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The leaves are opposite, triangular to elliptical with Phenolics and tannins: a) Small quantity of the extract
serrated edges. Leaves are 410 cms long by 15 cms dissolved in distilled water and added10% Lead acetate
wide. Leaf petioles are 14 cms long. The white to pale solution, white precipitate indicated the presence of
pink tubular flowers are in panicles of 10 to 35 flowers tannins; b) Small quantity of the extract dissolved in
that form at the ends of branches. Leaves and flower tops distilled water and added few ml of 1% gelatin and 10%
are used medicinally as emetic, cathartic and in healing sodium chloride, white precipitate indicated the presence
cut wounds.14 of tannins.
Mikania micrantha H. B & K: (Common name- Climbing Steroids: Salcowski test: Small quantity of the extract was
hemp weed; Vernacular name- Assam lota) It is a diluted with distilled water and filtered. 2 ml of the
perennial scrambling or climbing vine. Leaves opposite, filtrate is mixed with 2 ml of chloroform, further adding 2
petiolate, the blade up to 19 cm long, cordate to ml con. H2S04. Appearance of red colour in chloroform
triangular with a broad cordate base. Flowers minute, layer and greenish yellow fluorescence layer of H2S04
white or cream coloured, borne in small densely packed indicates the presence of steroids.
heads which superficially resemble a single large flower.
Glycosides: Kellar-Killani test: 2 ml of extract was taken
Ethnomedicinally, it is used to stop bleeding, to treat
13 and add 1 ml glacial acetic acid, one drop 5% FeCl3 and
gastritis, insect bites and various skin irrigations.
Conc. H2SO4, reddish brown color appears at junction of
MATERIALS AND METHODS the two liquid layers and upper appears bluish green,
indicates the presence of glycosides.
Preparation of plant extracts
Antimicrobial screening
The plant samples were collected locally and processed.
The cleaned and shade dried plant material was ground The methanolic extracts of the plants was screened
into fine powder using electric blender. Plant extracts in against 8 bacterial strains, four Gram positive and four
methanol were prepared by cold maceration method. Gram negative and one fungal strain. The test organisms
Fifty grams of dried powder was extracted by soaking in were Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Staphylococcus aureus
500 ml methanol for 48 hours with intermittent shaking. MTCC 96, Proteus mirabilis MTCC 1429, Bacillus cereus
The extracts were filtered into pre-weighed beakers. The MTCC 430, Escherichia coli MTCC 739, Salmonella enteric
filtrates were dried in an IKA RV 10 Digital rotatory serv. typhi MTCC 3917, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC
vacuum evaporator until a constant dry weight of each 1688, Staphyllococcus epidermidis MTCC 435 and Candida
extract was obtained. The residues were stored albicans MTCC 3017. The test strains were obtained from
aseptically at 5C for further use. the IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. The strains were
maintained in the respective media as per the
Qualitative phytochemical analysis
recommendations provided by the source.
Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis of the
Preparation of inoculum
plant extract for alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols
and tannins, steroids and glycosides was performed by Stock cultures were maintained at 4C on slants of
standard methods as outlined below.15,16 nutrient agar. Active cultures for experiments were
prepared by transferring a loopful of culture from the
Alkaloids: (Extract was dissolved in 1% HCl and filtered)
stock to test tubes of Nutrient Broth for bacteria and Malt
1ml of filtrate was taken and add few drops of
Yeast Broth for fungi and incubating for 24 hours at 37C
Dragendorffs reagents/Mayers reagents/ Hagers
and 25C respectively. The cultures were diluted with
reagents/ Wagners reagent, Orange brown precipitate/
fresh Nutrient Broth and Malt Yeast Broth to achieve
Cream colored precipitate/ Yellow precipitate/ Red brown
optical densities corresponding to 0.5 McFarland
precipitate respectively indicated the presence of
standard.
alkaloids.
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
Saponin: a) Foam Test: small quantity of the residue was
diluted with distilled water to 20 ml and shaken The agar well diffusion method17,18 was used to screen the
vigorously; formation of one cm layer of foam which was antimicrobial activity of the extracts. In vitro antibacterial
stable for 10 minutes indicated the presence of saponin. activity was screened by using Nutrient Agar obtained
b) To the alcoholic extract, Sodium bicarbonate was from Himedia (Mumbai) and in vitro antifungal activity
added and shaken well; honey comb like frothing assay was performed by using Malt Yeast Agar obtained
confirmed the presence of saponin. from Himedia (Mumbai). The plates were prepared by
pouring 25 ml of molten media into sterile petri-plates
Flavonoids: a) In the Plant residue 10% NaOH was added
(diameter 100 mm). The plates were allowed to solidify at
yellow coloration indicated the presence of flavonoids. (b)
room temperature and 100 L inoculum suspension was
To the Extract few ml of con. H2SO4 was added formation
spread uniformly with the help of a sterile glass spreader
of yellow or orange color indicated the presence of
and allowed it to dry. The extracts were dissolved in
flavonoids.
DMSO to obtain a final concentration of 200 mg/ml. Five
6 mm diameter wells were bored into the medium with
the help of a sterile glass well borer and 100 L of each of inhibitory potential (P.I. = 0.44) but exhibited both
the four extracts was loaded into each well. These were antibacterial and antifungal activities.
allowed to diffuse for 45 minutes at room temperature
Table 1: Phytochemical analysis of methanol extract of
after which the plates were transferred for incubation at
plants
35 C for bacteria and 25 C for fungi. After the 24 hours of
incubation, inhibition zones formed around the well were Phytochemicals A.conyzoides E. odoratum M. micrantha
measured with transparent ruler in millimeter. The Alkaloids + + +
experiment was performed in triplicate and results were
expressed as mean along with standard deviation. The Saponins - + -
activities of the extracts were compared with the Flavonoids + + -
standard drugs- Ciprofloxacin (10 g/ml) for bacteria and Phenolics and
Clotrimazole (30 g/ml) for fungi. DMSO was used as + + +
tannins
negative control. Steroids + + +
Determination of activity index and proportion index19 Glycosides + + +
The activity index of the crude plant extract was += Present -= Absent
calculated as;
Mean of zone of inhibition of the extract
Activity Index (A.I)=
Mean of zone of inhibition of standard antibiotic drug
antifungal activity as compared to A. conyzoides extract bioactive principles responsible for their activities. Herbs
which contains only flavonoids. M. micrantha extract rich in tannins have been used for treating intestinal
lacked both flavonoids and saponins and did not exhibit disorders such as diarrhoea and dysentery.10, 24
antifungal activity. Although A. conyzoides lacked
The choice of solvent used for extraction procedure
saponins, it had phytochemical composition similar to E.
affects the type of compounds extracted from the plant
odoratum but exhibited antibacterial activity much lower
material.9 Traditional healers primarily use water as
than E. odoratum. M. micrantha lacked flavonoids and
solvent for the extraction purpose but according to (Nair
saponins and showed antibacterial activity higher than E.
et al 2005)25 the plant extracts in organic solvent
odoratum. This suggests that the antibacterial activity
(methanol) provided consistent antimicrobial activity
may not by influenced by flavonoids or saponins. Further
when compared to water extract. Similar studies confirm
study in this regard is required to understand the
this finding.5,9,10 Moreover, methanol extracts possess the
influence of phytochemicals on antibacterial and
ability to dissolve and diffuse in wide variety of media.14
antifungal properties of the plants and to identify the
Table 2: Antibacterial and antifungal activity of methanol extract of plants expressed as diameter of zone of inhibition (in
mm).
MTCC NO. Microorganism A. conyzoides E. odoratum M. micrantha Standard Drug
441 B. subtilis 100 100 231 281
96 S. aureus 100 151 191 281
1429 P. mirabilis NA NA NA 261
430 B. cereus NA 121 221 191
739 E. coli NA NA 100 271
3917 S. enteric serv. typhi NA NA NA 271
1688 P. aeruginosa NA 121 182 221
435 S. epidermidis 111 100 201 281
3017 C. albicans 100 121 NA 170
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