen per cent of council leaders are women.
compared with virtually no households on above-average incomes. The number of women elected to the Scottish Parliament in 2007 was
Men owe twice as much money as women, but women are more likely to reduced to 33 per cent, from 39 per cent in 2003.
struggle with debt. Women are less likely than men to think that the government is good at
Women are more likely to use sub-prime credit than men credit which listening to people.
is easier to access, but costs more in interest rates, sometimes up to 100 While women are under-represented at decision-making levels across
per cent. the board, this is even more pronounced for women of black and
There are four groups of women who have particularly high levels of minority ethnic origin. Most BME representatives in decision-making
debt problems; young women, lone mothers, women who have gone bodies are men.
through relationship breakdown, and black and mixed race women.
Crime and safety
Sustainability Young men are most at risk of being a victim of violent crime. Thirteen
In one survey it was found that men appear to place more importance per cent of young men were victims of crime in the past year, compared
on living sustainably than women. Seventy-two per cent of men were to seven per cent of women.
making small changes in their daily lives to live in a more sustainable A female victim of domestic violence has an average of 11 contacts with
way, for instance by walking rather than driving, buying local produce, agencies before getting the help she needs. This rises to 17 if she is
saving energy and recycling. The majority of women were carrying out black.
only one regular action, predominantly recycling.
Women are more likely than men to perceive crime as a problem and to
More women than men died in the 2003 European heat wave. be worried about crime.
Scotland is expected to have warmer, wetter winters and increased
storminess, including intense rainfall events likely to lead to flash
Young people
flooding. Young people aged 16 to 19 classed as not being in education, training
Global warming needs to be taking into account when designing new or employment are not a homogenous group; they have different levels
infrastructure, but any sustainability planning will have to consider of engagement with the labour market. This can be for reasons such as
accessibility issues. disability, long-term sickness and caring responsibilities.
There is little difference in the rates of between men and women who
Leisure and sport arent in education, training or employment despite being seen as an
After age, gender is the key factor in participation in sports and physical issue predominately relating to young men. The rate of men classed
recreation. Womens levels of participation are, in general, lower than this way in South Lanarkshire is 9.2 per cent, compared to women at 9
mens. per cent.
Areas with a better-educated population with higher incomes and good- The number of men considered as Young People Needing More
quality facilities have higher levels of participation in sport than those Choices and More Chances has been falling since 2002-2003 and is at
areas with lower incomes. the lowest level ever, but for women it is different, showing no consistent
There is a wide variation in sports participation across Scotland; the patterns.
lowest levels of participation are concentrated in the west of Scotland.

28 Inequality is connected to power and lack of power. Stewart 29


Appendix References
1
Michael Orton and Karen Rowlingson, Public Attitudes to Economic Inequality, JRF, 2007.
2
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Scotland, 2006.
3
NCH, FactFile 2006-07, http://www.nch.org.uk/information/index.php?i=77&r=472
Data 4
NCH, FactFile 2006-07, http://www.nch.org.uk/information/index. php?i=77&r=472
Scottish Household Survey is designed to provide accurate, up-to-date information about
5
Esther Breitenbach and Fran Wasoff, A Gender Audit of Statistics: Comparing the Position of
the characteristics, attitudes and behavior of Scottish households and individuals on a Women and Men in Scotland, 2007.
range of issues.
6
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Scotland, 2005.
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/16002/14050
7
Disability Rights Commission
8
Lucinda Platt, Poverty and ethnicity in the UK, JRF, 2007.
South Lanarkshire Community Planning Partnership houses publications on a range of 9
Scottish Government
issues relevant to South Lanarkshire. 10
Economic Audit of South Lanarkshire 2007
http://www.step.gb.com/Information_bank/info.htm 11
Income and Poverty - Main Analyses, Scottish Government
Neighbourhood Information Profiles and Tracking Univariate Change produces
12
Press Release, Commission for Racial Equality, CRE Scotland calls on politicians to act now to
neighbourhood information profiles from a neighbourhood level to higher areas and has the maximise Scotlands potential. 7 February 2007.
facility to allow people to create their own areas. It provides a range of analysis of social,
13
NCH, FactFile 2006-07, http://www.nch.org.uk/information/index.php?i=77&r=472
economic and environmental data.
14
Poverty rates among ethnic groups in Great Britain, JRF, April 2007.
15
Moving on Up, Equal Opportunities Commission 2007.
http://www.niptuc.seeit.co.uk/ 16
A8 Migrant Workers to South Lanarkshire, July 2007. Step GB
17
Press release: Poverty twice as likely for minority ethnic groups: education fails to close the gap, JRF,
2007.
Specific websites 18
Key Facts, South Lanarkshire Council, 2006
19
Esther Breitenbach and Fran Wasoff, A Gender Audit of Statistics: Comparing the Position of
Equal opportunities and diversity, South Lanarkshire Council,
Women and Men in Scotland, 2007.
http://www.southlanarkshire.gov.uk/portal/page/portal/external_website_development/ 20
Local Government Association, www.lga.gov.uk
slc_online_home/customer_service/equal_opportunities 21
Scottish Government, Social Focus on Disability, 2004.
Equality and Human Rights Commission 22
The Equal Opportunities Commission, The Gender Agenda, 2007, p.5
http://www.equalityhumanrights.com 23
Jobs for the girls and boys, Summary Report, Equal Opportunities Commission.
24
Identifying Barriers to Change In the Scottish Modern Apprenticeship Programme, Equal
Every Disabled Child Matters
Opportunities Commission, 2005.
http://www.edcm.org.uk/ 25
Glasgow Violence Against Women Partnership, www.gvawp.org.uk
Better Government for Older people 26
(Key Facts 2006, South Lanarkshire Council)
www.bgop.org.uk
27
Disability Rights Commission, Disability Debate: Putting disability at the heart of public policy in
Scotland, http://www.drc-gb.org/about_us/drc_scotland/library/publications/putting_disability_at_
the_hear.aspx
28
European Disability Forum http://www.1million4disability.eu/sign.asp?langue=EN
29
NCH, FactFile 2006-07, http://www.nch.org.uk/information/index.php?i=77&r=472
30
Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Scotland 2006, JRF
31
Disability Rights Commission, Disability Debate, Putting disability at the heart of public policy in
Scotland.
32
Royal National Institute for the Deaf, www.rnid.org.uk
33
When Ends Dont Meet, Church Action on Poverty, November 2006.
34
Policy Briefing, Long Term Disability and Health in South Lanarkshire 2006, Central Research
Unit South Lanarkshire Council
35
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/08125028/1
36
The needs and resources of older people, JRF, 2007.
37
Commission for Racial Equality.
38
Press Release, Help the Aged, http://press.helptheaged.org.uk/_press/_report.htm
39
Public Health Institute of Scotland
40
Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rural Scotland, A Report by the Rural Poverty and Inclusion
Working Group, 2001.
41
Population Profile for Rural South Lanarkshire, NIP Profile, South Lanarkshire Council.
42
Changing Places - Blantyre Hamilton, Area Profile, 2007.

30 Inequality is being treated, or treating someone else, unfairly. Liz 31


October 2007

Oxfam works with others to overcome poverty and suffering


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