{

"metadata": {
"name": ""
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h1>Chapter 2: Antenna Basics<h2>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-3.1, Page number: 14<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"e_half_power = 1/math.sqrt(2) #E(theta) at half power (relative quanti
ty)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"theta = math.acos(math.sqrt(e_half_power)) # theta (radians)\n",
"hpbw = 2*theta*180/math.pi # Half power beamwidth (degrees)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The half power beamwidth is \", round(hpbw), \"degrees\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The half power beamwidth is 66.0 degrees\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 1
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-3.2, Page number: 14<h3>"
]
},
 {
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"e_half_power = 1/math.sqrt(2) #E(theta) at half power(unitless)\n",
"e_null = 0 #E(theta) = 0 at null points (unitless)\n",
"theta_1 = 0 #theta' (degrees)\n",
"theta = 1 #theta (degrees)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"for x in range(3): #Iterate till theta = i\n",
" theta = 0.5*math.acos(e_half_power/math.cos(theta_1*math.pi/180)) \n
",
" #theta(radian)\n",
" theta_1 = theta*180/math.pi #set i = theta for next iteration (
degrees)\n",
" \n",
"hpbw = 2*(theta*180/math.pi) #Half-power beamwidth (Degrees)\n",
"theta = 0.5*math.acos(e_null) #theta (radians)\n",
"fnbw = 2*(theta*180/math.pi) #Beamwidth between first null (degrees)\n
",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The half power beamwidth is\", round(hpbw), \"degrees\"\n",
"print \"The beamwidth between first nulls is \", round(fnbw), \"degrees\"
"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The half power beamwidth is 41.0 degrees\n",
"The beamwidth between first nulls is 90.0 degrees\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-4.1, Page number: 17<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import scipy.integrate\n",
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"def integrand(x):\n",
 " return math.sin(x) #Function sin(theta)\n",
"\n",
"def integrand2(x):\n",
" return 1 #Contant function\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"omega = scipy.integrate.quad(integrand, 20*math.pi/180, 40*math.pi/180) \
n",
"omega = omega[0]*(180/math.pi) * scipy.integrate.quad(integrand2 ,30 ,70)
[0]\n",
"#Integration between the ranges gives solid angle, omega (square degrees)
\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The solid angle, omega is\", round(omega), \"square degrees\" "
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The solid angle, omega is 398.0 square degrees\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 3
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-4.2, Page number: 17<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"import scipy.integrate\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"def func1(x,y):\n",
" return (math.cos(x)**4)*math.sin(x)*1 #Function for integration\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"beam_area = scipy.integrate.dblquad(func1, 0, 2*math.pi, \n",
" lambda x: 0, lambda x: math.pi/2)\n",
"#Beam area (steradians)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The beam area of the given pattern is\", round(beam_area[0], 2),
\"sr\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
 "output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The beam area of the given pattern is 1.26 sr\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 4
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-7.1, Page number: 21<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import scipy.integrate\n",
"from math import pi,sin,cos,log10\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"n = 10 #Number of isotropic point sources\n",
"dr = pi/2 #Distance(radians)\n",
"hpbw = 40 #Half power beamwidth (degrees)\n",
"def integrand(x,phi):\n",
" E_norm = (sin(pi/20))*(sin((pi/2)*(5*cos(phi)-6))/sin((pi/20)*(5*cos
(phi)-6)))\n",
" return (E_norm**2)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"gain = scipy.integrate.dblquad(integrand, 0, 2*pi,\n",
" lambda x: 0, lambda x: pi/2)[0]\n
",
"gain = (4*pi)/gain #Gain (unitless)\n",
"gain_db = 10*log10(gain)#Gain (dB)\n",
"gain_hpbw = 40000/(hpbw**2) #Gain from approx. equation (unitless)\n",
"gain_hpbw_db = 10*log10(gain_hpbw) #Gain from approx. equation (dB)\n"
,
"gain_diff = gain_hpbw_db - gain_db #Difference in gain (dB)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The gain G is\", round(gain_db,2),\"dB\"\n",
"print \"The gain from approx. equation is\", round(gain_hpbw_db),\"dB\"\n
",
"print \"The difference is\", round(gain_diff,2),\"dB\"\n",
"\n",
"#The solution is incorrect due to the incorrect integration of the normal
ized power pattern\n",
"#As a result, the difference in gain is slightly higher"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
 "The gain G is 10.01 dB\n",
"The gain from approx. equation is 14.0 dB\n",
"The difference is 3.97 dB\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 3
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-7.2, Page number: 21<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"import scipy.integrate\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"theta_hp = 90\n",
"phi_hp = 90\n",
"\n",
"def integrand(theta, phi):\n",
" return ((math.sin(theta)**3)*(math.sin(phi)**2))\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"direct_exact = 4*math.pi/scipy.integrate.dblquad(integrand, 0, math.pi,\n
",
" lambda x: 0, lambda x: math.pi)[0
]\n",
" #Exact Directivity(No unit) \n",
"direct_apprx = 41253.0/(theta_hp*phi_hp) #Approximate directivity (No
unit)\n",
"db_diff = 10*math.log10(direct_exact/direct_apprx) #Difference (decibels)
\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The exact directivity is\", round(direct_exact, 1)\n",
"print \"The approximate directivity is\", round(direct_apprx,1)\n",
"print \"The decibel difference is \", round(db_diff, 1), \"dB\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The exact directivity is 6.0\n",
"The approximate directivity is 5.1\n",
"The decibel difference is 0.7 dB\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 18
},
 {
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-10.1, Page number: 28<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"Z = 120*math.pi #Intrinsic impedence of free space (ohm)\
n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"max_aper = Z/(320*math.pi**2) #Max. effective aperture (lambda^2)\n",
"direct = 4*math.pi*max_aper #directivity (unitless)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The maximum effective aperture is\", round(max_aper, 3), \"lambda
^2\"\n",
"print \"The direcitivity is\", direct"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The maximum effective aperture is 0.119 lambda^2\n",
"The direcitivity is 1.5\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 5
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-10.2, Page number: 29<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"R_r = 73 #Radiation resistance (ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"eff_aper = 30/(R_r*math.pi) #Effective aperture (lambda^2)\n",
"directivity = 4*math.pi*eff_aper #Directivity (unitless)\n",
"\n",
 "#Result\n",
"print \"The effective aperture is\", round(eff_aper, 2), \"lambda^2\"\n",
"print \"The directivity is\", round(directivity,2)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The effective aperture is 0.13 lambda^2\n",
"The directivity is 1.64\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 20
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-11.1, Page number: 31<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"P_t = 15 #Transmitter power (W)\n",
"A_et = 2.5 #Effective aperture of transmitter (meter^2)\n",
"A_er = 0.5 #Effective aperture of receiver (meter^2)\n",
"r = 15e3 #Distance between the antennas (Line of sight) (m)\n",
"freq = 5e9 #Frequency (Hz)\n",
"c = 3e8 #speed of light (m/s)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"wave_len = c/freq #Wavelength (m)\n",
"P_r = (P_t*A_et*A_er)/((r**2)*(wave_len**2)) #received power (W)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The power delivered to the receiver is\", round(P_r,6), \"watts\"
"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The power delivered to the receiver is 2.3e-05 watts\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
 "metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-16.1, Page number: 40<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration\n",
"E1 = 3 #Magnitude of electric field in x direction (V/m)\n",
"E2 = 6 #Magnitude of electric field in y direction (V/m)\n",
"Z = 377 #Intrinsic impedence of free space (ohm)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"avg_power = 0.5*(E1**2 + E2**2)/Z #average power per unit area (W/m
^2)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The average power per unit area is\", avg_power, \"watts/meter^2\
""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The average power per unit area is 0.0596816976127 watts/meter^2\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 22
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"<h3>Example 2-17.1, Page number: 43<h3>"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"AR_w = 4 #Axial Ratio for left elliptically polarized wave (unit
less)\n",
"tau_w = 15 #Tilt angle for left elliptically polarized wave (degre
es)\n",
"AR_a = -2 #Axial Ratio for right elliptically polarized wave (uni
tless) \n",
"tau_a = 45 #Tilt angle for right elliptically polarized wave (degr
ees)\n",
"tau_w2 = 20.7 #2*Tilt angle for left elliptically polarized wave (deg
rees) \n",
"tau_a2 = 39.3 #2*Tilt angle for right elliptically polarized wave (de
grees)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"eps_a2 = 2*math.atan2(1,AR_a)*180/math.pi #polarisation latitude (degree
s)\n",
"eps_w2 = 2*math.atan2(1,AR_w)*180/math.pi #antenna latitude (degrees)\n
",
"gamma_w2 =math.acos(math.cos(eps_w2*math.pi/180)*math.cos(tau_w2*math.pi/
180));\n",
" #great-circle angle - antenna (radians)\n",
"gamma_a2 =math.acos(math.cos(eps_a2*math.pi/180)*math.cos(tau_a2*math.pi/
180));\n",
" #great-circle angle - wave (radians)\n",
"M_Ma = (gamma_w2*180/math.pi) + (gamma_a2*180/math.pi) \n",
" #total great-circle angle (degrees)\n",
"F = math.cos((M_Ma/2)*math.pi/180)**2 \n",
" #Polarisation matching factor (relative quantity)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"The polarization matching factor is\", round(F,2)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The polarization matching factor is 0.44\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 23
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}