University of Massachusetts - Amherst

ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst
Masters Theses May 2014 - current Dissertations and Theses

2014

Architecture for Science: Space as an Incubator to

Nurture Research
Maryam Mohammad Shafiee
maryam.shafiee60@gmail.com

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2

Part of the Architectural Engineering Commons, Architectural Technology Commons,
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Recommended Citation
Mohammad Shafiee, Maryam, "Architecture for Science: Space as an Incubator to Nurture Research" (2014). Masters Theses May 2014
- current. 33.
http://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/33

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ARCHITECTUREFORSCIENCE:
SPACEASANINCUBATORTONURTURERESEARCH









AThesisPresented

by

MARYAMMOHAMMADSHAFIEE










SubmittedtotheGraduateSchoolofthe
UniversityofMassachusettsAmherstinpartialfulfillment
oftherequirementsforthedegreeof

MASTEROFARCHITECTURE

May2014

Architecture+DesignProgram













































CopyrightbyMaryamM.Shafiee2014

AllRightsReserved


ARCHITECTUREFORSCIENCE:
SPACEASANINCUBATORTONURTURERESEARCH







AThesisPresented

by

MARYAMMOHAMMADSHAFIEE





Approvedastostyleandcontentby:
__________________________________________
KathleenLugosch,Chair

__________________________________________
AjlaAksamija,Member

__________________________________________
PamelaRooney,Member

______________________________________
KathleenLugosch
GraduateProgramDirector
Architecture+DesignProgram
DepartmentofArt,Architecture,
andArtHistory


______________________________________
WilliamT.Oedel
Chair,DepartmentofArt,Architecture,
andArtHistory

DEDICATION

ToEmad,

Icouldnotmakeithappenwithoutyou.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Iamdeeplygratefulforhavingamazingadvisors,ProfessorKathleenLugosch,

ProfessorAjlaAksamija,andPamelaRooneywhohavealwaysbeenpatientlymy

endlesssourceofinformationandencouragement.ThankstoThomasHufand

JefferyDalzell,myadvisorsinUMassCampusPlanningwhoinspiredmewith

suchincrediblesupport.ThankstoBetsyBluntwhotaughtmeanewwayof

thinking.

Finally,thankstoallmyfriendswhohavealwaysbeenthereforme.

iv



ABSTRACT

ARCHITECTUREFORSCIENCE:SPACEASANINCUBATORTONURTURERESEARCH
MAY2014

MARYAMMOHAMMADSHAFIEE,B.A.,TEHRANSHAHIDRAJAEEUNIVERSITY
M.ARCH.UNIVERSITYOFMASSACHUSETTSAMHERST
Directedby:AjlaAksamija

Thisthesiswillstudyhowscientificresearchenvironmentsshouldbedesigned,

specificallyaddressingtheissuesbeyondmereneedsofresearchscientists.

Assumingthatthepurposeofresearchistocreatenewknowledgeandfoster

discoveries,aswellaspositivelyinfluencethecommunityinitsprocessesand

results,thisthesiswillexplorethepotentialoftheinfluenceofthisbuilding

typologythathasnotbeenpreviouslyconsideredenough.Theobjectivesofthe

thesisareononehand,thechangesinsciencedisciplinesandtheirreflectionsin

theevolutionamongthisbuildingtype,ontheotherhand,theimpactsof

researchenvironmentonscientificevolution.Thequestionis,beyondsupport,

canarchitecturepromoteandnurturescienceandenlightenscientiststowarda

newunderstandingofscientificactivities?Basedonthisresearch,itisassumed

thatgoodsciencehappensinspacesthataretransparentanddynamically

communicative.Themethodologies,whichwillbeusedtoaddressthese

objectives,includeliteraturereview,explorationofcasestudies,surveysand

interviewswithscientistsabouttheiruseofthelaboratorybuildings,andthe

designofaprototypebuildingforscientificresearch.

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.....................................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................v

LISTOFFIGURES.............................................................................................................................viii

1INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1

A.TheArgument..................................................................................................................1
B.Goals,Objectives,andMethodologies............................................................................2
C.HowdoesSciencework?.................................................................................................4
1.StructureofRevolutioninScience...................................................................4
2.HowdidArchitectureRespondtotheScientificRevolution?..........................6
3.Identity ..........................................................................................................18
4.FlexibilityandChange....................................................................................19

D.Problemstobeaddressed.............................................................................................20
1.Human ..........................................................................................................20
2.Building..........................................................................................................20
3.Site............................................................................................................21
4.Science,Industry,Society...............................................................................21

2PRECEDENTSTUDYANDLITERATUREREVIEW...........................................................................23

A.Precedents.....................................................................................................................23
1.StataCenter....................................................................................................23
2.PerimeterInstitute..........................................................................................25
3.BrainandCognitiveSciencesComplex...........................................................27
4.SalkInstitute...................................................................................................28
5.RayandDagmarMedicineBuilding................................................................30
6.CollaborativeResearchCenter........................................................................32

B.LiteratureReview..........................................................................................................34
1.MichaelJ.Crosbie...........................................................................................34
2.ThomasS.,Kuhn/DavidWang.........................................................................36
3.PaulGoldberger..............................................................................................38
4.Hannaway,Owen...........................................................................................39
5.De,BottonAlain..............................................................................................40

C.DesignPrinciples............................................................................................................41
Howcanarchitecturepromotescience............................................................41

vi



3SURVEY.......................................................................................................................................44

Thequestionnairedesignandanalysis..............................................................44

4DESIGN.......................................................................................................................................50

A.UMassCampusHistory/Guidelines...............................................................................50
B.Location.........................................................................................................................52
C.Program.........................................................................................................................56
D.BuildingSystems............................................................................................................62
E.Formsandmaterials......................................................................................................64

BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................................66

vii



LISTOFFIGURES

Figure Page

1Science,Research,Knowledge.....................................................................................................5
2ScienceHistory............................................................................................................................7
3Knowledge...................................................................................................................................7
4WestExperimentStation............................................................................................................9
5WestExp.StationFloorPlan.....................................................................................................10
6FlintLaboratory.........................................................................................................................11
7FlintLabFloorPlan....................................................................................................................12
8PaigeLaboratory.......................................................................................................................13
9PaigeLaboratoryFloorPlan......................................................................................................13
10IsolatedLab/MultidisciplinaryLab..........................................................................................15
11LifeScienceLaboratories.........................................................................................................16
12LifeScienceLaboratoriesFloorPlan.........................................................................................17
13StataCenter.............................................................................................................................23
14TheoreticalPhysics..................................................................................................................25
15BridgeovertheRailWay.........................................................................................................27
16SalkInstitute............................................................................................................................28
17SteppedRibbon.......................................................................................................................31
18Collaborativelink.....................................................................................................................32
19ScienceoverTime...................................................................................................................42
20TheCollaborativeResearch.....................................................................................................43
21SuperComputers.....................................................................................................................43
22Timespentinlab......................................................................................................................45
23SpatialQuality.........................................................................................................................46
24Open/Closelaboratory............................................................................................................47
25OnCampusLabsPopularity.....................................................................................................48
26Landuse/Overview..................................................................................................................53
27Focalnodes..............................................................................................................................54
28Windfrequency/BestOrientation...........................................................................................55
29Profile......................................................................................................................................56
30ProgramDiagram....................................................................................................................57
31Renovationphase....................................................................................................................58
32FirstFloorPlan.........................................................................................................................58
33Workroom...............................................................................................................................59
34Lounge.....................................................................................................................................59
35PedestrianBridge....................................................................................................................60
36Freshcookiesat3:00pm.........................................................................................................61
37CollaborativeLink....................................................................................................................61
38Alternativelayouts..................................................................................................................62
39FlexibleBuildingSystems........................................................................................................63
40ComputerLabFloorDetail......................................................................................................63
41EastElevation..........................................................................................................................64
42ETFEDetail...............................................................................................................................65

viii



CHAPTER2

INTRODUCTION

A. TheArgument

AccordingtoSuzanneStephens1,thelabbuildingisnotthemostpropitious

placetolookforarchitecturethattransportsusbeyondthemundane.The

demandsoftheprogramforvarioustypesofresearchtoooftenmakethe

manipulationofspace,volume,andlightseembesidethepoint.Then,too,

clientsoftenconsidertheinspiringpotentialofarchitecturetheeasiestvalue

tobe"valueengineered"outoftheequationwhenbudgetsaresqueezed.

Thehistoryofsciencebuildingsclearlyshowsthattheroleofarchitecture

usuallyhasbeensupportingandrespondingtotheactivitiesthattakeplace

inasciencebuilding.Asuccessfulprojectisassumedtobetheonewhich

couldbestmeetthespecifiedprogrammaticdemandsofthehabitants.

Besidesthefactthatfunctionrulesindesigningasciencebuilding,sincethe

mostimportantcomponentsofthespacearelaboratoriesandmechanical

systeminaccordancetothem,buildingcodesandinfiniteregulationsare

anotherissuetoconfinethedesign.

Additionally,controversialresearchsubjectsdemandcertaintypesof

securityandsafetyandshouldnotbeconstructedinparticularareas.

1
Stephens,Suzanne."Architecture'srole."ArchitecturalRecord195,no.12(December2007):121.
AcademicSearchPremier,EBSCOhost(accessedOctober23,2013)

Thequestionis,consideringtheverydemandinglimitationsoftheprogram,

budget,regulationsandcodes,isthereanyroomformomentsof

inspirationalarchitectureindesigninglaboratoriesforthefuture?Can

architectsdoanythingbeyondprogram,structure,budget,andregulationin

thesciencebuildingofthefuture?Canarchitectsincorporatearchitectural

poetryintothis"functiondirected"buildingtypology?

Thisthesisinvestigatesthesciencebuildingtypologyoverhistoryandthe

waysitsarchitecturehasevolvedalongwiththechangesinscienceand

researchmethodologies.Sciencehasdevelopedfromhuman'sdesireto

answerquestionsabouttheworldaroundthem,whichcanaffectsociety

directlyand/orindirectly.Therefore,thisthesisexploresthepotentialsofthis

buildingtypologyforinfluencingthefutureofscientificinvestigationsand

theimportanceoftherolethatarchitectsareplaying.

B. Goals,Objectives,andMethodologies

Thisthesisistargetingthreemaingoals:

Amplifyingexistingknowledge

Identifyingthemeaningthatisattachedtothisbuildingtypeandpresentit

asacollectivevalue,alongwithintroducingsocialactivitiestothebuilding

program.

Integrateconstructivecommunicationsbetweenscientistsandvisitors.

Generatingnewresearchdisciplinesintothebuildingprogram

Incorporatingavarietyofdisciplineswithinthesamespacewillresultin

crosspollinatingbetweenthem.Buildingprogramamplifiesthisprocessby

providingsharedlearning,testing,andsupportspaces.

Catalyzingthetranslationofresearchintopractice.

Conferenceroomsarelocatednexttotransparentworkroomsandamong

officeclustersalongwithregularmeetingsbetweenproducers,researches,

andcommunityrepresentativesinordertoupdateeachotherabout

resources,needs,anddemands.Acceleratetheprocessoftranslating

researchintopracticalapplicationbyjuxtapositioningtestlabsandworking

roomswithcommonspacesandconferencerooms.

Thedesignmethodologies,whichaddressthegoalslistedabove,include:

Developingpermeabilityandconnectionbetweeninsideandoutside

alongwithaccentuatedentrancestoaninviting,openprovocativespacethat

maximizescommunication.Buildingpositionprovidesphysicalconnection

betweenallconstituencies.

Introducingdisciplinessuchasart,humanity,andsociologyratherthan

isolatingscienceinordertoraisethesenseofconsciousnessaswellas

creatingapleasant,friendlyatmosphere.

Providespaceforformalmeetingsbetweenresearchersandindustryin

ordertoupdateeachotheraboutthelatestdiscoveries,needs,and

demands.

Providespaceforinformalgatheringamongresearchersforaconsistent

flowoffeedbackandrevisions;alsoamongcommunityandresearchersto

encourageandmotivatenextgenerationofscientists.

Encouragecasualconversationalopportunitiesinopenandpleasant

spaces.

Identifytheoccupantsbyclarifyingthattheirreasonforbeinginthis

complexisthattheyarewillingtoshareandlearnbeyondtheirdisciplinary

boundaries.Thisidentitydistinguishesthemwithoutisolatingorseparating

themfromcommunity.

Provokethesharingofknowledgebysharingfacilities,equipment,

resources,andspace.

Investigatetheenduserneedsbeforedesignstartsandreflecttheir

thoughtsandconcernsintodesign.

C. HowdoesSciencework?

1. StructureofRevolutioninScience

Scienceisacircleofcontinuoussystematicinquirythatleadstoacquiring

knowledge.Thatsystematicstudyisbasedonpastattainments,whichsupply

abaseforfuturediscoveries.

Inresearchprocess,scientistsuseexperimentalmethodstoinvestigatea

hypothesis,whichcanleadtoanticipatedandunanticipateddiscoveries

withinandbeyondtheirdisciplinedomain.

Figure1issadiagramthatsimplyshowshowscientificressearchworkks.

Figure1Scienc
F ce,Research,KKnowledge

Bythisde
efinition,the
emostimportantaimof
fscienceisto
ousehypoth
hesis

basedonexistingfacttsandtheorriestoexpanndknowledggeand,impo
ortantly,

toopenn h.ThomasSaamuelKuhninhisbook,The
newavenuessofresearch

StructureofScientificcRevolutionss,callsthisfrrameworkth
heParadigm
m.Hesays

thatnewnovelties,w
whichareine
evitablyprodducedbyacttivitiesunder

particularrsetofruless,willleadto
ochangetheesamerulessandeventu
uallythe

changeoffparadigm.

".researchunde
eraparadigm
mmustbeap articulareffeectivewayofinducing
paraadigmchange
e.aftertheyhavebecomeepartsofscieence,theenterprise,at
leasttofthosespe
ecialistsinwh
hoseparticulaarfieldtheno
oveltieslie,isnever
ethesameaggain."2
quite

2
Kuhn,Thomas
K S."Anomalyan ndtheEmerge enceofScientifficDiscoveries"inTheStructtureof
SccientificRevolu .
utions.2nded..Chicago:UnivversityofChicaago,1970,pp

2. HowdidArchitectureRespondtotheScientificRevolution?

Scientificstudygoeswaybackinhumanhistory,butassigningaparticular

spacethatindicatestheexperimentalandmanipulativemodeofsciencehas

takenplaceinmodern,scientificsocietyof19thand20thcenturies.These

spaces,laboratories,whicharespecificallydesignedforscientific

investigationandtheirinvention,areresultsofandemphasizeashiftinthe

meaningofscienceitself.

OwenHannawayreferstothisshiftandsaysthatsincethen,scienceno

longerwassimplyakindofknowledge;itincreasinglybecameaformof

activity3.Accordingtohim,settingasideaplacespecificallyforsuchactivity

andbearinganewnameforitservestomeasuretheforceofthatshift.

Studyingthestructureofparadigmsoverthehistoryhelpstounderstand

howscienceandresearchdisciplinesalongwitharchitectureforsciencehave

changedovertime.

Kuhnsaysthatscientificcommunitiesareinevitablypracticingbasedon

receivedbeliefsfromfoundationofeducationalinstitutions.

Paradigmsareinfacttheseprettymuchfixedbeliefs,whicharealways

subjecttochangebecauseinthescientificactivitieswithinthemtherewillbe

noveltiesanddiscoveriesthatcouldleadtotheshiftinparadigm,Figure2.

3
LaboratoryDesignandtheAimofScience:AndreasLibaviusversusTychoBraheOwenHannawayIsis,Vol.
77,No.4(Dec.,1986),pp.584610

Figure2
2ScienceHisttory

Thesesim
mplifieddiagramsinFigu
ure3showd ifferentmod
desofresearch

activities,clearlyreprresentthesp
pacesinwhi chtheseacttivitieshavetaken

place.
Ancie
ent

M odern
Now
w

e3Knowledgge
Figure

Whenthe weredesignedinlate15tthandearly16thcenturries,the
efirstlabsw

notionofscientificacctivitieswastoprocessittratherthan
noperateit..In18th

and19thcenturies,astherealmofknowledggegrew,bassicsciencessstartedto

takeshapemostlybecausethecontentofknowledgewastoovastforone

persontotakeanddivaricatingitintobasicbranchesestablisheddisciplines

inwhichscientistswerespecificallyresearchingandexperimentingon

specializedsubjects.

"OnlyafreeindividualcanmakeadiscoveryCanyouimaginean

organizationofscientistsmakingthediscoveriesofCharlesDarwin?"

AlbertEinstein

Accordingly,isolatedlaboratorybuildingsweredesignedandconstructedin

favorofthismethodofresearch.Thereareseveralexamplesthatclearly

showthedisciplinaryseparationofmodernscientists.

Buildingswerecategorizedonadepartmentbasissuchasphysics,chemistry,

astronomy,etc.andevenwithinthosebuildings,spaceswerecompletely

arrangedbasedonhierarchyofseniortojuniorresearchers,eachwithits

small,inflexibleisolatedlabnexttoit.

SomeexamplesofdisciplinarylaboratorybuildingsnowexistonUniversityof

MassachusettsAmherstcampus,mostofwhichhavebeenrepurposedfor

otherkindsofuses,suchasWestExperimentStationshowedinFigure4.This

buildingisgoingtoberenovatedandconvertedintoanofficebuilding.

Themostimportantproblematicissueinsuchbuildingsistheirresistanceto

change;itwouldbeunreasonablyexpensiveanddifficult.Therefore,theonly

waywouldbeusingthespaceforafunctionotherthanlaboratory.

WestExpeerimentStatio
on,SoilTestin
ngLab
Constructeed:18861887
Architects:EmoryA.Ellsworth,Holyoke,Mass

Figure4West
F tExperimentSttation(retrieve
edfromhttp:///bilbreya.word 009/12/12)
dpress.com/20

ThefederalH
HatchActof1887allocattedthe$15, 000necessaarytobuildttheWest

ExxperimentSStation.WesttExperimen woexperiment
ntwasthefirrstofthetw

sttationsoncaampus(alon
ngwithEastExperiment,,constructed
din188918
890).

Figure5WesstExp.Station FloorPlan

Thebuildingresemble
esaQueenA
Annestylehhouse,andittiscurrentlyyserving

osethatitwasdesignedfor(chemiccal,fertilizer,,andplantaandsoil
thepurpo

studies).

AsapartofUMassNe
ewPhysicalScienceBuilldingprojectt,thebuildin
ngwillbe

moved,co
ompletelyre ndrepurpossedasanoffficeBuilding4.
enovated,an

4
Norton,PaulF.,A
N Amherst:AGuiddetoItsArchiteccture(Amherst, 1975),
Th
hreeArchitecturralTours:Selecte
edBuildingsonttheCampusofttheUniversityoffMassachusettssAmherst
(A
Amherst,2000),TheUniversityAArchives(RG36//101)

10



FlintLaborratory,DairyBuilding,DairryLaboratoryy
Constructeed:1912
Architects:JamesH.Rittchie

Figure6FlintLaborato
ory(retrievedffromhttp://stwiki.umasstraansit.org/Flint__Lab)

11



Figure7 FlintLabFlooorPlan

Atthetim
meofitscom
mpletion,the
elaboratorywasconsideeredtobe"o
oneof

thebeste
equippeddairybuildingssintheUnit edStates"aandwasdesccribedas

"amodelforthewho
olecountry"inoneeditioonoftheWo
orksProgresss

AdministrrationguidebooktoMasssachusetts5.Todaythebuildinghassbeen

almosten
ntirelyconve
ertedtoano
officespace.Theformerr"dairybar"hasbeen

repurpose
edasarestaaurantknow
wnasFletcheer'sCaf,wh
hichisrunbyy

studentso
ofthehospitalityprograam.

5
TheMassachuse
T ttsHistoricalCommission,UMassAmherstBuilddingSurveyrepoorts(2009).

Anewspaperarticcleontheconstructionofthebu
uildingintheMeeridenMorningRecordAugustt21st,1911

12



PaigeLabo
oratory
Constructeed:1950
Architects:LouisWarre
enRoss

Figu
ure8PaigeLaaboratory(phootobyauthor)

Figure9 PaigeLaboraatoryFloorPlan
n

13



Thebuildingisapartofthenortheasternquadrantofthecampus,anditwas

devotedtothedepartmentsofengineeringandthephysicalsciences.Itwas

builtfollowingtheearly20thcenturyconstructionofStockbridgeHall.

Rightnow,thebuildingisunderexcessiverenovationprocessandlabspaces

areunderCapitalAssetBoardtobeassignedtonewfunctions6.

Assciencedeveloped,researchersstartedtorealizetheconnectionbetween

deeporiginalaspectsofdifferentdisciplines.EvenwhenEinsteinwas

searchingformathematicalapproachtogeneralrelativity,hecollaborated

withMarcelGrossmann,themathematicianwhotoldhimwhatwasthe

appropriategeometricaltooltomakeprogresstowardthegeneraltheory.

Inthisregard,inlate20thuntilnow,multidisciplinarylabbuildingshave

beenconstructedtoprovidecollaborativespaces.Unlikearchaic

arrangementsinresearchenvironmentsbasedondiscretedesigntoisolate

seniorandjuniorresearchersintheirsmalllabs,newtrendof

interdisciplinarityistoencourageinteractionamongscientistsandtheir

researchteams.

Theideaistotriggeracontributionoftwoormoreacademicdisciplinesthat

couldbenefitallparties.Figure10showsthedifferencebetweensingle

disciplinarylabandamultidisciplinarylab.

6
TheMassachusettsHistoricalCommission,UMassAmherstBuildingSurveyreports(2009)

14



Figure10
0IsolatedLab/MultidisciplinnaryLab

Theobjecctivewouldb
betoinvolve
emembersoofdifferentschoolsofth
houghtin

onemove
ementtopursuitacollecctivegoal,b yeliminatingboundariees

betweenstudents,te
eachers,andresearcheswithinaparrticulardisciplineas

wellasan CrossPollinaate"7withthhoseofotherrdisciplines.
neffortto"C

Presumingthatapositiveinfluenceonthesoocietyistheactualobjecctiveof

scientificresearch,th
hisgoalwilln
notbeplaus ibleiftheprroducedkno
owledge

doesnotgobeyondtthebodyofsscienceandtranslateinttopractical

ons.Translattionalresearrchistoexam
applicatio minethelasstfindingsinresearch

bya"fasttrack"testiinpracticeaandtakeadvvantageoffeeedbackloop
p.

7
Galison,Peter,a
G ndEmilyAnn.Th
hompson."TheDesignProcessffortheHumanW
Workplace"inTh
he
ArrchitectureofSccience.Cambridgge,MA:MIT,1999.

15



Constructtivecommun
nicationamo
ongscientisttsandcomm
mercializatio
onentities

willmake
ethemaware
eofeachother'sfindinggsandneedss,andhelptthis

translatio
onhappen.

Therecen
ntLifeSciencceLaboratorryatUMassAmherstcampus,desiggnedby

WilsonArrchitectsand
dcompleted
din2013,isaagoodexam
mpleofthisttypology.

Figure11LifeSScienceLaboraatories(Image courtesyofWilsonArchitectts)

16



Figure12LifeScie
enceLaboratorriesFloorPlan

OneofthemainideasintheLifeScienceLab oratoriesistocreatelarrge,

flexiblean espacesthaatcaneasilyaccommodaategrowthaand
ndadaptable

change.H
However,cre
eatinglargespacesdoessnotnecessaarilyguarantteethe

adoptabilityofspacefordifferentkindsofusses.Thisisdiscussedinm
more

detailinlaatersections.

Bylookinggatlab/sciencebuildinggsoverhistoory,itisobviousthatarcchitects

havealwaayshadtosu
upportscien
ntists'needsandsatisfyttheirdeman
nds.

Architectsshavealwayyshadtosollvethepuzz leofneedsaanduseswitthintheir

design.

17



MichaelJ.CrosbieinArchitectureforScience8discussesthereasonwhylately

worldrenownedarchitectshavereceivedmajorcommissionstodesign

sciencebuildingseveniftheyarenotexperienceinthisfield.Whywouldan

ownerselectasignaturearchitectwhoisnotfamiliarwiththisbuildingtype

todesignaveryexpensivefacility?Hecontinueswitharguingthatthereason

couldbethattheownerisinterestedinabuildingthathasadistinctidentity,

oritmaybetherequirementofadonorortheownermaybesearchingfora

newprototypetoaccommodateanewscience.

Crosbieisright.Thereareexamplesthatarenoteasytobeexplained

consideringtheusualapproachtowardarchitectureforscience.Caseslike

theseshowthatanewtrendindesigningsciencecomplexeshasbeen

startedthatunderstandtheroleofarchitectsasmorethanmerepuzzle

solvers.Developmentofarchitecturalspacesthatcanactuallyaffectthe

usersandtheworktheydowithinthespaceastheresult.

Beforestudyingthementionedcases,fewdefinitionsneedtobeclarified.

3. Identity

AccordingtoOxfordEnglishDictionary,identitycouldbedefinedasthe

"absenceofdistinctionbetweenpeopleofdifferentethnicgroups."Atthe

sametime,itisthepresenceofsamenessamongindividualexistences.Either

way,thesedefinitionsarepointingatthevaluesthatcanbringagroupof

8
Crosbie,MichaelJ.ArchitectureforScience.Mulgrave,Vic.,Australia:ImagesPub.Group,2004.

18



peopletogetherbythedefaultmeaningsattachedtothemorattributedby

others.

Consideringthatpartsofthesequalitiescanbesubjectedtochange

dependingontime,situationandculture,alsopartsofthemareconstant,

understandingtheidentityofaproject'sendusersplaysaroleofimportance

intriggeringtheirsocialinteraction.In"ThearchitectureofScience"Thomas

Gierynsays,"strategicdecorationofphysicalenvironmentiscrucialfor

identityformation"9.

4. FlexibilityandChange

"Itisnotthestrongestofthespeciesthatsurvives,northemost
intelligentthatsurvives.Itistheonethatisthemostadaptableto
change."
CharlesDarwin

Asfor"DiscoveryExperimentKnowledge"loop,onecansaythenatureof

scienceistochange.

Itisimportanttodefine"change"insciencesincethebasiccomponentsof

researchactivitiesremainprettymuchthesameandmostlygadgetsare

subjectedtochange.Inotherwords,aswegetclosertothesurfacethe

changeintervalsgetshorter.

Relatively,aresponsivedesignhastoaddressdifferentlayersinvarious

ways.Inordertofacilitatethechangingnatureofscientificactivities,design

9
Galison,Peter,andEmilyAnn.Thompson."TwoFacesonScience:BuildingidentitiesforMolecularBiology
andBiotechnology"inTheArchitectureofScience.Cambridge,MA:MIT,1999.

19



shouldbecapableofbeingeasilyguided,modified,andadaptedtodiverse

purposes.

D. Problemstobeaddressed

Inthissection,problematicissuesaroundresearchwillbediscussedin

differentscales.

1. Human

Becauseoftheisolateddesignoflaboratoriesandofficesinsciencebuildings,

researchershavebecomeseparatedfromcommunity.Assumingthatthis

seclusionhasturnedscienceintoapersonalgainandresearchintoajob,in

thisprojectsharingandcommunicationwillbeencouragedthroughdesign.

Researchisgoingtobeconsideredasalifestyleandscienceapublicinterest.

Officesandlaboratoriesarethespacesthatresearchersutilizeextensively.

Therefore,inthisprojecttheirpreferenceswillbeconsideredtobring

happinessandcomfortintotheirworkplaceasmuchaspossible.

2. Building

Sciencefacilitiesareamongthemostenergyconsumingbuildingsbecauseof

theirequipment.Safetyconcernshaveledtocomplicatedbuildingsystems

aswellasinconvertiblespecializedspacesthatareconsiderablyexpensiveto

renovateorrepurpose.

Thisprojectwillinvestigatenewmethodsandtechnologiesinordertocreate

open,transparentspaceswithoutputtingusersandvisitors'safetyatrisk.

20



Structural,infrastructural,andMEPsystemswillbedesignedascompatible

aspossiblewithfuturepossibleexpansionsandrenovations.

3. Site

Tobetterrepresentthiscomplexasasymbolofcampus'sciencecommunity,

thisbuildingwillrespondtoitscontextbydesignedlandscapecorridors

towardandadjacenttothebuildingandvisibleentrancesinalldirections.

Insteadofasolidstructurethatdividesthesiteintoportions,thisbuilding

willactasagatewaythatformsaconnectionbetweenthesciencecoreand

studentlife,whichismissingrightnow.

Inadditiontolandscapedesign,projectwilladdressexistingaccessibility

problems.Thebuildingformandskinwillsuitandtocampusheritage.

Theprojectsiteisnexttoanoldexistinglaboratorybuildingwhichhas

numerousproblems.Itisnotuptocode,inpoorgeneralcondition,andlacks

efficientMEPsystems.Bypairinganewstructurewiththisexistingbuilding,

existingbuilding'smostnecessaryneedswillbemet.Inaddition,partsofthe

newbuilding'sprogrammaticspaceswillmovetotheexistingbuilding.

4. Science,Industry,Society

Asmentionedbefore,traditionallydesignedseparatedlaboratorieshave

limitedthecollaborativeinterdepartmentalconversations.Onlyrecent

interdisciplinaryopenlaboratorieshavemadeitpossibleforscientistsfrom

differentfieldstointegrate,butstillthereisboundarybetweenlaboratory

21



workstationsandindustryunderlinesthetranslationalgapbetweenresearch

andpracticalapplication.

Tousearchitecturetocreateopportunitiesforcollaborationbetween

academiaandindustrywillhelpresearcherstotesttheirexperimental

productsinafasttrackprocessinconnectwithindustry.

22



CHAPTER2
C

PRECED
DENTSTUDY
YANDLITERA
ATUREREVIIEW

A. Preced
dents

Twotypesofprecede
entprojectsaregoingtoobeanalyzed
dinthischapter.

Firstthree
eexamplesaarethosethatplacearc hitectureinapositiontoenable

scienceto herintotheunknown10.TThenextthrreearethosethat
oreachfurth

haveprossperedinthiiseffort.Furrthermore,t heirdrawbaacksand

achievem
mentswillbeconsidered..

on,andIntelligencesciences;A
1. StattaCenterforrComputer,,Informatio
com
mplicatedbu uildingforco
omplicatedmminds

Architect GehryP
Partners,LLP
AssociateArchitect CannonDesign
Location Cambriddge,Massachhusetts,USA
DateComp pleted 2004
ConstructiionSystem Concrette,Cladinbricck,Aluminum
m,Stainlessstteel
Scope 430,000
0gsfplus2900,000gsfundeergroundgaraage

Pictu
Figgure13StataCenter(Levinee,Alan.2005) ure Ref

10
0
Canarchitectureeshapescience?SeedMagazine e.November177,2013.Availablee
att: http://seedmag
gazine.com/conte pe_science/
ent/article/can_arrchitecture_shap

23



Whenthebuildingopenedin2004,PulitzerPrizewinningcriticRobert

CampbellwroteintheBostonGlobethatthebuildingis"aworkof

architecturethatembodiesseriousthinkingabouthowpeopleliveandwork

andatthesametimeshoutsthejoyofinvention."

ItissittingonthesiteofBuilding20,MIT'slegendarytimberframedbuilding,

constructedduringWorldWarIIandservedasaplaygroundforagreat

numberofsuperbminds.

Thebuildingprogramisaninterestingcombinationof"brainrelated"

disciplines.Stataishometotwomajordepartments,ComputerScienceand

ArtificialIntelligenceLaboratoryandtheLaboratoryforInformationand

DecisionSystems,butitalsoincludesDepartmentofLinguisticsand

Philosophy.

Inthemazeofcirculation,whichdoesnotseemtohaveanyapparentorder

inthisbuilding,exceptforthegroundfloor"StudentStreet",itlookslikethat

differenttypesofintelligencearebeingchallengedwhiletheyarewandering

aroundandsuddenlyfindthemselvesinanewsceneofplace.

UsersofthebuildingarecontinuouslystrugglewithStata'sconfusingfloors.

Surprisinglyenough,theyaredelightednotjustbecausetheywillneverget

boredbutbecauseoftheidentityofthisbuildingidentifiesthem,asdifferent

thanothers;asoccupantsneedingadifferentsortofspacethatmatches

theirmindset.

24



bedinSEEDMagazine11,thatitistheeegghead
Statawasbestdescrib

ndandsince
playgroun eitwasbuilt,manygreattprojectshaavetakenplace

there.Aftterall,itisacomplicated olovecomplexity,
dbuildingfoorthosewho

scientists.

2. Perim
meterInstituteforTheorreticalPhysiics;Amonassteryfortho
osewho
looka
attheskies

Architect Saucier+PerrotteArrchitects
ProjectArchitect Perrotte
AndrP
Location Waterlo
oo,Ontario,CCanada
DateComp pleted 2006
Scope 64,583ssf

Figure14Theo
oreticalPhysicss(Cramer20099)

11
1
Canarchitectureeshapescience?SeedMagazine e.November177,2013.Availablee
att: http://seedmag
gazine.com/conte pe_science/
ent/article/can_arrchitecture_shap

25



Designedandbuilt"todiscoverandunderstandthefundamentallawsof

nature"12,PerimeterInstituteforTheoreticalPhysicsishomeforquantum

gravity,stringtheory,quantuminformationtheory,quantummechanics,

cosmology,andelementaryparticlephysics.

Atthemiddleofthesetwofaces,bridgesovertheatriumalongwiththe

stairsclimbingtheglasswallsconnectbetweentheoreticalphysicsworldand

everydaylife.

Theformistranslatingtheseabstracttheoriesintoasquarestructure,which

isamonasteryforthosewholookattheskies.

Northandsouthfacadesonefacingthecityotherfacingtheparkare

respondingtothisdifferenceintheirappearanceandprogram.Behindthe

anodizesaluminumcoveredsouthernskin,laboratoriesandsharedspaces,

andinthenorthofficesin44glassboxesarecantileveredoverareflection

pool.

Thestrikingfeaturesofthisbuilding,besideitsmonasticgesturearethe

successfultranslationoftheprogramintotheformalongwithrespondingto

itscontext.

12
Canarchitectureshapescience?SeedMagazine.November17,2013.Available
at:http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/can_architecture_shape_science/

26



3. BrainandCognitiveSciencesComplexattCambridgee,Aplacetobridge
betweeenthoughttsandmemo ories

Architect CharlesCorreaAssocciates
ofRecordGoodyClancy
Architecto
Location Cambriddge,Massachhusetts,USA
DateComp pleted 2005
Cost $175million(construuction)
Scope 412,000
0sf

Figure15Bridgeoverth
heRailWay(Haaley&Aldrich,,Inc.2008)

Afternum
mberofrioto
ousprojectsonCambrid gecampusssuchasStataaCenter

andSimm
monsHall,thelatestmajornewworkkistheBrain
nandCognittive

SciencesC
Complex(BC
CSC).NancyLevinsonstaatesinArchiitecturalReccordthat

thisisthe
eleastshowyyandarguab
blythemosttsatisfyingb hemall.13
buildingofth

Thebuildinghousestthreedistincctdepartmennts,whichattthesamettimehave

onethinggincommon
n,thebrain.DepartmenttsareBrainaandCognitivve

13
3
Levinson,Nanccy.2006."MITBrainandCognitiveSciencesCom
mplexCambridgee,Massachusettts."
ArrchitecturalReco
ord194,no.7:1
138142.Academ
micSearchPrem
mier,EBSCOhost

27



Sciences,andtwonew
w,endowed
dcenters,th eMcGovern
nInstitutefo
orBrain

ResearchandthePico
owerInstituteforLearn ingandMem
mory.This

complexittyinprogram
minaddition
ntolaboratooryspaces,aandspecializzed

equipmen
nt,callforco
ommonareaasforcollaboorativeactivvities.

Designhaastakenadvantageofth
hesitecharacteristics,w
whichisatriaangular

ndandisbissectedbyanactiverailrooad.Despiteethiscompleexity,
plotoflan

architectsshavecome
eupwithab
brilliantideaofgivingeachdepartmeenttheir

owncornerofthetriaangleandun
nifyingthem
matthemidd
dlebyafivestory,

glassrooffedatriumbridgedovertherailroadd.14

4. Jonas SalkInstituteforBiologgicalStudiess

Architect LouisKaahn
Location LaJolla,California
DateComp pleted 195919 965
Client JonasSaalk
Scope 476,000 0sf

e16SalkInstittute(Yusheng Liao,2010)
Figure

14
4
Levinson,Nancyy.2006."MITBrrainandCognitivveSciencesCom
mplexCambridgee,Massachusettss."
ArrchitecturalReco
ord194,no.7:1
138142.Academ micSearchPremmier,EBSCOhost

28



ThefirstlaboratorythatcouldalsoachievearchitecturalsignificancewasLuis

Kahn'sSalkInstituteinLaJolla,Californiabuiltin1965.

Inthisbuilding,Kahnconceivedtheneedsoffunction,utility,andflexibility

astheperformanceprinciples15.

Oneofthemainprinciplesinthisbuildingisforresearcherstohave

uninterruptedlaboratorywork.Thenotionof"servant/served"spaceis

supposedtofulfillthisgoal.AsKahnstated,"thespaceaboveeach

laboratoryis,inreality,apipelaboratory.16"Inhisidea,whatishappeningin

servantspaceisasimportantaswhatishappeninginthespacebelow.17

"Materialsusedareconcrete,wood,marbleandwater.Concreteisleftwith

exposedjointsandformworkmarkings.Teakandglassinfillintheofficeand

commonroomwalls...Thelaboratoriesmaybecharacterizedasthe

architectureofaircleanlinessandareaadjustability.Thearchitectureofthe

oaktableandtherugisthatofthestudies."18

Asidefromthebuilding'smonasticsolitude,thoughtfuluseofmaterial,the

wonderfulview,andopen,flexiblelabspaces,therearetwoimportantother

factorsthatmakeSalkInstituteasuccessfulbuildingforscience.

15
Crosbie,MichaelJ.ArchitectureforScience.Mulgrave,Vic.,Australia:ImagesPub.Group,2004.
16
AlessandraLatour,ed.,LouisI.Kahn:Writings,Lectures,andInterviews(NewYork:RizzoliInternational,
1991),p.207.
17
Moe,Kiel.,2008.ExtraordinaryPerformancesattheSalkInstituteforBiologicalStudies.Journalof
ArchitecturalEducation.61(4):1724.
18
LouisI.Kahn.fromHeinzRonner,withSharadJhaveriandAlessandroVasellaLouisI.Kahn:Complete
Works193574.p164.165

29



Firstisanengagedandwellinformedclientwhowasabletoclearly

articulatehisvisionfortheinstituteandhisconstructivecollaborationwith

architectindesignprocess.

SecondisKahn'sabilitytogoback,studyhispreviousworkperformances,

andactuallyusethelessonslearnedratherthanignoringthem.Hehas

alwaysbeencelebratedfortheSalkinstitute,butatthesametimederided

forRichardsmedicalcenterbytheresearchershousedinhisdesignsofthe

60s.TheverticalshaftsandlargewindowsatRichardsmedicalcenterdidnot

performastheywereexpected.JonasSalkarguedthatarchitectureand

landscapeprovidethestimulatingsettingrequiredforthebraintomake

scientificdiscoveries.

Although,evenafterKahn'ssuccessinSalk,mostdesignsforscience

laboratoriesmostlyfocusonequipmentsupportratherthanarchitectural

inspirations.Thereareexamplesinrecentdecadeswherearchitectshave

beencalledtodevisenewbuildingsinwhichscientistswillperformresearch.

5. StudiesRayandDagmarDolbyRegenerationMedicineBuilding

Architect RafaelViolyArchitects
Location SanFrancisco,CA,USA
DateCompleted 2010
LandscapeArchitect Carducci&Associates,Inc
CivilEngineer SandisCahdBrowning
Scope 68,501sf

30



eppedRibbon(courtesyofRaafaelViolyArrchitects,CopyyrightBruceDaamonte)
Figure17Ste

Thenewccenterforsttemcellrese
earchattheUniversityo
ofCalifornia,,San

Franciscoishometonearlythree
ehundredsccientists.Theeribbonlikeebuilding

issitedon
nanimpossiiblesteepmountainsideesite.Cantileeveredsteellcolumns

restinginconcretepierssupportthestructurre.Thisstruccturalsystem
m

minimizesssiteexcavaationandcre
eatesaseism
micisolation
ntoabsorb

earthquakkeforces.

Whatissttrikingaboutthisbuildin
ngisthatconnsideringthecontroversial

researchprogram,sitterestriction
nsandlimiteedtime,arch
hitecthasdeesigneda

buildingthatnotonlyyisresponsivvetoeverythingthatbo
oundsit,buttalsohe

hasusedallthoseapp
parentlyneggativeconstaantsinfavorroftheproggramand

theprojecct.

Becauseo
ofthesteepsitesituatio
on,itwasim possibletom
makeanord
dinary

entrancetothebuilding.Thisfacthasworkeddinassistan
nceoftheprrogram,

whichnee
ededadditio
onalsecurityy.

31



Theribbo
onisclimbinggthesitealo
ongtheconttourlinesof
ftheridgew
withits

fourstepssthatareco
onnectedwitthstairs.Nexxttoeachin
nteriorstair,there

arecomm
monloungesspacesthataactasfilters betweeneaachlaborato
ory,as

wellasindividualentrancefromtthelowerst epgreenroo
of.Thecommon

spacesfunctionascollaborativesspacesinbe tweenflexib
blelaboratorries.As

mentione
ed,eachrooffisthegarde
enoftheneextstepmod
duleandallggardens

areconne
ectedbyase
etofstairthatrunsparaalleltothebuildingskin.

6. Collab
borativeRessearchCente
er,TheRockkefellerUnivversity

Architect MitchellGiurgolaArcchitects
Location NewYork,NY
DateComp pleted 2010
Scope 250,000
0sf

Figu GoogleEarth)
ure18Collaborativelink(reetrievedfromG

TheRocke
efellerUnive
ersityhasrecentlybuiltaglassatriumbetweentwo

existinglaaboratorybu
uildings,whichisagooddexampleofftranslationof

32



intuitiveintentionintoarchitecturalelementsthatsatisfyitsfunctional

socialpsychologicalpurposes.Ofthesethemostimportantisproviding

collaborationscientistsfromdifferentdisciplinesanddevelopingthebasefor

crosspollinationamongthem19.

Thisaimbecomespossiblewithalinkfilledwithlounges,conferencerooms,

andplacestoeat.Thisaddendumisavoluptuousglasslink,sevenstories

high,whichtheycallitCollaborativeResearchcenter.

Inthiscomplex,noonecanreachanyofthelabswithoutgoingthroughthe

commonspacefirst.Thenotionofthiscollaborativespaceistobridge

betweenaninstitutionacademichistoryandthefutureofscientific

accomplishments.

Thetwooldfacilitiesareentirelyrenovatedintoopen,flexiblelaboratory

spacesandequippedwiththelatesttechnologybutitisnotenoughjustto

supportthecurrentflowofresearch,architectshavetakenonstepfutureto

linkbetweentwodisciplinaryoldbuildingsalongwiththescientists

habitants.Thisisaverystunningexampleofhowarchitecturecanaffect

scienceanditsflow.

19
Goldberger,Paul."Laboratoryconditions"NewYorker87,no.28(September19,2011):8889.Academic
SearchPremier,EBSCOhost(accessedOctober23,2013).

33



B. LiteratureReview

1. ArchitectureForScienceeditedbyMichaelJ.Crosbie20

InArchitectureforScience,theauthordiscussesthenatureofscience,itsrate

andreasonsofchangeandroleofarchitects.Hementionsthatlaboratories

arearelativelynewinventionandsaysoneofthecharacteristicsof

laboratorybuildingsistheirdependenceontechnology,equipmentand

thosetechnologies,whicharewoventhroughthebuildingtomakescientific

workpossible.Hecontinues,"relianceonhighpoweredmechanicalsystems

andenergymakeslaboratoriestoughcandidatesforsustainabledesign."

Thebookdemonstratesthatthisischanging,buthow?Crosbiesuggeststhat

reuseofexistingfacilitiespreservesmaterialsandenergyembodiedinold

structures.

"Thedesignshouldmendpastplanningmistakesonthecampus,reusesome

existingstructures,andhelptocreateanewquadrangletoreinforcecampus

identityandsociability.Itshouldalsoprovideadynamiccenterforthe

sciences,whichencouragesresearchestocrosspollinatedisciplines."

Constantsarenotmerelyrequireddesigncodes,butanswering"thedeepest

andmostancientneedsofthoseinsidewhoneedlight,airandsocial

interactiontoproducetheirbestwork."

Insuchhighlydesignedenvironmentswherefirstconsiderationoftenseems

giventotheworkathandratherthanthecomforttothestaff,itisimportant

20
Crosbie,MichaelJ.ArchitectureforScience.Mulgrave,Vic.,Australia:ImagesPub.Group,2004

34



toreducethestressassociatedwithintensiveresearchbyansweringthe

deepestandmostancientneedsofthoseinsidetoproducetheirbestwork.

Hementionsthenewmovementtowardcollaborationinscientificactivities.

"Anewphenomenonisgainingmomentumtheresearchparkwhere

universities,corporations,andgovernmentsbecomepartnersonavarietyof

researchprojectsbybringingtogetherthetalentandresources.In

laboratories,westriveforideasthatdefinenewandinnovativewaysfor

peopletoworkcollaboratively,efficiently,andsafelyinahighlytechnical

environment.Thereisanexpandingneedforsharedcorefacilitiessuchas

analyticalinstrumentationandanimals."

Onhowthebuildingshouldrespondtochanges,theauthorbelievesthatone

measureofsuccessishowbuildingcanadapttochangesinuse,occupants,

andtechnologyovertimewithinreasonableinitialbudgetconstraints.

"Keytoasuccessfulbuildingisthedesigner'sknowledgeofhowthe

componentsofeachcategoryaredesignedandhowtheyareassembledto

bestmeettheneedsofusers."

"Whydosciencebuildingsneedtoaccommodatechange?Iftheaverage

durationofitsresearchprogramisthreeyears,itisconceivablethatupto30

percentofthebuildingcanbeundergoingsomelevelofinterventionatany

time."

"Abuildingdesignedwithflexibilitytoaccommodatechangewillminimize

interventioncostsbutitwillalsoincurhigherfirstcosts."

35



2. TheStructureofScientificRevolutionsbyThomasS.Kuhnon
architecturalstylebyDavidWang21

WangreferstoTheStructureofScientificRevolutionbyThomasKuhnand

says,"perhapsbecauseofthisinterdisciplinaryinclusivenessofhis

philosophy,Kuhn'sinsightshaveinformedtheoryinmanydisciplines."

HesuggeststhatKuhnstheorycanalsoinformevaluationsofarchitectural

style.Hismethodologyiscasebasedreasoning,whathecallsCBR.He

demonstratessevensimilaritiesbetweenarchitecturalstylesandKuhn's

paradigms.Ihaveusedfourofthemtodemonstratetheprocessinwhich

architectureforsciencehasevolvedalongwiththeparadigms."

I)Astyleinarchitectureresemblesaparadigm.Researchersaffirmkey

principles,researchersmakeconnectionsbetweentheoryandnature,and

researchersapplytheirprinciplestonewdomains.

II)Theestablishmentofastyleisprecededandfollowedbycompetingpoints

ofview.Theseparallelsforactivityinresearchparadigmsandarchitectural

stylesshowthatparticipationinaparadigmisnotmerecognitiveagreement

onthings.Rather,itisimmersioninawayofseeingthattranscends

particularactsofdecisionmakingbyrootingthosedecisionsinapre

cognitive,andhencephenomenological,commonalityofbeing.Common

21
Wang,David.2009."Kuhnonarchitecturalstyle."Arq:ArchitecturalResearchQuarterly13,no.1:4957.
AveryIndextoArchitecturalPeriodicals,EBSCOhost.

36



traitsbetweenanaestheticstyleandresearchunderascientificparadigm

ariseoutofthiscommonalityofbeing.

III)Designinginastyledoesnotrequirefollowingrules.Thissuggeststhat

research,likedesign,isessentiallyacreativeactivity,oratleastrootedina

precognitivewayofknowingthatdefiespropositionaldefinitions.

IV)Normalscienceanddesignactivitybothemergeoutofculturalaesthetic

percolations.Forscienceaswellasstyle,neitheraparadigmnorastylecan

attainhegemonyunlessanduntilacommunityagreestoit,andthen

promotesit.Significantly,inthecaseofparadigms,Kuhnappealstoaesthetic

considerationstoexplainhowasanctioningcommunityemerges:

"Somethingmustmakeatleastafewscientistsfeelthatthenewproposal
isontherighttrack,andsometimesitisonlypersonalandinarticulate
aestheticconsiderationsthatcandothat.Menhavebeenconvertedby
themattimeswhenmostofthearticulatetechnicalargumentspointed
theotherway.Whenfirstintroduced,neitherCopernicusastronomical
theorynorDeBrogliestheoryofmatterhadmanyothersignificant
groundsofappeal.Eventoday,Einsteinsgeneraltheoryattractsmen
principallyonaestheticgrounds[]."22

Byaesthetic,Kuhndoesnotmeananythingovertlyartrelated,butthe

generallyinarticulatemannerinwhichgroupconsensususuallyforms.

22
Kuhn,ThomasS.TheStructureofScientificRevolutions.2nded.Chicago:UniversityofChicago,1970.

37



3. LaboratoryConditions,ArchitectsReimaginetheScienceBuildingPaul
Goldberger23

Usingnumberofexamples,PaulGoldbergerdemonstratestheroleof

architectsindesigningspacesthatenlightenresearchersbyallowingthemto

meet,interact,andcollaborate.Hesays,"architectureincreasinglyreflects

theviewthatimportantbreakthroughscomeaboutnotnecessarilyfromthe

gloriousisolationofhermitgeniusesbutoftenfromcollaborationand

unexpectedmomentsofcrosspollination."

Thismeansthatarchitectsshouldlookintosciencebuildingsasanartwork

butnotonethatismereaestheticallyattractive,"whereasartcanlookgreat

inunusualspaces,anarchitectcannotdecidethatheisgoingtomakea

wedgeshapedlaboratoryjustbecausewedgeshapesarehistrademark.

Scientistshaveveryclearspecificationsforwhattheyneed:laboratory

bencheshavetobeacertainsizeandlaidoutincertainways;equipmenthas

tobeaccessibletoeveryone;somelabsneedpowerfulvents,whileothers

needabsoluteprotectionfromthetremorsthatrattlealmosteverybuilding

fromtimetotime.Itisnoteasytomakeabuildingexcitingamidsomany

constraints."

Hecontinueswithraisinganargumentthat,"thereisperhapsalurkingirony

inthefactthatscientists,withalltheirloveofharddataandsureproofs,are

eagertoletarchitectsasunempiricalabunchasonecouldhopetomeet

23
Goldberger,Paul."Laboratoryconditions"NewYorker87,no.28(September19,2011):8889.Academic
SearchPremier,EBSCOhost.

38



shapeanewkindofworkenvironmentforthem.Youcannottest

architecturalideasthewayyoucantestscientificones,butitstillseemsa

safebetthatthearrangementofaspacehelpsshapetheactivitiesthattake

placeinit."

Afterfewexamplesofsuchlaboratories,Goldbergersays,"somanylab

buildingsarenowdesignedwiththegoalofpromotingcollaborationthatI

havebeguntothinkthatscientistshavebecomethearchitecture

profession'smostoptimisticclients.Theybelievethatwelldesigned

buildingscanhelpthem."

4. LaboratoryDesignandtheAimofScience24

Inthisarticle,earlymodernscienceandlaboratoryetymologyarediscussed.

OwenHannawaywritesabouttheshiftinthemeaningofscienceitselfand

thewayithasaffectedthesciencebuildings."Theappearanceofthe

laboratoryisindicativeofanewmodeofscientificinquiry,onethatinvolves

theobservationandmanipulationofnaturebymeansofspecialized

instruments,techniques,andapparatusesthatrequiremanualskillsaswell

asconceptualknowledgefortheirconstructionanddeployment.

Withthisemphasistherecameashiftinthemeaningofscienceitself:

sciencenolongerwassimplyakindofknowledge(onepossessedscientia);it

increasinglybecameaformofactivity(onedidscience).Thatthereshould

24
Hannaway,Owen.".LaboratoryDesignandtheAimofScience:AndreasLibaviusversusTychoBrahe."
TheUniversityofChicagoPress,Dec.1986.pp.584610.Web.24Oct.2013.

39



haveariseninthisperiodaplacespeciallysetasideforsuchactivityand

bearinganewnameservestomeasuretheforceofthatshift."

5. TheArchitectureofHappiness25

TheArchitectureofHappinessmostlydiscussestheimpactsofarchitectureas

aphysicalenvironmentonitshabitantsandvisitors.

AccordingtoAlaindeBotton,"whatwefindbeautifulinarchitectureis

somethingdeepandmysteriousinourselves."Itdependsonwhatweare

mostlikelytoobserveandwhatwearelookingfor.

Helooksintodifferentfactorsthatcanchangetheimpactofthephysical

environmentonaperson,oneofwhichis"time".Theinstantimpactofa

placeonavisitorcouldbedifferentfromitsslowimpactonahabitant.

Architectsplaythemostimportantroleingenerating"happiness"by

triggeringcomfortinspace.

Although,thephysicalshapeofthebuildingcouldbedesignedbasedona

certainideaofthearchitect,butitgoesonlyhalfwaytoabsorbtheconcept,

theotherhalfistheabsorber.

Agoodarchitecturehastobedesignedinawaythatcandevelopapositive

effectonthehabitantsaswellasafairlygoodfirstimpressiononthevisitors.

25
De,BottonAlain.TheArchitectureofHappiness.London:Penguin,2007.

40



C. DesignPrinciples

HowcanArchitecturepromotescienceandamplifythescientific
revolution?

Topromotesciencethroughspace,first,architectshavetohavea

comprehensiveunderstandingofwhatwillcomenext.Sincethenatureof

scienceistochange,itisnecessarytoperceivethefuturechanges.Thenext

stepistodesigninawaythatcouldguideresearcherstowardthatfuture.

Thatunderstandingmakestheconstructionofafacilitythatworksnowand

isflexibletosubsequentchanges,becomefeasible.

Architects,justlikeresearchers,areworkingwithinaparadigm.Common

sensesaysthattheyshouldnottendtoconflictwithit.Anyevidence,which

isconflictingwiththiscommonalityofseeingthings,isseenasananomaly.

However,intheend,asDavidWangin"KuhnonArchitecturalStyle"26says,

moreandmoreanomaliescropupsuchthat,afteratransitoryperiodof

crisis,anewparadigmemerges.Thisthesisisoneofthoseanomalies,which,

tendstoseethefutureofscientificactivitiesasitisshowninFigure19.

26
Wang,David.2009."Kuhnonarchitecturalstyle."Arq:ArchitecturalResearchQuarterly13,no.1:4957.

41



Figure19 Scienceover Time

Practicalrresearchme
ethodsarebasedonmu ltidisciplinarryteamworkkand

basicsciencesaregetttingmoreandmoredisssolvedintoeachother.

Itseemslikefutureco
omputersexxcavatemateerialpropertiesandsim
mulate

periments.TTheremightbenomoreeneedtomaassivemechaanical
benchexp

spacesforventilation
n.

Finally,co
ollaborationinsciencew
willnotbelim
mitedtotheeresearcherss.The

knowledggebodywillbefedfrom thecollabo rationofacaademia,indu

ustry,

andcomm
munity(Figure20).Thelink,whichcconnectsbettweendemaandand

offer,willbestrongerr.

42



Researchers

Co
ommunity

In
ndustry

eCollaborativeeResearch
Figure20The

Consideringthespeedwithwhich
hinformatioonandknow
wledgeincreaases,

designinggfornextdecadeisachaallengingtassk.Thereareeseveralexaamples

thatdemo
onstratedessigners'wrongperceptioonoffuture.Notfarfromoneof

thisthesisssite,LGRClowriseisth
heperfecteexample.Attthetimeofiits

constructiontherewaasnodoubtthatcompuuterswerego
oingtobesttronger

and"biggger",thereforethedesiggnwastobeabletoadoptwithfutu
ure

equipmen
nt.Theonlyproblemwaasthediffereencebetweeendesignerss'

imaginationofabigccomputerthen,andwhaatreallyhappenedtoco
omputers

1).
(Figure21

Figure21
1SuperCompputers

43



CHAPTER3

SURVEY

Asanarchitect,themostimportantmissionistoconsiderandsatisfythe

endusersofthebuilding.Itisvitaltoinvestigatehowexistingsimilar

facultiesareservingtheuserstoknowwhatneedstobealternatedor

expanded.

Therefore,asurveywasconductedfocusingonfacultymembers,graduate

students,andtheirpreferenceswithinlaboratoryspaces.Theresultswere

usefultodevelopguidelinesforthedesignoflaboratoryspace.

TheQuestionnaireDesignandAnalysis

Thesurveywascarriedoutmostlyspatialqualitiesofthelearningand

researchenvironment.Twofirstquestionsweretoacknowledgeifthe

respondentisanundergraduateoragraduatestudent,alsotheamountof

timetheyspendinlaboratoriesonaweeklybasis.(Figure22)

Thesurveytakesapproximatelythreeminutestocomplete.The

questionnairewascomposedofsixquestionsintotal,intwoofwhich

respondenthastochoosebetweentwolaboratorylayoutoptionspresented

assimplifiedpicture.Thesurveywassentto200studentsand25%

respondedtoit.

44



2Timespenti nlab
Figure22

Nextquesstionwasaskingresearccherstoscorreeachspattialqualityth
heythink

isofmore
eimportance
einalaboraatoryenvironnment.

hasreceivedthehighesttscore.Even
Amongalloptions,naaturallighth nthough,

erofresearchershavem
asnumbe mentionedinntheircomm
ments,some

experimentsrequired
darkenviron
nment,anatturallylitwo
orkenvironm
mentis

desired.

45



Followedbynaturallight,thenexxtdemandeddqualityisaaviewtoouttside.It

makesitcclearhowim
mportantistoconnectw
withtheeverrydaylife,whichis

goingono
outsideofth
helaboratorry.

Labworkisusuallyre
epetitiveand
dtherearet imegapsinbetweenexxperiment

tobefilledbyproducctiveactivitie
es.Manybe lievethemo
ostimportan
ntthings

happenin
nthesegapsswhenreseaarchershaveesometimetosharetheeir

progressw
withtheirco
olleaguesan
ndgetsomefeedbackasswellasafreeshlook

towhatth
heyaredoin
ng.Tomakethisprogressshappen,th
hereisaneeedto

incorporaatecommonloungesequ
uippedwithkitchenetteesandinform
mal

gatheringgareastoexchangeideaas.Interestinnglyenough,,commonlo
ounges

andinform workspacescclosetolabsareequallydemanded(Figure
malgroupw

23)

Figure Quality
e23SpatialQ

46



Twopairssofsimplifie
edfloorplanlayoutscom
mprisedthenexttwoqu
uestions.

Researche
ershadtoch
hoosebetwe
een"labsneexttowindows"and"lab
bsnextto

interiorco
orridors",th n"openlab"and"isolateedlab"layou
henbetween ut

options.A
AsitisshowninTable3,,about75%ofeitherthosewhopreeferlabs

nexttowindowsorin
nteriorcorrid
dor,wanteddtohavetheeopenlaborratory

layout.

Figure24Open/Closellaboratory

47



Intheend
d,researcherswereaske
edtochooseebetweeneexistingfaciliitieson

campus.TThinkingabo
outarealspacehelpsthhemtohaveaclearimaggination

heywanttoconvey(Figure25).
ofwhatth

mpusLabsPopuularity
Figure25OnCam

48



Followingnotesarecommentsprovidedbyresearcheswhotookthesurvey.

ISBexcellentnewfacilitiesbutnotmyfavoreddesign.
LSL,ISB,ConteNewest
LSL,ISB,Conte,ELabIIThetoolsintheselabbuildingsarefarbetter
andnewerthantheotherbuildings.
Itisalsoamatterofconveniencewalkingtolabeveryday.
AnythingbutMorrill!
LGRCandHasbroucknearbusstop
LSLandISBnaturallight
LSLandISBLargeswindowstooutside.CLEAN.Generallyhospitable.
ISBandHasbrouckIhavenotbeentoalotofthenewbuildings,butI
reallyliketheopendesignofthe
ISB.ThelabsinHasbrouckarejustfinethough.Sharedofficeswithout
traditionalcubiclesareimportantthough,becauseallthoseextra
wallsmakecollaborativediscussionsveryfrustrating.
LSLIt'sanewbuildingthespaceisalittlesmallerthanwhatweused
tohavebutthegoodthingisalmosteverythingiswithinyourreach.I
donothavetowalklongdistancestogetwhatIwant.Also,weare
mixedwithothergroupssoiftherearethingsthatIneedandour
groupdonhaveit,Ijustborrowthemfromtheothergroups.
LGRCandHasbrouckPhysics
Isadlyhavenothadachancetoseemostofthesefacilities.WhileI
personallyfeelthatnaturallightandviewsareimportant,my
researchfieldunfortunatelyrequiresdarknessandthereforepermits
neitherofthese.

Asitshows,inadditiontonaturallight,itisverypromisingthatresearchers

andstudentsthemselvesdemandthenewapproachincollaborativeand

openscientificactivities.

49



CHAPTER4

DESIGN

Asitwasmentionedbefore,thegoalsofthisthesisaretoamplifyexisting

knowledge,anddevelopabuildingtypethatwouldgeneratenewresearch

disciplines,andcatalyzethetranslationofresearchintopractice.

Thosegoalsarebeingattainedbydifferentprojectcomponentsincluding

projectlocation,program,buildingsystems,anditsformandmaterials.

A. UmassCampusHistory/Guidelines

In60sand70s,thebuildingsweredesignedwithoutaffiliationtothe

architectureofthepastortoothercampusbuildingsconstructedinthe

sameperiod.

Theresultisacampuswithcollageofdisparatearchitecturalstylesthat

reflecttherichhistoryoftheinstitution,butthatlackacertainvisualunity.

Furthermore,thereislittlecohesionbetweencampusbuildingsand

surroundingopenspace27.

AccordingtoUniversityofMassachusettsAmherstDesignGuidelines,new

buildingsshouldbeeffectiveatalllevels,contributingtoasenseof

communityandcohesiveness,aswellasbeinganindividuallystrongworkof

27
UniversityofMassachusettsAmherstDesignGuidelines.UMACampusLandscapeDesignStandards.
March2007.

50



architecture.Respectforcontextimpliessensitivitytoscale,materials,

patternsandformwithoutdictatingstrictadherencetoanyparticularstyle.

Whenconsideringsitingoptionsforanewbuildingproject,thefollowing

priorityordershouldbegenerallyfollowed:

Seektoidentifyanunderutilizedand/ordecayingexistingbuilding

suitableinsize,locationandstructurethatcouldberenovatedto

meettheneedsofthenewprogram.

Ifnorenovationpossibilityexists,consideranadditiontoanexisting

facility,possiblylinkedwithrenovationworktotheexistingstructure.

Ifneitherrenovationnoradditionisfeasible,consideraninfillsiteon

campus.Thisincludesopenspacewithinthecampuscore(whether

greenorpaved)aswellasthepossibilityofremovingobsolete

facilitiesinordertomakespaceavailableforthenewproject.

Preferenceshouldbegiventoinfillsitesthathavealreadybeen

developedovervirginsites.

Ifnootherpossibilityexistsandiflandisavailable,consideraddinga

newstructureattheperipheryofthecampus28.

Inordertomaintainahomogenouscontextandrespectcampus'historical

heritages,followingpreferenceswillbeconsideredinthedesign:

28
UniversityofMassachusettsAmherstDesignGuidelines.UMACampusLandscapeDesignStandards.
March2007.

51



Materialscomplimentarytobricksuchasnaturalstonecanalsobeused

successfully.

Theintentisnottorestrictcreativitybuttoimprovethevisualunityof

thecampusasawhole.

Wherebuildingsfrontonpublicstreets,thedesignshouldincludepublic

entrancesandattractive,openstreetscapefacingthestreet.Theuseof

highlyreflectiveordeeplytintedglassshouldbeavoided.

AllnewconstructionmustcomplywiththeMassachusettsArchitectural

AccessBoardRegulations(521CMR)andAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct

(ADA)guidelines.Renovationsofhistoricbuildingsshouldseekto

improveaccessforthedisabledinamannercompatiblewiththeir

historicintegrity.

Rooftopmechanicalequipmentshouldbeenclosedinstructuresthatare

integratedintobuildingdesign.

B. Location

ThetownofAmherstislocatedinHampshireCounty,PioneerValleyof

WesternMassachusetts.ThetownishosttoAmherstCollege,Hampshire

College,andtheUniversityofMassachusettsatAmherst.Asofthe2010

census,populationin2010was37,819.

TheprojectislocatedonUMassCampusanditliesexactlyattheintersection

52



ofcampussciencelife
eanditsstudentlife.Thhereisanexiistingphysiccal

buildingontthesite,HasbrouckHall,,whichwasconstructed
sciencesb din1947

byKilham
m,Hopkins,G byDesmondandLord
Greeley,andBrodiewithhadditionsb

in1964.

Hasbroucckislogisticaallyveryimportant.Therreareseveraalpedestrian
npaths

directedaandadjacentttoit.Itislo
ocatednexttoNorthPleeasantStreeetand

therearetwobussto
opsfewstepsawayfrom
mit.Thesequ
ualitiesresultsintwo

focalnodes(Figures2
26&27).

Figure26Landuse/Oveerview

53



Figure27Focalnoddes

Nodenum
mberone,w
whereHasbro
ouckanditsadditionmeeethasthep
potential

ofcelebraatingthespaaceasagate
ewaythatfoormsaconneectionbetweeentwo

entrancess,oneinthegroundfloo
orfromwesttandanotheerinthefirstfloor

fromeasttsideofthebuilding.

Thisqualitywillserve
ethenotionofthesisbyblendingavvastvarietyof

students,facultymem
mbers,andvvisitorsthrouughasinglespace.New

constructionisextend
dedoutofth
henorthern wingofHassbrouckfollo
owingthe

streetcurrveandgoingoverthee
existingserviiceroad.

Accessibillityissuesarreaddressed
donthewesstsideoftheesite,betweeen

HasbroucckandLincolnCampusC
Centerbyadddingtworam
mps.Thespaace

54



betweentwobuildinggsisembraccedandcele bratedasacourtyardin
ncampus

scale.Apedestrianbrridgeisconn
nectingtheffirstfloortoCampusCen
nterplaza

ngthecirculationlooparoundthec ourtyard.Araingardenalong
completin

withexteriorseatsisprovidedtoactivatetheelandscape..

Therewerefewotherrconcernsaaboutthesit esuchasinffrastructuree,existing

treesasapartoftheWaugharbo
oretum,solaarradiation,andbecausethere

areLaborratoriesinclu
uded,windd
direction(Figgure28).

Figure28Windfre
equency/BestO
Orientation

Buildingo
orientationw
wasdesigned
dresponsiveetothetopo
ography,win
nd

frequencyy,andthebe
estorientationsuggesteedbyEcotecctperforman
nce

Analysisssoftware.

orcourtyardisembedde
Aninterio ndtopreservethe
edtoprovideesunlightan

trees.

55



Figu
ure29Profile

C. Progra
am

Theprogrramrepresentsthreestaagesofnewscience;itsstartswithreesearch

gettingintoapplicatio
onandendswithprotottyping.Then
notionisthaatthese

threestaggesareonaprogressive
efeedbacklooop.

Thesepro
ocesseshapp
penincollab
borativespaccesthataresharedbetw
ween

multidisciiplinaryrese
earchteams,,externalussersthatcou
uldbefromo
other

academicccentersand
d/orindustryy.

Researchteams'princcipalinvestiggators(PI)a ndlaboratoryequipmen
ntare

composed
dofsubstan
ntialresearch
htypes,whicchcanbeuttilizedbyall

departme
entsincludin
ngCyberTecchnology,Biootechnologyy,NanoTech
hnology,

andEngin
neering.Inordertoincorporatecom
mmunityinth
heprogram,,

collaborattiveinstructtionalspacessareaccesseedandusedbyhumanitty

departme
entssuchasArtandCom
mmunicationn.

Figure31showsthep
primaryproggrammaticddiagramsofh
howthespaacesare

arrangesaroundtheccirculationssystem.

56



Figure30 ProgramDia gram

Alargepaartofthepro
ogramistouseexistingstructureoffnorthernw
wingof

Hasbroucck.Oldlabsccannotsuppo
ortnewreseearchmetho
odsandtheyyare

significantlyexpensivvetorenovatteintouptoodatedlaboratories.Theerefore,

existingsttructureiscompletelyre
epurposed.

Thespace offices,conferenceroom
eisusedaso ms,teambassedclassroo
oms,and

transpare
entmultipurposeworkro
ooms.Figuree29showsrrenovationp
phasesin

Hasbroucckhall.

57



Figure31 Renovationpphase

Workroom
mscanbeussedastestin
nglabsforenngineeringd
departmentss.

Providingconferenceroomsnextttoworkrooomsmakesittpossiblefo
or

differentpartiessuch
hasfacultiess,communityyrepresentaatives,andindustry

headquarrterstoobse
ervetheactivvitiesinthem
m(Figure300)

e32FirstFlooorPlan
Figure

58



Figure33Workroo m

Thereare
eopenandw
warmenjoyaablespacesi ncorporated
dintheproggramto

makeitsu
uitableforlo
onghoursoffworking.Reesearchersccanusethessespaces

tocommu
unicateandtalkabouttheirwork.L ounges,groupstudyroo
oms,and

conferencceroomsforreachresearchgrouparrepreferablyonthesam
mefloor

oftheirLaabandwithiintheiroffices(Figure31).

Figure34Loungee

59



Thesecollaborativespacesarevisibletoeverryoneandcaanbeusedb
by

everyone.

Thepedestrianrampe
edbridgeho
ousesavarieetyofactivitties,anditacctivates

theLincollnCampusC
Centerplaza (Figure32).

Figure35 PedestrianB
Bridge

Combined
dteachingandresearchfacilitiesinonebuildinggbringsinand

blendsdiffferentkindssofactivities.Coffeeshoopandcommunityspacceinthe

groundflo
oorislocate
edwheresevveralpathwaayslead.Occcasionssuch
has

exhibition
ns,livemusicc,orsimply"freshcookiiesat3:00p
pm"canbringdown

ersfromtheirlabsando
researche offices,bringgsinothersttudentsfrom
mallover

thecampusandprovidechancesforcommunnication,interactionand
dcross

pollination(Figure33
3).

60



Figure36Freshcookiesatt3:00pm

Figure37 CollaborativeeLink

61



D. Buildin
ngSystems

Theproje
ectisdesigne
edtobestru
ucturallyanddmechanicaallyflexibletofuture

changes.Labarea'slaayoutcaneaasilyberearrrangedtoco
orrespondotther

typesofu
use(Figure3
35).

Figure38Alternativelaayouts

Interstitiaalmechanicaalspacesbettweendoub levolumelaabscanbeaccessed

byacorridorfromseccondfloor.SStairsalignw
withexistinggstructure'sfloor

slabsanditmakesitp
possibletod
dividedoubl evolumelab
bspacesinto
otwo

normalflo
oors(Figure36).

62



Figure39Fle
exibleBuildinggSystems

Computerlabsfloorisraisedbyaadjustablesuupports,whichareindependent

ndcanberellocated(Figuure37).
fromthestructurean

Figure40Com
mputerLabFlooorDetail

63



E. FormssandMateriaals

Theshape
eofthisprojjectisacom
mbinationofacurvesthaatareoppossingthe

rectangularparts.Atranslucentccurvyroofiscoveringthecollaborattivelink

brouck'snorthwing,asw
anditfadesintoHasb wecontinueetowardtheenew

construction,samem
materialused
dincollaboraativelinkstaarttobeuseedagain

asexterio
orglazingandverticalsh
hadingfins.

Hasbrouccknorthwinggfaadeisreplacedbyw
woodendou
ubleskinfaadeand

ithasmoreopenings,,materialussedinthecaafisacomb
binationofw
woodand

glass.

Infact,wo
oodandglasssarerepressentingcom
mmunityandwarmth,incontrast,

curvystee
elandglassarerepresen
ntativesofscienceandffuture.Thew
whole

formisem
mphasizingtthiscontrastt.Thenotionnistoshowhowanewp
paradigm

couldbed
differentfro
omthepasto
oneyet,ith asemergedoutofit(Figgure38).

Figure4
41EastElevattion

Followinggfiguresshowdetailsofbuildingfaade.Thecurvedroof

translucenceshellmaaterialisETFFE,Ethylenetetrafluoroethylene,w
whichis

designedtohavehigh
hcorrosionrresistance.TThisfluorinebasedmateerialis

64



verystron
ngagainstw
widetemperaaturerange,Itislight,eaasytoinstall,and

easilyadaaptedtovariietyofformss29(Figure399).

Figure42ETFEDetaail

29
Aksamija,AAjla.SustainableFacades:DesignnMethodsforHHighperformancceBuildingEnvelopes.New
Jersey:Wiley,2013.

65



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