Cell Membrane

Layer 3: Internal - Average protein nature - nature lipid Foreign - chemical nat
ure
Cell wall
Surrounds the cell, giving: Shape Protection Support to the cell regulates the p
assage of nutrients chemical components: peptidoglycan
Cytoplasm
Lysosomes Mitochondria During cell division: centrosome or centrioles ribosomes
Genetic Material
Bacterial DNA is a single circular molecule with core individualized beings Prok
aryote
Locomotion
Flagellum - filaments more / less extensive and thickened end, leaving the cell,
and largely consists of a protein - Flagellin
Allow group them:
Monótricas - have a single flagellum hosts - have a flagellum at each pole of th
e cell Lofotr Viking Museum - with a group of flagella Perítricas - have flagell
a distributed throughout the periphery
Grouped into three basic types:
Rounded - COCOS chain - streptococci grape bunches - staph Forms rods - BACILLI
grouped butt - streptobacillus curved shapes - spirillum
Can be classified:
Gram-positive Gram-negative acid-resistant
Gram-positive
Retains the dye lowest percentage of alcohol present in lipids M.celular - low p
ermeability are more susceptible to penicillin contains fewer amino acids
Gram-negative
Yield the greatest percentage of alcohol stain lipids in M.celular-permeable are
more susceptible to streptomycin They have filamentous appendages - the pili or
fimbriae (ederencia function are independent of the presence or absence of flag
ella).
Acid-resisting
Fusina retain the dye even in the presence of solutes of strong mineral acids, b
ut only when the dye is heated until the vapors.
ADAPTABILITY
The bacteria multiply rapidly. As an example, Escherichia coli, which grows in f
eces and urine infections are common in women. This multiplies every 20 minutes.
ROLE OF BACTERIAL FLORA
BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL BODY
Set of bacteria that are usual and constant in different organs and tissues is n
ot detrimental
- It is beneficial
BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL BODY
There are species with presence:-standing-purely accidental
Results from contact with the outside
BACTERIAL FLORA
passengers will simply be removed:-lysozyme (eyes, mouth, pharynx), gastric juic
e (acidity), sweat and sebaceous secretions - natural physical agents (heat, sun
light, oxygen from the atmosphere)
Completes the elimination of these bacteria
BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE NORMAL BODY
Varies with:
- Age - climate - food
Locations abound:
- Rectum - blind - colon - jejunum
BACTERIAL FLORA
Man carries the large intestine more bacterial cells (about 10 trillion) than al
l eukaryotic cells of our body combined (only 10% of value)
BACTERIAL FLORA
Helps man to create an immune system
able to fend off infections
Develops defenses by stimulating production of antibodies and T lymphocytes
Intestinal mucosa - Physiological Functions
- Constitution
BACTERIAL FLORA
The colonization of the human being comes right at the time of delivery
At two years the flora is established
Monitor until the end of life
MEDIA CULTURE
Some are expensive and sophisticated are many and varied Many of them cont
ain an extensive
ratio of amino acids and micro mineral elements liquids or solids (based on th
e broth, or simple addition of agar or gelatin)
After being seeded: Temperature
Most pathogenic species: 37 º C
Mesophilic
For low temperatures around 40 ° C
Psichrophilic thermophilic
The ATMOSPHERE THAT IS EXPOSED
Presence of atmospheric air: Do not support the oxygen of the air:
Aerobic Anaerobic
Require a certain percentage of carbon dioxide Microarerófilas
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Latent Phase Phase Phase logarithmic Stationary Phase Decline
LATENT PHASE
Period of "waiting" characteristic of each species. What is its significance? Tr
ansformation of the nutrients Usufruct gases in the environment cellular r
ejuvenation, a preparation for reproduction.
Logarithmic phase
The number of cells grows in a geometric progression, but for discrete periods
STATIONARY PHASE
Suspension of the development of culture, because the number of dying cells (lys
is) is only compensated by those who are born. At this stage certain cells in cu
lture can be modified either chemically or tinturialmente.
STATIONARY PHASE
Why? Depletion of the nutrients in the culture medium? consequence of the ac
cumulation of principles dissimilation? In fact any living being is difficult to
maintain in the midst of their droppings,
Removing this same medium, the cells that already exist, a new seed is developed
therein deposed following the normal phases. Lack of oxygen (anaerobic loses
value) Depletion of certain nutritional principles (experiments with added sug
ars are allowed to regenerate old cultures)
PHASE declining
There are no longer able to regenerate the environment or to reactivate developm
ent. Is not due to aging of the culture! (If sown again in the new medium it res
tarts) Nowadays these phases are shortened by the process called continuous cult
ure, used industrially, where the environment is constantly replenished with nut
rients and constantly agitated.
REPRODUCTION
Generally it is said that this reproduction is made by direct division. In some
cases: Issue of gemmules, which, sown in a suitable medium do not reproduce an
d are therefore considered abortion issues. are formed in the armpit of the ce
ll wall, grow and give rise to a new cell
Condensation of nuclear chromatin into small granules or conidia that are subseq
uently expelled, creating new cells similar. Production of reproductive spores,
each gives rise to a new individual.
BACTERIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOLID MEDIUM

LIQUID MEDIUM

In the towel, that is, with respect to continuity, or in colonies isolated from
each other. Circular, radiating, irregular in shape vary in size, surface appear
ance (smooth, rough, granular, convex, umbilicated Outline: full, rounded, etc .
..) Consistency: dry, sticky or wet

Light, moderate, or heavy to move in waves when you move the tube slowly, or let
loose a deposit with the aspect of fine dust. Looks thin veil on the surface of
 the liquid, or a ring on the tube wall that will accompany the liquid level
FOSTERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Throughout the evolution helped u
s develop a highly sophisticated immune system due to the constant contact that
we have established since the development of this system is directly conditioned
to the stimulus received;
FOSTERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM The immune system of animals, esp
ecially the mucosal immune system, formed at the expense of aid gut flora. Flora
: Made by: lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, streptococci.
FOSTERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Animal studies indicate that admi
nistration of lactobacilli promotes the development of antibodies and activation
of lymphocytes. This beneficial flora, therefore, help form the natural defense
system but also acquired.
GENETIC MATERIAL
Genetics is the study of variability and inheritance characteristic of an organi
sm; An important aspect is that of genetic recombination in progeny cells may po
ssess different combinations of genes that existed in the mother cells; The chan
ges may be related to the genotype or phenotype; All organisms have genes, colle
ctively called the genome, any gene can mutate;
Genes are on chromosomes, chromosomes of bacteria are haploid, whereas in animal
s or plants are diploid; Bacteria have only one chromosome per genome, after rep
lication there is only one molecule of DNA in each daughter cell; Mutations are
alterations in DNA and may affect the morphological, physiological, and even the
antigenic character, ie its pathogenesis may be lost or gained and antibiotic r
esistance, which is a form of the bacterium to maintain or strengthen its pathog
enesis.
Metabolism of bacteria
Being with one of the most diverse metabolism
•
Can live in many different ecological conditions At very high temperatures (60
º C__termofílicas) Or at very low temperatures
Metabolic classification (according to energy source)
On a larger paragraph
Bacteria quimioeterotróficas
Saprophytes: get food degrading dead organic matter. They secrete enzymes that r
elease on the matter, allowed them to further absorption
Symbionts: it is a relationship between bacteria and other organismos.Se there i
s only one advantage of seres__comensalismo if there advantage mutuo__mutualismo
Parasites: live as guests inside or outside of an organism. These parasites can
be mandatory, optional or may become saprophytic.
Bacteria, parasites contain:
Toxinas__substâncias extremely toxic Types: endotoxins and exotoxins Function: r
esponsible for the attacks on organisms that parasitize
Bacteria, parasites contain:
Toxinas__substâncias extremely toxic Types: endotoxins and exotoxins Function: r
esponsible for the attacks on organisms that parasitize
Metabolic classification (from
According to oxygen)
Aerobic
Mandatory: use O2 in cellular respiration and can not live without it. Bacterium
diphtheria Optional: use O2 when present, but can perform fermentation without
it. Escherichia coli
Anaerobic
Mandatory: can not use the O2 and die while in his presence. Clostridium
In adverse situations:
Bacteria get resistant forms spore form
• Supports critical conditions of temperature and water
• Cells with a little water in the cytoplasm • Virtually no metabolic activity •
have surrounded with a thick casing
In good situations:
Divide very rapidly (20min)
Why a small number of bacteria can contaminate seriously and soon our body
Bacterial Infection
In the treatment of bacterial infections:
Therapy: antibiotics
appropriate
• Block / selectively inhibit certain metabolic pathways of bacteria • Alter som
e structures of bacterial cells without affecting our
1. Degree of sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics 2. Depends on the bacterial
strain
Action of some antibiotics on bacteria
Actinomycin-D prevents the formation of mRNA Penicillin - inhibits bacterial wal
l synthesis
Polymyxins - disrupt the eardrum plasma
Chloramphenicol and streptomycin - inhibit protein synthesis in ribosomes
Directed by:
Carla Carla Gaspar Lopes Catarina Vieira Pedro Ferreira Alves Sara
END