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Abstract
The extraction of active compounds from plants is one of the most critical steps in the commercial development of natural products for medicinal,
herbicidal or pesticidal use. The focus of this study was to compare conventional maceration and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) techniques
for the efficient extraction of rotenone from the stem and root of Derris elliptica Benth and Derris malaccensis Prain. The effects of experimental
variables, such as solvent, temperature and pressure, on PLE efficiency have been studied. Chloroform was determined to be a good extraction solvent
(rotenone content 40.6%, w/w) compared to commonly used solvent, 95% ethanol (rotenone content 15.0%, w/w). The optimal conditions for
PLE were 50 C and 2000 psi. PLE showed higher extraction efficiency (rotenone content 46.1%, w/w) as compared with conventional maceration
method (rotenone content 40.6%, w/w). The order of rotenone content found in crude extract obtained by optimized method from the highest
to the lowest was root (46.1%, w/w) and stem (9.4%, w/w) of D. elliptica and stem of D. malaccensis (5.2%, w/w), respectively. Moreover, the
results from this study indicated that PLE was considerably less time and solvent consuming (30 min, 3 ml/g of dried sample) than the conventional
maceration techniques (72 h, 10 ml/g of dried sample).
2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction properties are due to the presence of rotenone (Fig. 1). Rotenone
is known to be safe to the farmers, since it known to be toxic only
Pest management is a major problem in almost all agricultural to cold-blooded animals and less toxic to warm-blooded crea-
countries. Many types of insecticides have been used to control tures. Rotenone is not stable in air, light and alkaline conditions.
insect pests. However, with the development of resistant insects, It is rapidly broken down in soil and water. Therefore, almost
the threat of pesticide contamination of food, high production all toxicity may be lost after 23 days of summer exposure, so it
and purchase costs and environmental pollution problems, plant is good for the environment and safe for agriculturists and other
extracts are increasingly of interest as pest control alternatives users [27].
[1]. Derris elliptica Benth and Derris malaccensis Prain (Legu- Extraction methods, such as soxhlet extraction, stirring soak-
minosae) have previously been known as important sources for ing and solvent extraction, are commonly used to extract
compounds with pesticidal properties. They grow widely in rotenone from derris plants [1,8]. However, these methods are
Southeast Asian countries, and their extracts have been used over time consuming, involve high solvent consumption and may
centuries as fish poison and as insecticidal compounds. These have lower extraction efficiencies. In order to reduce the use
of organic solvents and improve the extraction processes, pres-
surized liquid extraction (PLE; Dionex trade name ASE for
Corresponding author. Tel.: +66 74 288820; fax: +66 74 218503. accelerated solvent extraction) has been used since 1995 as an
E-mail address: wruedeek@pharmacy.psu.ac.th (R. Wiwattanapatapee). alternate technique. PLE is an extraction procedure under ele-
0021-9673/$ see front matter 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.075
A. Sae-Yun et al. / J. Chromatogr. A 1125 (2006) 172176 173
Statistical data analysis was performed using the t-test with Fig. 2. HPLC chromatograms of rotenone (1) in standard solution at 12 g/ml
p < 0.05 as the minimal level of significance. (A) and of crude extract solution (B).
A. Sae-Yun et al. / J. Chromatogr. A 1125 (2006) 172176 175
Fig. 5. Rotenone contents of crude extracts from the stems and the roots of D.
elliptica and the stems of D. malaccensis. Extractions were performed by using
ASE compared with maceration (n = 3).
Fig. 4. Rotenone contents of chloroform crude extracts from the stems of D. malaccensis by using ASE with variation of temperature at 1500 psi (A) and pressure
at 50 C (B) (n = 3).
176 A. Sae-Yun et al. / J. Chromatogr. A 1125 (2006) 172176
Table 2
The comparison of the extraction method
Maceration PLE (at 50 C, 2000 psi)