Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Saya Saulire
Intermn Oxfam Author
July 2011
www.oxfam.org/grow
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 4
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 39
NOTES ................................................................................................................ 43
IO Intermn Oxfam
PS/NCESD Permanent Secretary of the National Council for the Environment and Sustainable
Development
SL Sustainable livelihoods
UN United Nations
WB World Bank
Health
Loss of human lives during
floods
Malnutrition
Diseases associated with
climatic shocks
Land ecosystems
Desertification
Soil and forest degradation
Source: based on Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2010 . DARA and Climate Vulnerable Forum.32
SOCIAL CAPITAL
NATURAL CAPITAL
- Women belong to all-female
- High dependency on natural resources by
production organisations (+)
women (-)
- Womens organisations take part
- Weak participation in the control and
in community life and are
management of resources (-)
consulted as part of some
- Natural resources degraded by over-
decision-making processes (+).
exploitation and the climate (-)
However, their participation in
- Lack of water for consumption and livestock
decision making is still weak (-)
(-)
- Their representation at
provincial, regional and national
FINANCIAL CAPITAL
levels is still minimal (-)
- Women are not able to save
(they use their income to meet
HUMAN CAPITAL their families needs). (-)
- Very limited access to formal
- Very low level of education (-) credit on an individual level. (-)
- Low level of school attendance - Womens organisations have
among girls (-) access to formal credit to invest
- Lack of access to formal in their productive activities. (+)
agricultural extension services - Women have access to the
(they participate in training credit granted by development
activities provided by the programmes and organisations,
organisations and development in which women are the main
programmes) (-) beneficiaries. (+)
- Risk of poor health due to large
number of births (-)
- Malnutrition among women (-)
PHYSICAL CAPITAL
- They work on the family farm, but do not have access to land
ownership (although there are rare exceptions). (-)
- Limited access to the tools needed to work the land (or to other
inputs, such as improved seeds or manure). (-)
- Livestock is usually owned by men (with the exception of some
groups in the north). (-)
- Women control and own the farmyard birds. (+)
Women are most dependent on natural capital for their livelihood. In a year of drought,
men have the opportunity to look for a paid job (seasonal work in the cities, road-repair
Cereal The men are responsible The women cultivate The male heads of
cultivation for cultivating cereals cereals, but do not the family make
(production and sale) make any decisions. decisions about
intended to feed the family. As well as working cereals: what to
on the family farm, in plant and when,
some regions what to buy or sell
women work a plot and at what price,
of land assigned to and they control the
them by their income obtained
husband/father. from the sale of
cereals, as well as
They grow the issuing of
vegetables to sell, rations to women
and sometimes also with which to feed
cereals (as is the the family.
case for Mossi
women). The women control
the vegetables that
they grow to sell on
their plots and the
income that they
obtain from selling
them.
Cattle The men are responsible If there are not many The men decide
for buying and selling cattle. animals and they are when to buy or sell
kept in a cow shed, livestock and at
the women are what price. It is the
responsible for men (the husband
rearing them, but or a son) who go to
they do not make a the market to buy
profit from this and sell the
activity. Large, animals. They also
migrating herds are control the income.
the responsibility of
the men. In the case of the
Fulani people,
women can own
cattle and have
control over the
sale of their milk.
Sheep The men are responsible If there are not many The men decide
for buying and selling animals and they are when to buy or sell
sheep. kept in a pen, the livestock and at
women are what price. It is the
responsible for men (the husband
rearing them, but or a son) who go to
they do not make a the market to buy
profit from this and sell the
activity. Large, animals. They also
migrating flocks are control the income.
the responsibility of
the men. In the case of the
Fulani people,
women can own
animals and have
control over the
Farmyard The men do not participate The women are Both men and
birds in this activity. responsible for women control this
taking care of the activity and can
farmyard birds. make decisions.
Processing The men participate little, The women are The women decide
and sale of except in the large-scale responsible for when to sell and at
forest farming and sale of wood in harvesting, what price. They
products regions close to forests. processing and are also in control
(shea, nr, Men do not participate in selling non-timber- of the income.
honey, the harvesting and sale of yielding forest
soumbala, small quantities of wood products.
baobab leaves) and other products.
Horticulture The men do not participate The vegetables are The women are
in this activity very much. grown in plots of responsible for
land assigned by the selling vegetables
men, but the woman on the market and
is responsible for control income from
them. these sales.
Sale of food Generally men do not Women are Women control this
and drinks participate in this activity. responsible for this activity and decide
activity. what to produce
and at what price.
They also control
income from this
activity.
Migration It is the men (the head of The women take The men control
the family and young men) care of the family, this activity; they
who migrate temporarily, home and animals decide where to
during the dry season, to during their look for work and
look for paid work. Young husbands absence. when they will
men migrate to return home.
neighbouring countries
(mainly Cte dIvoire), but
Paid work It is men who look for paid It is practically The men control
work on farms, road-repair impossible for this activity; they
work, day work, etc. women to find a paid decide when and
job in the rural where to look for
sector. work, as well as
how much money
to give to their
family.
Childrens care The men make the The women are It is the woman who
and education decisions about their responsible for is responsible for
childrens education, but the paying school fees the childrens health
day-to-day responsibility for and looking after and education on a
the children falls with sick family members, day-to-day basis,
women. taking them to see but men make the
the doctor and decisions, with
buying their some participation
medicines. from women.
Source: Oxfam
These roles and responsibilities vary slightly between different ethnic groups.47 However,
in the majority of cases in Burkina Faso, the male head of the family is responsible for
growing cereals on the family farm. Once the cereals have been harvested, they sell part
of this harvest, enabling them to have their own funds. This money is used for their
personal expenditure or to finance family parties and celebrations. The rest of the cereals
are stored and used to feed the family.48 It is the husbands role to distribute supplies and
to periodically provide women with rations. The women are responsible for processing
the cereals into flour, making the food and producing sauce or extra ingredients (this
means providing all the food, in addition to the cereals).
Men have a productive role: they are responsible for growing the cereals, as well as
building and maintaining the house, buying and selling livestock and, in some cases,
doing paid work. Women have a reproductive role: they are responsible for providing
food for the entire family, looking after children and sick family members, cooking, looking
for water and wood, harvesting and processing forest products, and working on the family
farm. They also perform some productive tasks, such as selling and marketing products,
feeding livestock and growing crops in an individual or collective plot.
Cereals form the basis of these families diets, which means that the amount of cereals
harvested is sometimes not enough to last until the following harvest. Once the cereal
stocks have been used up, the women are responsible for providing food for the family.
The period between harvests (from the time the cereal stocks from the first harvest run
out to the beginning of the second harvest), between June and August,49 is hard.
i) At individual level
Natural capital
The degradation of natural resources affects womens livelihood. The productive activities
carried out by women depend on these resources, which are being degraded due to
climate change. Women are therefore severely affected by the lack of the means
As a result of climate change, women are seeing their productive role (sales activities)
increase, while still maintaining their reproductive role (they are responsible for providing
food and taking care of the family, etc.). In this context, the distribution of responsibilities
and tasks no more equal, and womens access to and control over capital is not
increased. The result is that women farmers are increasingly vulnerable to climate
change.
Deal with everyday living Deal with the disadvantageous position of women in society,
conditions: water, food, health, and their lack of resources and education
accommodation, income, etc.
Can be met with specific material Can be met by raising awareness about gender issues,
provisions: food, health services, through education and training, political mobilisation, etc.
training, etc.
Can generally be met without Can give women power and transform inter-gender relations
changing roles and relationships
Types of action taken in response Types of action taken in response to womens strategic
to womens practical needs: needs:
- Provision of drinking water - Lightening the burden of housework and childcare
- Improved access to health - Abolition of institutionalised forms of discrimination
services (laws and legal systems that tend to favour men)
- Opportunities to gain income - Provision of reproductive health services that offer
for the family women control over their fertility
- Provision of basic services - Measures against male violence
linked to the home
- Creation of opportunities for collective organisation
- Distribution of food
Source: C. Moser, Gender planning in the Third World: meeting practical and strategic gender
needs55
Justification for the The communities of the province of Zondoma are constantly
good practice exposed to latent crises and disasters (droughts, floods,
etc.). These risks of disaster increase the regions physical,
social, economic and environmental vulnerability. The
practice of vegetable production by the Sougrin Manegd
womens organisation began as a way to reduce risk and
prepare for crises. In this sense, the implementation of the
project enabled an alternative way of adapting to climate
change to be promoted.
Horticulture57 is practised in the village of Kiera Dour by the Sougrin Manegd womens
organisation, which has 25 members (24 women and one man). The total surface area of
their garden measures one hectare; it has two wells and is fenced off. Under the system
that has been set up, each woman has a plot on behalf of the organisation and a plot for
herself. When the harvest is finished, the organisations members hold a general meeting
in order to organise their horticultural activities: a clear calendar is set out (weeding,
installing fence and grille), the plots are divided up and the nurseries are put into action.
The organisations funds are used to buy seeds, and manure is also bought and
converted into compost. The women are organised into four groups to take care of
irrigation in shifts. The organisation has appointed a sales supervisor to the horticulture
committee, who promotes sales of the produce. Part of the produce is sold during the
harvest (particularly onions), while the rest is stored to be sold for three or four times
61
Project name Post-Flood Food Security Support Project (PFFSSP)
Justification for the good The post-flood food security support project was introduced following
practice the floods of 2007 that destroyed the provinces habitat and livestock.
Support for village poultry farming began with a view to reducing
disaster risk, replenishing stocks and preparing for crises. The
introduction of the project enabled an alternative way of adapting to
climate change to be promoted.
Number of participants 21 villages within the municipalities of Bassi and Tougo; 2,100 families
(women/men) divided between 30 organisations, of which 17 are all-women groups.
Since the droughts of the 1970s, short-cycle animals, specifically farmyard birds, have
occupied an important place in Burkina Fasos animal production development strategy.
These birds play several significant roles on farms as both circulating capital and a
means of access to farming equipment among small farmers.
Since 2008, the villages of Wtigu and Plla in the municipality of Bassi have received
support from the PFFSSP to develop village poultry farming, generating income for a
number of women. Short-cycle animals are easier for women who lost everything after
the 2007 floods to access. The project offers several opportunities to improve village
poultry farming: improved habitat, health coverage, marketing mainly through training,
organisation, etc.
In the poultry farming that is traditionally practised, the habitat is the main problem,
because it is cramped, poorly aired and not large enough in height, which makes it
difficult to clean. The dietary supplement given to the birds essentially consists of termites
and cereals. However, it is not guaranteed that these foods will be available in sufficient
quantities. Moreover, the cost and limited quantities of the ingredients that make up the
foods (abattoir waste, fish flour, minerals, etc.), as well as the supply restrictions, limit
their use in villages. In the case of Witigu and Plla, the rural inhabitants are never able
to keep the birds in coops (this applies in particularly to women, who are not entitled to
build them), and the birds are usually left to roam free due to a lack of basic facilities.
In each of the villages mentioned, the first year saw 50 people benefit from the first
course of training on improved village poultry farming. The training covers topics such as
building coops, buying birds, feeding them and taking care of their health. When the
Justification for the good practice A mini-farm is a system that integrates the use of technology to
boost adaptation to climate change and improve yields from
agro-pastoral production, with the implementation of income-
generating activities that enable women to have resources that
allow them to participate more in the project activities and
ensure the sustainability of these activities when the project
comes to an end. It mainly involves a cattle credit facility, which
provides an alternative way of reducing households
vulnerability to the effects of climate change that put harvests
at risk.
Number of participants The Fiimba association has 8,000 members, of whom 7,752
(women/men) are women, and 190 member groups. All members benefit
from the entire range of activities carried out as part of the
project, except for the credit facility, which is available to 50
chosen organisations, each with 10 recipients.
The mini-farm is an initiative that is carried out within the framework of the project
designed to provide support to agro-pastoral activities and to fight poverty and food
insecurity in the province of Gnagna.
The project is made up of three components:
The equipping component, which includes help with the construction of zai pits, stone
walls and half moons, support in terms of improved seeds and soil fertilisation, and
support in building and stabilising manure pits for the production of organic fertiliser.
The micro-credit component, which consists of a loan of 175,000 FCFA to each
woman for cattle-related activities (buying calves, fattening them up and selling them
after six months).
The contract reforestation component, which is aimed at anyone who voluntarily
undertakes to reforest land and maintain the reforested land for two years. After two
years, a sum of money is awarded based on an assessment of the survival rate.
The term mini-farm refers to a family farm where agricultural activities are carried out
using various techniques (zai pits, half moons, stone walls, manure pits) and farming and
livestock activities are integrated so that the cycle is not interrupted.
The support provided for the project consists of advice, technical monitoring, training, the
provision of water- and soil-conservation equipment and water-transportation equipment
kits (water trolleys, shovels, wheelbarrows, picks, etc.), transportation of stones, cattle
credit, and the stabilisation of manure pits with cement.
At institutional level
Involve rural communities, especially women, in the planning and carrying out of
climate change adaptation initiatives in development and adaptation plans and
policies.
Develop awareness and information campaigns about climate change and its effects,
aimed at inhabitants of rural areas.
Promote awareness raising and training among those involved in rural development
(at national, regional and local levels) with regard to the specific impact that climate
change has on women.
Involve rural communities, and women in particular, in the sustainable management
of resources such as water and forests.
Promote adapted farming systems, the use of water- and soil-conservation
techniques, reforestation and sustainable resource management.
Improve womens access to land ownership; develop awareness raising programmes
on the matter within communities and among those involved in development at local,
regional and national levels. Promote the amendment of laws to grant women the
right to ownership.
Promote womens access to agricultural-extension services and training on farming
adaptation techniques. Improve womens access to credit and the inputs needed to
increase agricultural yield.
Promote access for both men and women farmers to information about the climate,
including weather forecasts, so that they can decide on the best time to plant seeds.
Promote suitable frameworks and tools for analysing interactions between climate
change and development, with a view to consistently incorporating climate change
into planning at national, regional and local levels.
Support a long-term assessment of the NAPA and the rewriting of a programmatic,
fairer and gender-sensitive NAPA.
At organisational level
Work on identifying and eliminating factors that limit womens capacity to adapt. Give
women training so that they can develop their adaptation skills, and promote
medium- and long-term strategic changes in order to achieve greater gender equality.
Promote participation by women in the planning and carrying out of adaptation
measures so that their needs and priorities are taken into account.
With regard to adaptation, work on adaptation measures with a view to responding to
known risks (heavy and irregular rain and extreme events) and information on
weather conditions (rainfall measurement) so that people can be better prepared.
Promote womens access to adaptation techniques: water- and soil-conservation
techniques, use of improved seeds, diversification of crops, composting and
horticulture.
Strengthen womens organisations in rural communities and support their
participation in the planning and carrying out of adaptation measures so that their
needs and priorities are taken into account. Promote active participation in
community decision making.
Develop credit and storage systems to support families during the period in between
harvests so that they do not have to sell their capital to buy food when market prices
are higher.
Gender analysis
On the other hand, the sustainable livelihoods approach was also combined with gender
analysis when collecting and processing data, since the aim of this study is to analyse the
impact of climate change on women in Burkina Fasos agricultural sector. Livelihoods are
not the same for men and women, and their roles and responsibilities differ from one
case to the next. Each family divides up the various roles and establishes power relations
that affect men and women in different ways. Women have access to different types of
capital to men. Their needs and priorities are not the same, which means that their
vulnerability to external shocks and the effects of these shocks are also different.
Which activities are men responsible for? And - Reproductive roles (domestic chores,
women? When are these activities carried out childrens education, caring for elderly and sick
(all year round, seasonal, at specific times)? people, feeding the family)
Where are they carried out?
- Community activities (participation and
decision making in the community)
Capital
What types of capital do men and women Human, physical, natural, social and financial
have access to (ownership rights)? capital.
Which decisions are controlled by men and - Decision making in the family (about family
by women in the home? In the community? expenditure, the childrens education and
Which decisions do men participate in? And future, etc.)
women?
- Decision making in the community
1.Vulnerability
Analysisoftheexternalfactorsaffectingthelifeofcommunitiesthat
dependonagricultureinBurkinaFaso:populationgrowth,degradationof
soilandothernaturalresources,watershortage,climatechange,etc.
Capital
Accesstoandcontrolovercapital.
Socialcapital:participationinassociations;participationin
2.Gender decisionmakingwithinthecommunity
analysis Naturalcapital:energy,water,forests
Physicalcapital:landownership,housing,transportation
infrastructure
Rolesand Humancapital:education,health,knowledgeandability
power neededtowork,etc.
relations
4.Impactof
between Rolesandresponsibilities climatechange
menand
Divisionofhouseholdchores:whodoeswhat? onwomen
womenin
ruralfamilies Whoisresponsibleforwhat?
Productiveroles
Reproductiveroles
Powerrelationsanddecisionmaking
Whodecidesonwhat?
Decisionmakinginthefamilyhome
Decisionmakinginthecommunity
3.Institutionalcontext
Thepoliciesandprogrammesimplementedonadaptingagriculturetoclimatechangearenot
genderoriented,andtheyoftenendupperpetuatingorevenexacerbatingtheexisting
inequalitiesbetweenmenandwomen.
Theseprogrammesandpoliciesareoneofthefactorsthatinfluencetheimpactofclimate
change on women.
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46 Climate Change and Women Farmers in Burkina Faso
Oxfam Research Report, July 2011